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WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGYINTRODUCTION OF PSYCHOLOGYSCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGYSENSATION AND PERCEPTION CONSCIOUSNESSLEARNINGMEMORYCOGNITION AND LANGUAGEMOTIVATION AND EMOTIONLIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENTPERSONALITYSTRESS AND HEALTHABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY2030-2040 jFACULTY OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENTCOURSE NAMECOUNSELLING COURSE CODE1223271TYPE OF ASSIGNMENT:SCRAPBOOKTITLE OF ASSIGNMENTPrepared for,DR. NURHAFIZAH BINTI MOHD SUKORPrepared by,NUR AFIQAH NATASHA BINTI RSDI1223271KAA

W H A T I SP S Y C H O L O G Y ?Psychology20232025 CONTENTS What is Psychology?1.Scientific Methods in Psychology2.Sensation and Perception3.Consciousness4.Learning5.Memory6.Cognition and Language7.Motivation and Emotion8.Life Span Development9.Personality10.Stress and Health11.Abnormal Psychology12.

In RestropectiveBehavior :any outwardor event actions andreactionsPsychology : Thescientific study ofbehavior and mentalprocessesPsychology is thesystematic study ofbehavior and experienceMental Processes :Internal, covert activityof our minds. What is Psychology?

4 GOALS4 GOALS DescriptionExplanationPredictionControl Psychology : The scientific study ofbehaviour and mentalprocesses Behaviour :Any outward or overtactions and reactions Mental Processes :Internal, covert activity ofour minds.Psychology is thesystematic study ofbehaviour and experience. InRestropective

A theory based on the work of Sigmund Freud(1900s).Freud’s patients suffered from nervousdisorders with no apparent physical cause.believed that these repressed urges, in tryingto surface, created nervous disordersstressed the importance of early childhoodexperiencesHe proposed that the structure of the brain isdivided into different driving force such asId: Pleasure principleEgo: Reality principleSuperego: Conscience principleThe structure is illustrated through iceberg 4 GOALS DescriptionExplanationPredictionControl

Psychoanalysis Behaviourism

A theory based on the work of Sigmund Freud (1900s).Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders withno apparent physical cause.believed that these repressed urges, in trying tosurface, created nervous disordersstressed the importance of early childhoodexperiencesHe proposed that the structure of the brain isdivided into different driving force such asId: Pleasure principleEgo: Reality principleSuperego: Conscience principleThe structure is illustrated through icebergPsychoanalysis

BehaviourismBehaviourismBehaviourismObservable behaviour only(directly seen, observed andmeasured. Proposed by John B. WatsonWatson believed that phobias were learnedThe case of “Little Albert”: baby taught to fear a white ratIvan Pavlov, a Russion physiologist, first described classicalconditioning in 1899 while conducting research into thedigestive system of dogs.He was particularly interested in the role of salivary secretionsin the digestion of food.Stimulus- response

Modern Perspectives1) Psychodynamic perspective -More focused on the development of a sense of self and thediscovery of motivations behind a person’s behaviour otherthan sexual motivations- Carl Jung and Alfred Adler2) Behavioural perspective-B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntarybehaviour-concept of reinforcement to behaviourism3) Humanistic perspectivePeople have free will - the freedom to choose their owndestiny. Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers ( proposed unconditional positive regard)

4) Cognitive perspectivefocuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problemsolving, and learning.5) Sociocultural perspectivefocuses on the relationship between social behaviour andculture.6) Biopsychological perspective occurring in the body, such as genetic influences,hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.7) Evolutionary perspectiveFocuses on the biological bases of universal mentalcharacteristics that all humans shareLooks at the way the mind works and why it works as itdoes.