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YHD Summer 2023IntroductionThe goal of the YHD Summer Camp is to create an interactive walk through history thatcan be accessed throughout the community and develop: research & documentation skillscritical thinking, problem-solving, cultural enrichment, and historical knowledge with ourongoing Spatial Memory Project.This summer, the main project will be researching and recording history discovered atindividual properties on 24th, 16th, and 30th Streets in North Omaha. It's a multi-year projectthat they started last summer and will continue until we can create a VR experience mappingNorth Omaha, which is the big picture.This is a multi-year project where we document the history of buildings and spaces on 24th,30th, and 16th Streets, and learn the history of Omaha, to create a VR exhibition and tour forthe community.2

Expectations 1 SHOW RESPECT for everyone we encounter everything we have every place we spend time 2 Be ready to learn and try something new 3 Show Kindness 4 Do Your Best Work 5 Stay with our group always 6 Ask Questions 7 Have Fun

Table of ContentsWhat do you think? 6What would peanut butter be called if it wasn’t called peanut butter? 6HISTORY 27Reconstruction 271893 World's Fair 28PEOPLE TO KNOW 30Not covered in these notes: 30BENJAMIN “PAP” SINGLETON 30IDA B. WELLS 30ANNA JULIA COOPER 31Booker T. Washington 32William Edward Burghart DuBois 32Marcus Garvey 33Things that Brought Black People to Omaha 34JOBS 34Women's Work 34Union Pacific Railroad 34FAMILY & CHURCHES 35EDUCATION 35HOUSING 36BLACK BUSINESSES 36African Americans Civil Rights & 41Civil Unrest 19th-20th Century Timeline 41Before 1930 411930s-1940s 421950s-1960s 431970s 46How is History recorded? 53We learn History best through stories. 53Terms 57meeples 57Category 57economic game 573

Board Game Categories 58Game Mechanics 59https://boardgamegeek.com/browse/boardgamemechanic 59negotiation game 59auction game 59card drafting 59cooperative games 59Games where all players work together on the same team, trying to beat the built-inartificial intelligence of the game system. Examples include, Pandemic and Castle Panic.59dice rolling 59deck building game 59RPG 59strategy 60worker placement 60Street of Dreams 63Research Your House History 63Books 644

WHY HISTORY?A study of people, cultures and societies, events, accomplishments and problems of thepast.We study the past to understand those things. All humans strive to understandtheir history.History helps us understand the way things are, how they got this way and ways that wemight change the future.History provides context for our lives and how we got to this place and this moment intime.Context = the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs :ENVIRONMENT, SETTING (Merriam Webster).We learn what it means to be human by studying History, as it highlights greatachievements and disastrous or horrible mistakes of the human race.History can also teach us through example. Offering clues about how we can createsocieties for the benefit and betterment of all those who live in them.How is History recorded?● Documents● Images● Artifacts● StoriesWe learn History best through stories.Why is it important to understand the whole story about a person?Why is it important to honor and remember our history?Discuss in what ways the perspective taken (parent vs. child) changes the perspectiveof the story.Discuss how motives can cloud a person’s retelling of what happened. For example, ifour motive is for the other person to be punished, often we minimize our role andexaggerate the others’ wrongdoing. Where does truth fit in?History is the study of the past. The study of history helps make sense of humankind. Italso helps people understand the things that happen today and that may happen in thefuture. People trained in history are called historians.54

VOCABULARYTERMS & IDEAS1. Education2. Entrepreneurship3. Legacy4. Protest/Resistance5. Boycott6. Jim Crow7. Segregation8. Assimilation9. Integration10. Migration11. Emigration12. G.I. Bill13. System14. Racism15. Redlining16. Discrimination17. Equal Rights18. Housing Discrimination5

Young History Detectives…LEARN - name, recall, label, record, define, describe and recognizeUNDERSTAND - explain, translate, identify, restate, discuss, describe,express, classify, report, summarize, compare, and illustrate.INVESTIGATE - review, justify, assess, defend, report-on, investigate,argue, rate, score, select, measure, choose, conclude, compare, support,interpret and evaluate.ANALYZE - question, distinguish, differentiate, appraise, calculate,experiment, inspect, test, catalog, measure, critique, theorize, debate,diagnose, relate and quantify.PLAN - develop, build, create, design, organize, revise, formulate, propose,establish, integrate, modify, compose, collect, construct, prepare, deviseand manage.APPLY - use, practice, demonstrate, complete, solve, construct, conduct,respond, sketch, execute, perform and roleplay.6

Break Time! Scratch

What do you think?1. What would peanut butter be called if it wasn’t called peanutbutter?2. If you became invisible for 10 minutes RIGHT NOW, what(school appropriate!) things would you do?3. What is a saying or expression that you probably say toomuch?4. What actor/actress would you want to play you if they evermade a movie about your life?5. Do you put your cereal in the bowl before the milk or the milkin before the cereal?6. If you could have one song play every time you entered aroom what would it be, and why?7. You discover a beautiful island where you decide to build anew society. What is the first rule you put in place?8. Would you rather win $10,000 or let your best friend win$100,000?9. What one invention would you uninvent and why?10.You accidentally ate some radioactive pizza. The good news isit tasted great! The even better news is that its given you onesuperpower of your choice. What do you choose?11. What five things would you take with you during the zombieapocalypse and why?12. What is your favorite smell?7

MINDFUL MOMENT Mindfulness is the practice of purposely bringing one s attention in the present moment without judgment

MINDFUL MOMENTS Daily Focus Words Welcome Gratitude Compassion Hope Imagine Peace Determination Inspiration Wisdom Excitement

HISTORY Part One

Check OutOmaha Historic Landmarks

Now review page 37 about Housing.

Spatial Memory ProjectThese are the addresses we are using to start our research. Whether they have beenresearched before or are brand new, all addresses need to be added to the new database.Businesses2419-2425 North 24th Street, Omaha 68110 (Blue Lion Complex)2423 North 24th Street2509 North 24th Street2221 North 24th Street (Jewell Building)2213 Lake Street (Webster Telephone Exchange Building)2216 North 24th Street (The Omaha Star)2205 North 24th Street (Drip Coffee Shop/Salem Food Pantry/US Post Office Station A)2323 North 24th Street (Sno Cone/United Cab Company/The White Rose Gas Station)2229 Lake Street (Allen’s Showcase)2505 N 24th St, Omaha, NE 68110 (Omaha Small Business Network/Safeway)2522 North 24th Street (Ideal Hotel)2118 North 24th Street (Fair Deal/Fair Deal Village Marketplace)2416 Lake Street (Carver Savings and Loan Association)2306 North 24th Street (Robins Drug Store)2401 Ames Avenue (Afro Academy of Dramatic Arts)2116 North 25th Street (The Mahammitt School of Cookery [1905-1950])Residences2892 Maple Street, Omaha 681112711 Pratt Street, Omaha 681112806 Bristol Street, Omaha (Butler Family)2114 Lake Street, Omaha (Mrs. Florentine Pinkston Music Instruction)Empty Lots2410 Lake Street (Diamond Motion Pictures Theatre)2416 Ames Avenue (Harambee Book Store)To FindThe Lake Street Bowling AlleyCrosstown CleanersTic Toc DinerThe Ritz Taxi Cab CompanyOmaha’s Black Newspapers8

● The Progress (1889-1906)● The Afro-American Sentinel (1892-1925)● The Enterprise (1893-1920)● The Monitor (1915-1929)● The Omaha Guide (1926-1958)ChurchesPilgrimMt. NeboSchoolsTech High SchoolHoward Kennedy SchoolDreamland BallroomBlackstone Hotel 36th & FarnamWestern ElectricHospitalsUniversity of NE College of Medicine & Hospital 42nd & DeweyClarkson Memorial Hospital 26th & DeweyLibrariesLibrary 30th Ames? Bonderson StreetPublic Library North 4503 North 29th Street (1940 white pages)Public Library 19th HarneyArmour & Co. Foods (Packing House) 30th & Q (1940 white pages)Cudahy Packing Co. 33 & O (1940 white pages)Grocery StoresBristol Street MarketAlbert SiemonsBenny StreetBuehler Brothers - 2112, North 16th St, 2408 Cuming St, 4903 S 24th StDowntown -Central MarketCorbin GrocerySafewayHinky DinkyPinkney St Drug StoreJohnson’s Drug Store (later became M&M bar) on 24th St9

Ritz Theatre 24th & PatrickLothrop TheatreHollywood Ice Cream next door to Lothrop TheatreAnother ice cream parlor on 24th & PatrickOmaha Guide 2418 Grant Street2 cab companiesSafeway TaxiRitz TaxiClothing, Etc.NatelsonsHerzbergsBrandies 16th DouglasSearsJC PenneyBurlingtonsRichmond GordmanFive & DimeNeisnersWoolworthPhillipsGrantsTully’sNebraska Furniture Mart 1918 Farnam (ads in Omaha Guide)10

Resources for Finding and Using Directories Websites City Directories of the United States http www uscitydirectories com Cyndi s List Directories https cyndislist com directories general FamilySearch Wiki US Directories https www familysearch org wiki en City_Directories Google Books http books google com Internet Archive http www archive org Library of Congress 1997 Inventory of Criss Cross Directories https guides loc gov address directories Library of Congress Telephone and City Directories http loc gov rr genealogy bib_guid telephon html MyHeritage City Directories https www myheritage com research collection 10705 us citydirectories Online Directories Site http sites google com site onlinedirectorysite Rootsweb Directories https wiki rootsweb com wiki index php title Overview_of_Directories SEARCH Omaha city directory Douglas County city directory

Omaha Public Library Searches

The DATABASEA database is an organized collection of information or data. It can be stored electronically on acomputer and can be accessed in many different ways. We are creating a database ofinformation on addresses in North Omaha. Mostly businesses, some residences, and looking forchanges over time.We want to get a clear picture of what Omaha looked like, specifically North Omaha. We want toknow what types of businesses they had, where they shopped, what they did for fun. Thosethings that people had access to, tells a full story of the community and the people in it.Business - a commercial, industrial or community service enterprise with a location, owner, ordirector and staff.Residence - a home that can include any of the following: house,● Single-Family Home. Single-family homes are freestanding residential buildings● Semi-Detached Home. A semi-detached home is a single-family dwelling that sharesone common wall.● Multi Family Home. A multifamily home is a residential property that is comprised ofmore than one housing unit. Each unit will likely have their own main entrance, kitchenspace and bathroom.● Townhomes. Townhomes are multi floor homes with their own entrance, bathroom andkitchen space. Townhomes share two walls with neighbors unless the townhome islocated at the end of a building. In some markets, the terms “townhome” and“townhouse” are used interchangeably.● Apartment. An apartment is a unit inside of a building structure comprised of similarlystyled individual units. A tenant rents an apartment from a landlord, so the tenant isn’tbuilding any equity while paying rent.11

Spatial Memory Project Collection FormThe Spatial Memory Project Collection Form is the form we will use for each address we areresearching, both businesses and residences.12

After you select business or residence, you will answer questions about the business orresidence in Section #2 (Business) or Section #3 (Residence). The form will take you to thecorrect section. Most of our research will be on businesses.13

Once you complete the section about the business, the last section asks questions about thearea around the business. Knowing a bit more about the surrounding area, gives us a betterpicture of the community. The form is here: https://forms.gle/3NFtYCZvgS637Rjy914 Now Record Your Data Here

HISTORY Part Two

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HISTORYReconstructionOnce black people could all see the realization of freedom, the goal became tointegrate into American life and leave a legacy for the future. That goal alsoinvolved:● economic stability● political agency● building churches● building schools● creating social organizations● education, migration, the acquisition of landFreed slaves had high hopes during Reconstruction. However, President AndrewJohnson, a southerner and previous slave owner, did very little to stop whitesoutherners from manipulating the hated slave codes into almost an exact new replica,called Black Codes. The practice of apprenticeships and sharecropping, both financiallyunfair to blacks, were the standard occupations available for the majority of the AfricanAmerican population. Women such as Annie Burton, were the exception to the rule ofpervading oppression.Reconstruction Amendments13th Amendment - freedom - 186514th Amendment - citizenship - 186815th Amendment - vote - 1870 (it prohibited the denial of voting rights)Civil Rights Act of 1875● Charles Sumner and Benjamin Butler introduced the legislation that said it wasillegal to discriminate against persons in:○ transportation○ places of amusement, and theaters○ public houses (inns and taverns)○ integration of public schools and cemeteries was rejected and not in thebill.● The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was struck down and declared unconstitutional bythe Supreme Court in 1883.Despite discrimination and disenfranchisement, there was a rise of:● Black Literacy● Black Professionals28

● Black elementary and secondary schools, colleges, and universities● Black property ownersBlack Exodus = Black Migration from the SouthWhat drives people out of the South?● labor depression in the South● rumor + reality of economic opportunity in the North● educational opportunities● discrimination● housing discrimination● violence● lynching1893 World's FairThe 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition was a time of time to celebrate innovation, creativityand achievements. For African Americans, it was hoped that it would shine a light on theaccomplishments and success of people, less than thirty years into their freedom fromenslavement in America. Black men found work at the fair in the service industry, Black womenwere domestic workers and there were some Black men who were part of the Columbian Guardsecurity and safety force, who assisted black fairgoers. However, beyond working at the fair orserving as an insulting, dehumanizing or stereotypical image that circulated and was present atthe fair, there was no designated space for exhibition to highlight achievements of Black people.In the Agricultural Building, an exhibition of the worlds largest flour barrel and the woman thatwould become the face of Aunt Jemima Pancakes was cooking and serving hot pancakes topatrons at the fair. Nancy Green, a former slave, who was a domestic for a prominent family inChicago, had been hired by the R.T. Davis Mill Company to be the living embodiment of theirnew brand of pancake mix, Aunt Jemima Pancakes. Yet, the story of Aunt Jemima, a headbandana wearing remnant of slavery, created by the R.T. Davis Mill Company, is not the story ofNancy Green. Nancy Green used her stature as spokeswoman, to lead organization efforts forher church, was one of the first Black missionary workers and was an activist of equal rights andadvocate against poverty in Chicago.A lobby of individuals set to change the narrative of stereotypical images and depictions thatwere circulated and a part of the fair. Abolitionist, editor, author, orator and elder statesmanFrederick Douglass was the most recognized and celebrated Black person in the world at thetime of the fair. As counsel to Abraham Lincoln, and activist for Civil and Women’s Rights, hespoke out against the lack of representation and showcases of Black progress at the 1893exhibition. He along with journalists and newspaper editors Irvine Garland Penn, Ida B. WellsBarnett and her husband Ferdinand Lee Barnett, who himself was a journalist and newspapereditor, collaborated in writing a publication that would address their concerns of Black exclusionfor fair goers. Ida B. Wells, who was an advocate of civil rights, women’s rights and anti-lynching29

legislation, solicited funds to publish, The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in theColumbian Exposition, which would serve as a tool to expose racism in America.As the Women’s Building exhibitions were being planned, there was no representation of Blackwomen on the planning committee or in the exhibition hall. After several petitions and letters,social reformer Fannie Barrier Williams was appointed by the Board of Lady Managers, to assistin the installation of all exhibits in the Women’s Building. Williams was an educator, activist andco-founder of the National League of Colored Women and though not given a seat on the board,she used the opportunity to speak at several of the congresses and conventions around the fairand made opportunities for other Black women to do the same, opening the door for scholarsand activists like Anna Julia Cooper, Frances Harper Sarah J. Early and others, to addressacademic, economic, social and political impacts and achievements of Black women.The Haiti Pavilion was the only representative pavilion to represent Black people at the World’sFair in 1893, and because Frederdick Douglass had served as the Foreign Minister to Haiti, itbecame the central location for all positive representations of Black people and the base ofoperations for Douglass, Wells, Penn and others, and because of their efforts, the concerns ofBlack people in America was on a national agenda.https://worldsfairchicago1893.com/2020/09/09/remembering-nancy-green-aunt-jemima-and-the-1893-worlds-fair/Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1 and 2, edited byDarlene Clark Hine (Copyright 1993, Carlson Publishing Inc., Brooklyn, New York).30

PEOPLE TO KNOWBenjamin "Pap" SingletonIda B WellsFerdinand L. BarnettBooker T WashingtonWEB DuBoisAnna Julia CooperMadame CJ WalkerMarcus GarveyMildred BrownNot covered in these notes:Ferdinand L. BarnettMildred BrownMadame CJ WalkerBENJAMIN “PAP” SINGLETONThe Exodusters in Kansasb 1809 Nashville, TN (into slavery) d March 25, 1931, Chicago, IL● Escaped to Detroit in 1846● Returned to Nashville after the Civil War“The Advantage of Living in a Free State” – wrote a circular that was distributed toBlacks throughout the South, encouraging them to move West to Kansas. He saw landand homeownership as the keys to Black success, as well as doing so without thebarriers of settling in majority white towns. Around 3-4 thousand embarked on his firstjourney west. Soon an overwhelming 20,000 came, forcing Singleton to petition thestate for assistance and resources. Claimed to have organized 98,000 to go West butwithout question inspired thousands. Blacks also struck out to Oklahoma territories afterslavery, but their exclusive claim on land would be challenged by incoming whites.IDA B. WELLS● In 1884, Wells-Barnett filed a lawsuit against a train car company in Memphis forunfair treatment. She had been thrown off a first-class train, despite having aticket. Although she won the case on the local level, the ruling was eventuallyoverturned in federal court.● After the lynching of her friend Thomas Moss and his associates, she workedtirelessly to draw attention to lynching and increase legislation.31

● Thomas Moss and his friends had established as store in Memphis called thePeople’s Store that sold goods at fair prices to black customers. White businessowners who lost business because of their success, lynched Moss and theothers.● She became skeptical about the reasons black men were lynched and set out toinvestigate several cases. She published her findings in a pamphlet and wroteseveral columns in local newspapers. Her expose about an 1892 lynchingenraged locals, who burned her press and drove her from Memphis. After a fewmonths, the threats became so bad she was forced to move to Chicago, Illinois.● Wells attacked lynching, the lack of legal enforcement to prevent it and thejustifications for it which were often surrounding the rape of white women.● Her newspaper press was burned down and she was threatened to never returnto Tennessee. She moved to New York and continued journalism.● She toured England denouncing the practice and generated support. She wasradical in her speech.ANNA JULIA COOPER● Born in 1858 in North Carolina● Her mother, Hannah Stanley, was a slave and her father was GeorgeWashington Haywood, also her master● After slavery, she attended St. Augustine’s Normal School and CollegiateInstitute, an Episcopal school in Raleigh, North Carolina● Married George Cooper at 19 and was widowed two years later● She attended Oberlin College in Ohio and was one of three black women tograduate in 1884 from there● Returned to St. Augustine’s to teach● Earned a Master’s degree in Mathematics from Oberlin in 1887● Began teaching at M. Street High School (now Paul Laurence Dunbar) inWashington, DC and would become its principal● Believed in a rigorous educational curriculum that emphasized college preprather than vocational education● Published, wrote and gave lectures as well as worked with or foundedorganizations – always working to promote education and women’s advancement● Addressed a conference of women at the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893 on“The Needs and Status of Black Women”● Wrote an appeal to Queen Victoria in the early 1800’s discussing the injustice ofapartheid in South Africa● President of a black university in DC (Frelinghuysen)● 4thAfrican American woman to receive a PhD● Did so at age 65 from the Sorbonne in Paris● Her dissertation was on the Attitude of France Toward Slavery During theRevolution● Died in 1964 at 105 years old32

Booker T. Washington● “I was born a slave on a plantation in Franklin County, Virginia. I am not quitesure of the exact place or exact date of my birth, but at any rate I suspect I musthave been born somewhere at some time.” Up From Slavery, Chapter 1● “The picture of several dozen boys and girls in a schoolroom engaged in studymade a deep impression upon me, and I had the feeling that to get into aschool-house and study in this way would be about the same as getting intoparadise” p.17● “I have long since ceased to cherish any spirit of bitterness against the Southernwhite people on account of the enslavement of my race.” p.21● Attended Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia● Went to Tuskegee Alabama in 1881, and founded Tuskegee Institute in a church● Began fundraising campaigns with his first wife Olivia Davidson, a teacher at theschool● “The white community was given assurances in many ways that the studentswere there to serve and not to antagonize. Washington believed that southernwhites had to be convinced that the education of blacks was in the true interest ofthe South. The students provided services and much of the produce that thewhite community needed, and hostility to the new school began to diminish.”William Edward Burghart DuBois● Born in Massachusetts in 1868● Graduated from Fisk University in 1888, Harvard in 1890 with his secondbachelor’s degree and Harvard in 1895 with a PhD in History● Studied in Germany 1892-1894 under sociologist Max Weber● 6 days after the Atlanta Exposition speech, he sent a letter of praise toWashington, but after his book the Souls of Black Folk in 1903 he would beWashington’s biggest critic.● In The Talented Tenth –“If we make money the object of man-training, we shalldevelop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill theobject of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men weshall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of theschools-intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is,and of the relation of men to it this is the curriculum of that Higher Educationwhich must underlie true life.” P.301● He saw Washington’s goals for education too narrow● He did not agree with Washington’s “conciliatory” attitude toward whites andsubmission to inequality and injusticeThe Niagara Movement● 1905 – Canadian side of Niagara Falls, because NY hotels would notaccommodate them. 29 were present and 55 signed the charter.● WEB and others met to create a black agenda33

Declaration of Principleso Freedom of speech and criticism (directed at Booker)o Male suffrageo Abolition of racial discriminationo Recognition of human rightso Respect for “the working person”● Founders were ministers, lawyers, businessmen, editors, and teachers● Was targeted at those who were like them, like-minded – the Talented Tenth, notthe masses of black people who they thought would see little need in startinganother organization● Washington had Emmet J Scott attack the Niagara Movement in the papers,including white papers.Bookerites and Niagarites● DuBois used biblical rhetoric, he knew people would understand● Related story of Elijah and the false God of Baal likening Washington to BaalMarcus Garvey● Marcus Garvey was a Christian minister, from a family of ministers, that believed in theindependence of African peoples, across the diaspora. Best known for his Back to AfricaMovement, his goal was to have all African peoples return to Africa, their ability toadvance through black cooperation and the ability to unite and create the United Statesof Africa to become the preeminent world power.● Born April 17, 1887 in St. Anne’s Bay, Jamaica into poverty● Began working at a newspaper and learned printing at age 14● Saw the discrimination in labor and began attempting to unionize workers in Jamaica● Traveled to London working on projects aimed at social improvement● Read the writings of Booker T. Washington and became inspired to broaden his scope ofupward advancement for people of color● Returned to Jamaica and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)in 1914● Came to America at the invitation of Booker T. Washington but never met him in personas he died before Garvey arrived.● UNIA Headquarters in New York 1916/1917● Negro World Newspaper founded in 1918● 700 UNIA branches across the country by early 1920’s● Created the Black Star Line● Met with and accepted money from the KKK to fund the back to Africa Movement andthe Black Star Line● Tiered plan for movement (emigration) to Africa● Claimed to have 6 million members, though inflated there were millions involved andaffected by Garveyite Philosophy34

● Found Guilty of Mail Fraud in 1923 – insufficient postage on mailings from the UNIA● Began serving sentence in 1925● Deported back to Jamaica in 1927● Father Divine, Rastafarians, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam would drawfrom Garvey’s PhilosophiesThings that Brought Black People to OmahaJOBSWomen's WorkJobs for women in the early 20th Century didn't change much from the days of slavery.Domestic work, cleaning other people's homes, caring for other people's children, taking inlaundry, and cooking or catering continued to be the way the masses of Black women in theSouth made money. Northern cities meant more opportunities including those for teachers,clerical work, and business owners of beauty shops, restaurants. Better education also meantbetter jobs for the next generation of Black women in those Northern cities including lawyers,labor & jobs typically only open to men, and management positions in companies.Packing HousesAmericans love meat! In the twentieth century, the way people ate changed, and access to foodin stores changed too. With more people living in cities, and fewer people farming, an industry ofbuying livestock, slaughtering, and packaging in warehouses became more important. Omahabecame a major part of that industry and with the demand for meat high, the job opportunitiesbrought people from the South.Primarily hogs and cattle were processed in plants in South Omaha. Black men and women hadmany job opportunities in those plants. The work was hard, in horrible conditions, anddangerous (it's still dangerous). But Black people could earn more money in the plants than theycould in service jobs or farming in the South.Union Pacific RailroadConstruction and work on the railroads had begun during the Civil War in 1863 and ended in1869. North America's first transcontinental railroad started in Council Bluffs, Iowa and the firsttrip from Omaha to Sacramento was on May 10, 1869. Freedmen (formerly enslaved) andimmigrants from Europe and Asia were integral to the creation of the railroad.35

In the early 20th century, railroad jobs from working on the tracks to servicing people as Porterson the train brought Black people from the South. Being a Porter was a service job, primarily towhite passengers on the trains, however, the pay was better than service positions in the Southand it gave Black men the opportunity to travel and see America. They were also praised fortheir work from their communities. Black porters had social clubs that the latest jazz musiciansand artists played including The Porters Club here in Omaha.Their pay was not the same as whites who did the same job and there were several issueswhen Black porters tried to create a union to represent them.*find A. Phillip Randolph & the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters.FAMILY & CHURCHESIn the early 1910s, more and more Black people started creating new lives in Omaha, and othercities west of the Mississippi River. As people left the South, they stayed in close contact withfamily and friends and as opportunities opened up, they helped others to move and join them.Social, political, and economic uplift became the function of black churches across the UnitedStates and for migrating blacks from the South to the North and to Omaha, Nebraskaspecifically, it was among the first points of contact.EDUCATIONSegregation in the South forced Black people to segregated schools. Though Black people paidthe same taxes that whites did in their communities, governments and school systems did notprovide the same level of support for school buildings, maintenance, teachers, books, ortechnology.There were colleges created for Black students, now known as HBCU's Historically BlackColleges and Universities. These were excellent schools that gave students education andopportunity, but not everyone could afford them and they still required a primary and orsecondary education.So Blacks began leaving the South to pursue educational opportunities for their children inNorthern cities, like Detroit, Chicago, and Omaha.Omaha's school system was not segregated. The library was also open to everyone, which wasnot the case throughout the South. Students went to neighborhood schools, and there wasdiversity in those schools in the early 20th century.Though things were better than the South, and there were opportunities, there were still issueswith school funding and access to technology as well as barriers for Black teachers.36

HOUSINGSegregation in the South forced Black people to live in separate communities. There was stillsegregation in the North, but it looked and operated differently.There were two areas where the majority of Black people lived in Omaha in the early 20thcentury, North of downtown, and South of downtown close to the packing houses.Eastern European and Jewish immigrants also lived in those places. So that in North Omaha,you had Black and Jewish people living and working in the same areas. Many Jewishimmigrants owned businesses on 16th, 24th, and 30th Streets. There were several synagogues,funeral homes, cemeteries, hospitals, and hundreds of businesses all in North Omaha includingseveral markets and butchers shops.But these groups could not buy homes or start businesses anywhere else.In the 1930s...Federal and local laws created public housing that said only people of the same race and thesame race as those living in the neighborhood could live there. Even though the communitieswere integrated.Also, federal and local laws were created that gave additional money to builders and developersbut forbid those builders and developers from selling homes to certain people. The deeds ofthose homes had clauses that also forbid the white owners from selling to certain people.Federal and local laws also used maps and community information, that banks used to gradeneighborhoods based on the idea that certain neighborhoods would be better businesses orbetter able to pay back loans for houses and businesses. It impacted mortgages and homeloans, credit cards, and insurance.Grade A = green =the best and most desirableGrade B = blue =second best, still desirableGrade C = yellow =decliningGrade D = red =most risk, undesirable, hazardousBLACK BUSINESSESMany Black people owned businesses and had professional offices in North Omaha as well,primarily on 24th Street. Many are listed in your packet and we will be researching them. Officesalong 24th Street housed Black doctors, dentists, and lawyer's offices, music and danceteachers, a movie theatre, a playhouse, several restaurants, gas stations, taxi companies,barbershops, dry cleaners, a candy shop, a bowling alley, skating rink, bakeries, clothing, anddrug stores. Also, several hotels, social clubs, nightclubs, jazz lounges, dance halls, ballrooms.There were also several Black newspapers including:● The Progress (1889-1906)● The Afro-American Sentinel (1892-1925)● The Enterprise (1893-1920)37

● The Monitor (1915-1929)● The Omaha Guide (1926-1958)● The Omaha Star (1938-present)38

QUOTES“Education is the key to unlock the golden door to freedom.”George Washington Carver“America is woven of many strands. I would recognize them and let it so remain. Ourfate is to become one, and yet many. This is not prophecy, but description.”Ralph Ellison“You lose a lot of time, hating people.”Marian Anderson“When people made up their minds that they wanted to be free and took action, thenthere was a change.”Rosa Parks“I am not ashamed of my grandparents for having been slaves. I am only ashamed ofmyself for having at one time being ashamed.”Ralph Ellison“I have no Messiah complex and I know that we may need many leaders to do thejob…Let us not succumb to divisions and conflicts. The job ahead is too great.”Martin Luther King Jr.“I have discovered in life that there are ways of getting almost anywhere you want to go,if you really want to go.”Langston Hughes“Nothing ever comes to one that is worth having, except as a result of hard work.”Booker T. Washington“You’re either part of the solution or part of the problem.”Eldridge Cleaver“Arm yourself with common sense, not weapons”Oprah Winfrey“Knowledge is not power, it is only potential power that becomesreal through use.”Dorothy Riley“Believe in yourself. You must do that which you think you cannot.”Eleanor Roosevelt“Education is painful and not gained with playing games or being average.”Marva Collins39

“Give your brain as much attention as you do your hair and you’ll be a thousand timesbetter off.”Malcolm X“The only thing that will stop you from fulfilling your dreams is you.”Former Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley“‘I am my Sister’s keeper!’ should be the hearty response of every man and woman ofthe race, and this conviction should purify and exalt the narrow, selfish and pettypersonal aims of life into a noble and sacred purpose.”Anna Julia Cooper“It is strange that an intelligent, law-abiding and fair minded people should sopersistently shut their eyes to the facts in the discussion of what the civilized world nowconcedes to be America's national crime.”Ida B Wells“Never be limited by other people’s limited imaginations.”Dr. Mae Jemison, first African-American female astronaut“The cost of liberty is less than the price of repression.”W.E.B. Du Bois“Hate is too great a burden to bear. It injures the hater more than it injures the hated.”Coretta Scott King“Whatever we believe about ourselves and our ability comes true for us.”Susan L. Taylor, journalist“Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, life is a broken winged bird that cannot fly.”Langston Hughes“If there is no struggle, there is no progress.”Frederick Douglass“The time is always right to do what is right.”Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.“Freedom is never given; it is won.”A. Philip Randolph, civil rights activist“Success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life asby the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed.”Booker T. Washington40

“We all have dreams. In order to make dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot ofdetermination, dedication, self-discipline and effort.”Jesse Owens, world record-setting Olympic athlete“Truth is powerful and it prevails.”Sojourner Truth“I felt that one had better die fighting against injustice than to die like a dog or rat in atrap. I had already determined to sell my life as early as possible if attacked. I felt if Icould take one lyncher with me, this would even up the score a little bit.”Ida B. Wells“Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave. Irise. I rise. I rise.”Maya Angelou“Character is power.”Booker T. Washington“If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life.”Marcus Garvey“Every time you state what you want or believe, you’re the first to hear it. It’s a messageto both you and others about what you think is possible. Don’t put a ceiling on yourself.”Oprah Winfrey“Dreams are lovely but they are just dreams. Fleeting, ephemeral, pretty. But dreams donot come true just because you dream them. It’s hard work that makes things happen.It’s hard work that creates change.”Shonda Rhimes“If they don’t give you a seat at the table, bring a folding chair.”Shirley Chisholm“Do the best you can until you know better. Then when you know better, do better.”Maya Angelou41

African Americans Civil Rights &Civil Unrest 19th-20th Century TimelineDred Scott v. Sandford 1857 - enslaved or free could not be citizens of the UnitedStatesEmancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863 - Freed enslaved people in states of openrebellion to the Union: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard,Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James Ascension, Assumption,Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of NewOrleans) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, andVirginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also thecounties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, andNorfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)], were exempt.13thAmendment 1865 - abolition of slavery (except as a punishment for crime whereofthe party shall have been duly convicted)14thAmendment 1868 - rights of citizenship15thAmendment 1870 - voting rightsCivil Rights Act of 1875 - forbidding discrimination in hotels, trains, and other publicspaces (1883 unconstitutional)Plessy vs. Ferguson - 1896 “separate but equal”KEY to the color codingBlack - national historyGray - racial tensionBold- black firsts and upliftBefore 1930Just a few points that are important for the later context of Omaha History. There arehyperlinks for Wiki info in this section.July 4, 1910, Omaha-After a tremendous upset victory by African-American boxer Jack Johnsonin Reno, Nevada, mobs of whites roamed throughout Omaha rioting, as they did in cities acrossthe U.S. The mobs wounded several black men in the city and killed one.42

September 28, 1919- Will Brown is lynched by a mob with 10,000 spectators in DowntownOmaha. The mob almost burned down the new Douglas County Courthouse in order to takeBrown from his cell. This was reported to be the first instance in the 20th century of the U.S.Army becoming involved in quelling urban rioting.[44] This large riot shortly followed those ofRed Summer, when post-war tensions led to ethnic white attacks against blacks in race riots innumerous cities across the country, increasing fears and tensions in Omaha as well.May 19, 1925 - Rev. Earl and Louise Little, who reside at 3448 Pinkney Street, have a son theynamed Malcolm, at University Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska.1930s-1940sComing from the Jazz Age and into the Depression, Black Arts flourished in Omaha.With several halls, clubs, theatres, and music venues along 24th street, big bands, jazzmusicians and performers traveled to Omaha on the chitlin’ circuit. North Omaha was amultidimensional community where many Blacks prospered and flourished, in spite ofsegregation.1932 - Powell v. Alabama - Nine young boys were denied counsel for the alleged rape of twowhite women in Alabama in cases taking place in Scottsboro, AlabamaThe Omaha Star prints its first issue on July 9, 19381938—James F. Hall, II was the first African-American student at Central High to win fourletters in football, basketball, baseball, and track in one year, winning a total of 14 lettersbefore graduating.*1939—Wilda Chue Stephenson graduated from Central High to return as a businessteacher and one of the first African American teachers at the school.*The Carnation Ball Room mid 40’s- late 1950’s brought in local, regional and nationaltalent including James Brown and “Big Mama” Thornton, and B.B. King1942—The first African American from Omaha to graduate from flight training atTuskegee Airfield and earn his wings in the US Army Air Corps was Tech High School1939 valedictorian Captain Alfonza W. Davis.*1945—Central High graduate Robert Holts (b. 1924) joins the Tuskegee Airmen andbecomes the last remaining Nebraska member in the 1990s.*1946 - Truman’s Executive Order 9808 - protection of Civil Rights1946—Nebraska’s first black-owned banking institution was opened by Omaha’s CharlesDavis at 2414 Lake Street as Carver Savings and Loan. It closed permanently in 1965.Fletcher, Adam F. C. “History of the Carver Savings and Loan Association.” North OmahaHistory, September 21, 2020. Accessed November 2, 2021.https://northomahahistory.com/2020/09/21/a-history-of-the-carver-savings-and-loan-association/.43

1948 - Truman’s Executive Order 9981 - the desegregation of the Armed Forces1948 - Shelley vs. Kraemer - discrimination and restrictive housing covenants areunconstitutional1948 (Racial tension) - Thirty members of the DePorres Club held Omaha's first sit-in at arestaurant by the Douglas County Courthouse. When the group arrived, the owner told themthat white customers would stop coming into the restaurant if blacks were served. In response,the group stayed until the owner agreed to allow African-American patrons. Graves, S. (2004)Black history strong at Creighton, Archived 2007-02-28 at the Wayback Machine. TheCreightonian Online. 83(18).1940s—One of Omaha’s first black women taxi drivers was Marge Rose, who worked forthe United Cab Company and the Ritz Cab Company over the years.*1949—The first certified African American architect from Omaha was Harold L. Biddiex.*1950s-1960sJust as Black communities across the nation were organizing, as they always had, butusing the benefits of radio and television, boycotts and protests were a part of Omaha’sstory as well.1950 - Sweatt vs. Painter - University of Texas Law School opened its doors to a black applicant1950s (Racial discrimination) - "We Don't Serve Any Colored Race." - Signs are posted in cafewindows throughout the city. Preston Love reported seeing this sign repeatedly in Omaha cafesin the 1950s in Bristow, N.D. (n.d.) Swingin' with Preston Love Archived 2007-02-16 at theWayback Machine.. Nebraska Life.1950—The first African American elected to public office in Omaha was Elizabeth DavisPittman, also making her the first African American woman elected to the Omaha SchoolBoard.*Whitney Young served as Executive Director of the Omaha Urban League from1950-1955. He is also One of the first black faculty members at the University of Nebraska(1950 to 1954) and at Creighton University (1951 to 1952). “Whitney Young Jr’s Time inOmaha.” History Nebraska. Accessed November 2, 2021.https://history.nebraska.gov/blog/whitney-young-jrs-time-omaha.June 12, 1953 - Medgar Evers assassinated1952-54 (Boycott) - The Omaha Bus Boycott was led by the DePorres Club, including MildredBrown, who extolled readers of the Omaha Star to "Don’t ride Omaha’s buses or streetcars. Ifyou must ride, protest by using 18 pennies." Focusing on ending the Omaha and Council BluffsStreet Railway Company's policy of not hiring black drivers, the boycott was successful.44

"Omaha’s Bus Boycott of 1952-54" Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine., NebraskaState Historical Society. Retrieved 11/30/10.1954—The first African American bus drivers were hired by the Omaha and CouncilBluffs Street Railway and ended the Omaha Bus Boycott. They included Arthur Lee(Jack) Williams and Charles (Lucky) Abram.1954 - Brown vs. Board of Education - segregated educational facilities deemed “inherentlyunequal”August 28, 1955 - Emmett Till (age 14) lynchedDecember 1, 1955 - Rosa Parks refuses to be removed from her seat in Montgomery, Alabama(381 day boycott)1957 - Civil Rights Act - citizens given right to vote regardless of race, color, religion or nationaloriginSeptember 1957 - Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas1958 (Civil rights) - Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. preached at Salem Baptist Church in NorthOmaha.1960 - Civil Rights Act - outlawed literacy tests, etc., as qualifications for voting1962 - Malcolm X becomes Nation of Islam’s National Minister1963 - Four African American girls killed when the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church inBirmingham, Alabama is bombed.August 28, 1963 - March on Washington1963 (Civil rights) - The Citizens Civic Committee for Civil Liberties, or 4CL, led by Blackministers, rallies to demand change civil rights for all African Americans in Omaha throughpicketing, stand-ins during city council meetings, and other efforts. A Street of Dreams.November 22, 1963 - John F. KennedySummer 1964 - Freedom Summer - CORE members, black and white students, ride buses toMississippi to register voters.January 1964 - 24th Amendment - banning poll taxes in federal electionsJuly 1964 - Civil Rights Act of 1964 - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion,sex or national origin. Prohibits discrimination in voting registration, schools, in the workplaceand all public accommodations. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC).45

1964—The first Black female principal in Omaha Public Schools was Omaha’s EdmaeSwain.1964 (Civil rights) - Malcolm X speaks in OmahaMarch 21, 1965 - Malcolm X/ El Hajj Malik El Shabazz assassinated1965 - Voting Rights Act1965—Omaha’s Ambrose Jackson Jr. founded the city’s first black-owned architecturalfirm.July 4, 1966 (Racial tension) - After a 103-degree day, a crowd of African Americans gathered atNorth 24th and Lake streets in the evening. They responded violently when the Omaha PoliceDepartment requested their dispersal. The crowd demolished police cars and roamed the North24th Street business corridor, throwing firebombs and demolishing storefronts. Millions of dollarsof damage was caused to businesses in the Near North Side community.[3] The riot lasted threedays. Levine, B.J. (2004) Resolving Racial Conflict: The Community Relations Service and CivilRights.University of Missouri Press. p 105.August 1, 1966 (Racial tension) - Riots erupted after a 19-year-old was shot by a white, off-dutypoliceman during a burglary. The Omaha World-Herald and local television stations werecriticized for blaming African Americans for their deteriorating neighborhoods, which had beenredlined. Three buildings were firebombed, and 180 riot police were required to quell thecrowds. Olson, J.C. and Naugle, R.C. (1997) History of Nebraska. University of Nebraska Press.p 371.1966 (Racial discrimination) - A Time for Burning, a documentary made featuring North Omahaand its issues, is released. Later that year it was nominated for an Oscar.1967 - Loving vs. Virginia - law against marriages between African Americans and EuropeanAmericans unconstitutional (married in 1958 and miscegenation was a felony in Virginia. movedto Washington DC to avoid imprisonment)1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American justice on the Supreme Court.Retires in 1991 and died in 1993.1968 - Civil Rights Act - banned discrimination in housing and penalties for crossing state linesto incite a riot1968—Omaha’s Marlin Briscoe became the first black quarterback in professionalfootball.March 4, 1968 (Racial tension) - A crowd of high school and university students met at theOmaha Civic Auditorium to protest the presidential campaign of George Wallace, thesegregationist governor of Alabama. Counter-protesters began acting violently but policebrutality led to the injury of dozens of protesters. An African-American youth was shot and killedby an officer, and fleeing students caused thousands of dollars of damage to businesses andcars.[64] The following day local barber Ernie Chambers helped prevent a riot at Horace MannJunior High School. Recognized as a community leader, Chambers finished his law degree and46

was elected to the Nebraska State Legislature, serving a record total of 38 years. Olson, J.C.and Naugle, R.C. (1997) History of Nebraska. University of Nebraska Press. p 371.April 4, 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr assassinated1968—Omaha’s Darryl C. Eure became a co-founder of Nebraska’s first black theatrecalled the Afro-Academy of Dramatic Arts.*1968—Omaha’s Marlin Briscoe became the first black quarterback in professionalfootball.*1969 - Rudy Smith is the first African American to graduate from the University ofNebraska at Omaha School of Journalism. He then becomes the first black newsroomstaffer at the Omaha World-Herald as a photojournalist, and begins his career takingaward winning photos of the unrest in North Omaha to come.June 24, 1969 (Racial tension) - African-American teenager Vivian Strong was shot and killedby police officer James Loder in an incident at the Logan Fontenelle Housing Projects. Inresponse, young African Americans, led by the Black Association for Nationalism Through Unity(BANTU),[65] rioted throughout the Near North Side neighborhood, looting the North 24th Streetbusiness corridor. During this attack, eight businesses were destroyed.[66] Rioting went on forseveral more days.[67] This is the last noted riot in Omaha.1969 (Civil rights) - 54 black students staged a sit-in at the office of the University of Nebraskaat Omaha president to lobby for African American history courses and student voice at theinstitution. "Coloring history", The Reader. Retrieved 4/16/08.1970sIn a time of upheaval, and revolutionary change, political activism and the arts are amajor part of a Black community soon to be divided. That divide will have tremendousconsequences as a result of the North Freeway splintering a community.1970s (Urban renewal) - Construction of the North Freeway bisects North Omaha, cutting theAfrican-American community in half and marring its social fabric.1970 (Political activism) - Ernie Chambers from North Omaha was elected to the NebraskaState Legislature.1970 - On August 17 an Omaha police officer was killed when an explosive blew up in anabandoned house in North Omaha. August 28 an African-American man named Duane Peak isarrested, and he implicates six others. August 31 David Rice and Ed Poindexter are arrested,despite not having been originally implicated.1971 - Rice and Poindexter were convicted of murder in the controversial Rice/Poindexter Case.1971—The first celebration of Black History Week at Central High happened for the firsttime.*47

1971 (Black studies) - University of Nebraska-Omaha starts a Department of Black Studies inresponse to student activism. "Coloring history", The Reader. Retrieved 4/16/08.1971—The first African American to chair a department of surgery at a predominantlywhite medical school was Omaha’s Claude J. Organ (1926-2005) at Creighton University.*1971—The first African American and the first woman to be appointed as a judge inNebraska was Elizabeth Davis Pittman; she was also the first Black woman in the UnitedStates to be appointed to a judgeship by a state governor.*1975—The first woman vice president and general manager of a radio station in thenation’s capital and creator of the “Quiet Storm” format was Omaha’s Cathy Hughes.*1976 (Racial integration) - Omaha Public Schools began court-ordered integrated busing.1954-1979. Omaha World Herald(Nebraska), June 13, 20041976 (Community organizing) - Negro History Society with leadership of Bertha Callowayformally opens the Great Plains Black History Museum in the Webster Telephone ExchangeBuilding to celebrate African-American contributions to the city and region1976—Omaha’s Bertha Calloway establishes the Great Plains Black History Museum, oneof the first of its kind in the United States.*1980s-1990s1983—The first Black-owned dinner theater in Omaha was opened at The NewShowcase at North 23rd and Lake.*Reflections of The 80’s-90s● KNOS and KBWH radio● Leola’s Records & Tapes and Homers● Cleopatra’s and the Ranch Bowl● Rap concerts, talent shows, and poetry readings● Hanging out in the old market, before it was cool or trendy● Graffiti artists, breakdancers, djs, rappers, poets and poor righteous teachers● Limited releases of the few black movies with very short runs● Theaters refusing to play Do The Right Thing● The Scribble Crew graffiti group in the 1980’s● Full Clip, DJ Mario Scratch, Brian B and DJ Suicide, and The Young Rebels were all90’s rap and hip hop writers, dancers, and performers from Omaha.● Harden, Mikala. “Omaha’s Hip Hop History: Unpacking Our Past.” The Reader. Lastmodified (June 12, 2019. Accessed November 2, 2021.)○ http://thereader.com/music/omahas-hip-hop-history-unpacking-our-past.2004—The first African American full-time, tenured faculty at the University ofNebraska at Omaha was Wanda Ewing who served in the Department of Art andArt History.48

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YHD SCHEDULEYoung History Detectives Summer Camp Schedule51

Words of PowerAbundantActiveAdorableAffluentAssertiveAttractiveAuthenticBeautifulBigheartedBlessedBraveBrightCalmCertainCharmingCherishedClearCompleteConfidentConnectedCourageousCreativeCuriousEagerEffervescentEnlightenedEnthusiasticEmpoweredExquisiteFamousFitFortunateFreeGenuineGorgeousGracefulGratefulHappyHealedHealthyHelpfulHonestImaginativeIncredibleIndependentInnovativeIntelligentIntuitiveJoyfulKnowledgeableLeaderLoveLearningLightLivelyMasterfulMovingNaturalNobleOpenOptimisticPassionatePeacefulPerfectPoisedPolishedPopularPositivePowerfulPreciousPrettyProductiveProsperousProudQuickReadyRelaxedRespectfulSafeSecureSensationalShiningSincereSmartSoulfulSpiritedSplendidSpontaneousStrongSuccessfulSunnyThankfulThoroughTranquilTrustingTruthfulUnwaveringUpbeatValuableVibrantVivaciousWelcomedWholeWillingWiseWonderfulWorthyYouthfulZestful53

Game GlossaryTermsmeeplesn. "Meeples" is a term that describes anthropomorphic playing pieces (image) in games,originally used to describe those used in Carcassonne. It is now more broadly used to referto nearly any pawn or figure in a game. It is believed that the term was first used by AlisonHansel as an ad-hoc abbreviation for "my people", as noted in this 2001 session report anddescribed in detail in this history. See the Intelligence Report for a detailed description ofthis species. See Poll: What exactly is a meeple? for more details of community consensuson what a meeple is.CategoryDeductionDeduction games are those that require players to form conclusions based on availablepremises. These games are quite varied, including several different types of logicalreasoning. Cat & Mouse games like Scotland Yard are a type of Deduction game in whichplayers use a set of observations and truthful feedback to narrow down possibilities andcatch a constantly moving opponent at the right position. Elimination games like Clueexpect players to arrive at the right conclusion after narrowing down possibilities from alarge list. Signalling games like Werewolf allow for a set of observations and player-drivenfeedback (which may not be truthful) to arrive at the right conclusion out of 2-3 mainchoices. Finally, this Category includes Induction games like Zendo, in which players mustderive a general rule out of near infinite possibilities.Social deduction games are a related sub-category that is proving increasingly popular, andincludes games with hidden roles and bluffing such as The Resistance and One NightWerewolf. For an overview, see the article Social Deduction Games: How Many DifferentWays Can I Tell You That I Am Not A Werewolf? and also Social Deduction Games:Choosing an Appropriate One.economic gamen. A game that models a micro-economic (i.e. business or industry) or macro-economic (i.e.nation or colony) system. Typically, players will have to invest in various factors of production:capital improvements (like power plants, RR track, settlements & cities), rawmaterials/resources (fuel, wheat/sheep/wood/brick/rock) & labor, in order to gain income, whichis then re-invested into more factors of production to produce more income, etc. Money is NOTalways present in an economic game, but it often is. Likewise the presence of money may notneccessarily indicate an economic game. Examples: 1830: Railways & Robber Barons,Monopoly, Puerto Rico and CATAN55

Board Game CategoriesAbstract StrategyAction / DexterityAdventureAge of ReasonAmerican Civil WarAmerican Indian WarsAmerican RevolutionaryWarAmerican WestAncientAnimalsArabianAviation / FlightBluffingBookCard GameChildren's GameCity BuildingCivil WarCivilizationCollectible ComponentsComic Book / StripDeductionDiceEconomicEducationalElectronicEnvironmentalExpansion for Base-gameExplorationFan ExpansionFantasyFarmingFightingGame SystemHorrorHumorIndustry / ManufacturingKorean WarMafiaMathMature / AdultMazeMedicalMedievalMemoryMiniaturesModern WarfareMovies / TV / Radio themeMurder/MysteryMusicMythologyNapoleonicNauticalNegotiationNovel-basedNumberParty GamePike and ShotPiratesPoliticalPost-NapoleonicPrehistoricPrint & PlayPuzzleRacingReal-timeReligiousRenaissanceScience FictionSpace ExplorationSpies/Secret AgentsSportsTerritory BuildingTrainsTransportationTravelTriviaVideo Game ThemeVietnam WarWargameWord GameWorld War IWorld War IIZombies56

Game Mechanicshttps://boardgamegeek.com/browse/boardgamemechanicnegotiation gamen. A game in which players make deals and trade resources or favors as the main mechanism.Diplomacy is perhaps the best example of this type of game. Negotiation is one of the gamecategories used at BoardGameGeek.com.auction gamen. A game that features players bidding on resources as the main mechanism. Also called abidding game. Examples: Modern Art, Racard draftingn. a game mechanic where the primary way players acquire cards is by selecting them from aface up display. Designer Alan R. Moon has designed many games using this mechanic.Examples: Union Pacific, Freight Train, Ticket to Ride, Alhambra, Thurn and Taxisn. a game mechanism where players select cards from a subset of the available cards to form adeck or hand or to select the next card to play. Examples: Fairy Tale, 7 Wonders, and Agricola(variant), where a hand of cards is passed around and players select individual cards beforepassing the cards remaining in the hand. Magic: The Gathering (multiple variants) and Race forthe Galaxy (variant) where players draft cards to form decks that they then use to play thegame.cooperative gamesGames where all players work together on the same team, trying to beat the built-in artificialintelligence of the game system. Examples include, Pandemic and Castle Panic.dice rollingDice rolling is a mechanism for a wide variety of games. In games that feature dice rolling, oneto many dice are rolled and used in a variety of ways, including determining movement,determining results from a combat table, or for compared against other die rolls as combatstrength. Merely because a game has die rolling does not make it a dice game.deck building gamen. a game featuring a mechanism where players each play from their own deck of cards but,through the course of the game, additional cards are selected for inclusion in the players'decks which will be drawn and used in future reshuffles of the deck. Often these gamesrequire players to discard their hand each turn forcing a high rate of card turnover. Thefounding father of this genre is Dominion with many examples following including PuzzleStrike, Nightfall, A Few Acres of Snow, and Thunderstone.RPG57

n. Abbreviation for Role-Playing Game, in which a gamemaster creates a progressivestoryline and other players control the characters within the story. Example: Dungeons &Dragons See also LARP.strategyn. 1. The plan that a player uses in a game. adj –ic. 2. Requiring gaming decisions basedon long-range goals. 3. Strategic: In a wargaming sense, a large scale game in which unitsrepresent large military formations (brigades & larger) over a wide ranging area (like anation or continent). Typically these games have a high level of abstraction and a low levelof detail to depict conflict. Such a game depicts an entire war or a major campaign.worker placementn. A term used to describe the game mechanic which involves a "token-based, turn-limited,locking action selection menu." Players, in turn order, place tokens (aka workers) to selectvarious actions presented on a board, cards, tiles, etc. Once an action is selected, it usuallycannot be selected again on that round. Often players may think of this as a supervisordeploying workers on various jobs. A very popular game mechanic used in many recentgames such as: Agricola, Caylus, Stone Age, Pillars of the Earth, etc.TradingPlayers may Trade assets directly with each other, rather than via a Market.Set CollectionThe value of items is dependent on being part of a set; for example, scoring according togroups of a certain quantity or variety.Demonstrations:A set of 3 of a particular item is worth points (but each item alone has no value).A set of 3 different items is worth points (but each item alone has no value).A particular item is worth 3 points, a set of 2 such items is worth 7 points, and a set of 3 of itis worth 13 points.Example games: Players collect and harvest different types of beans in Bohnanza, and theycollect Monuments in Ra.Contracts should be indicated when applicable, as a more sophisticated case where theitems are defined by variable goals within the game which can be claimed, typically by onlyone player.Hand ManagementHand management games are games with cards in them that reward players for playing thecards in certain sequences or groups. The optimal sequence/grouping may vary, dependingon board position, cards held and cards played by opponents. Managing your hand means58

gaining the most value out of available cards under given circumstances. Cards often havemultiple uses in the game, further obfuscating an "optimal" sequence.Hand management has no relationship to action/dexterity.Auction/BiddingThis mechanic requires you to place a bid, usually monetary, on items in an auction ofgoods in order to enhance your position in the game. These goods allow players futureactions or improve a position. The auction consists of taking turns placing bids on a givenitem until one winner is established, allowing the winner to take control of the item being bidon. Usually there is a game rule that helps drop the price of the items being bid on if noplayers are interested in the item at its current price. In most games, once a winner for oneitem is done, if there are more items to be bid upon, another auction is held for those items.The process repeats until a game condition is met or items are exhausted in the auctionphase of the game. This is similar to Worker Placement, but workers can be kicked off spotsby bidding higher.In Power Grid, for example, you start with no power plants and must win bids to be able toproduce power. Winning a bid on a given power plant allows that player to add it to theircurrent inventory of power plants and also allows for more power to be made in a giventurn. In Vegas Showdown, players bid on rooms. such as a slot machine or a restaurant, inorder to build a larger hotel with more prestige and value. Winning players pay for the roombased on their bid and place it in their hotel. In both examples, bidding is done in a turnformat and players have the option of passing on bids.Worker PlacementA stylized form of Action Drafting, players place tokens (typically the classic person-shaped"meeple") to trigger an action from a set of actions available to all players, generallyone-at-a-time and in turn order. Some games achieve the same effect in reverse: the turnbegins with action spaces filled by markers, which are claimed by players for some cost. Eachplayer usually has a limited number of tokens with which to participate in the process, althoughthese may increase as the game progresses.There is usually(*) a limit on the number of times a single action may be taken. Once that limitfor an action is reached, it typically either becomes more expensive to take again or can nolonger be taken for the remainder of the round. As such, not all actions can be taken by allplayers in a given round, and "action blocking" occurs. If the game is structured in rounds, thenall actions are usually refreshed at the start or end of each round so that they become availableagain.From a thematic standpoint, the game pieces which players use to draft actions often represent"workers" of a given trade (this category of mechanism, however, is not necessarily limited to orby this thematic representation). In other words, players often thematically "place workers" to59

show which actions have been drafted by individual players. For example, in Agricola eachplayer starts with two pieces representing family members that can be placed on action spacesto collect resources or take other actions like building fences. When someone places a piece ona given space, that action is no longer available until the next round.Keydom, which was published in 1998, is widely recognized as the first of the worker placementgenre of games. Other early design experiments with the mechanism include Bus (1999) andWay Out West (2000). Well known examples of worker placement include Agricola (2007),Caylus (2005) and Stone Age (2008).(*) The use of the word "usually" in this context is a somewhat controversial point of discussion.For purposes of BGG classification, "action blocking" is a defining element of worker placement.In that case, there must always be a limit on the number of times a single action may be draftedeach round.60

Adinkra Symbols Sheethttp://www.adinkra.org/ADINKRAHENE"Chief of the adinkra symbols"symbol of greatness, charisma and leadershipThis symbol is said to have played an inspiring role in the designing of other symbols. itsignifies the importance of playing a leadership role.Akoma = symbol of patience and toleranceAKOMA NTOSO "linked hearts" =symbol of understanding and agreementAYA"fern"symbol of endurance and resourcefulnessThe fern is a hardy plant that can grow in difficult places. "An individual who wears thissymbol suggests that he has endured many adversities and outlasted much difficulty."(Willis, The Adinkra Dictionary)BESE SAKA"sack of cola nuts"symbol of affluence, power, abundance, plenty, togetherness and unityThe cola nut played an important role in the economic life of Ghana. A widely-used cashcrop, it is closely associated with affluence and abundance. This symbol also representsthe role of agriculture and trade in bringing peoples together.DUAFE"wooden comb"symbol of beauty and cleanliness; symbols of desirable feminine qualitiesThe meaning of this symbol is characterized slightly differently in "The AdinkraDictionary" and "The Values of Adinkra Symbols"; the former emphasizes more abstractqualities of feminine goodness, love and care, while the latter has a more literalinterpretation, looking one's best and good hygiene. In any case, the duafe was a prizedpossession of the Akan woman, used to comb and plait her hair.61

NEA ONNIM NO SUA A, OHU"He who does not know can know from learning"symbol of knowledge, life-long education and continued quest for knowledgeSource: Cloth As Metaphor by G.F. Kojo ArthurDWENNIMMEN"ram's horns"symbol of humility together with strengthThe ram will fight fiercely against an adversary, but it also submits humbly to slaughter,emphasizing that even the strong need to be humble.SANKOFA"return and get it"symbol of importance of learning from the past62

ADDITIONAL RESOURCESStreet of Dreamshttp://netnebraska.org/interactive-multimedia/television/street-dreamsResearch Your House History*https://omahalibrary.org/research-your-house-history/Benjamin “Pap” Singletonhttps://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/benjamin-pap-singleton/12205https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_single.htmlFreedmen’s Townshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Freedmen%27s_townsPullman Portershttps://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2008/0229/p20s01-ussc.htmlWEB DuBoishttps://www.neh.gov/divisions/preservation/featured-project/web-du-bois-in-cyberspaceRedlining and Segregationhttps://www.npr.org/2015/05/14/406699264/historian-says-dont-sanitize-how-our-government-created-the-ghettoshttp://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.afam.032https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-13-me-22419-story.htmlhttps://archive.org/details/collectorofnegro00john/page/n11Meatpackers: An Oral History of Black Packinghouse Workers and Their Struggle forRacial and Economic Equality Paperback – March 1, 1999by Rick Halpern (Author), Roger Horowitz (Author)https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/04/11/601494521/video-housing-segregation-in-everything63

https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-americahttps://www.pbs.org/video/chasing-dream-against-all-odds-full-film/https://www.fairhousingjustice.org/resources/film/https://www.pbs.org/video/jim-crow-of-the-north-stijws/http://www.peripherycenter.org/culture/redlining-race-inequalityhttps://la.streetsblog.org/2015/10/02/new-documentary-about-boyle-heights-opens-new-urbanism-film-festival/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/lorraine-hansberry-sighted-eyesfeeling-heart-film/9846/BooksThe Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality 1st Editionby Thomas M. Shapiro (Author)Black Wealth / White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality, 2nd Edition 2nd Editionby Melvin Oliver (Editor), Thomas M. Shapiro (Editor)Conley, Dalton. Being Black, Living in the Red, University of California Press, 1999.Gonzales, John Moreno. "Hispanic Color Divide" New York Newsday, July 15, 2003 atwww.pbs.org/race in Background Readings/Society.National Council on Economic Education, www.ncee.net/ea/program.php?pid=19 - 26kOliver, Melvin and Shapiro, Thomas. Black Wealth/White Wealth, Routledge, 1997.Clark, Charles M.A. "Wealth and poverty: On the social creation of scarcity." Journal ofEconomic Issues 36.2 (2002): 415+. Questia. 24 Aug. 2003 .Muhammad, Dedrick et al. "The State of the Dream: Enduring Disparities in Black and White."United for a Fair Economy at www.ufenet.org/press/2004/StateoftheDream2004_pr.htmlPlato, The Republic.Smith, Adam. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Glasgow: 1776.64

Redlined: A Memoir of Race, Change, and Fractured Community in 1960s Chicago Paperback– April 3, 2018 by Linda GartzHigh-Risers: Cabrini-Green and the Fate of American Public Housing Hardcover – February 13,2018 by Ben AustenEvicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City Paperback – February 28, 2017by Matthew DesmondThe Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated Americaby Richard Rothstein May 1, 2018Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership(Justice, Power, and Politics)by Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor | Oct 21, 2019Redlining To Reinvestment (Conflicts in Urban and Regional Development)by Gregory Squires | Dec 2, 1992Redlined: A Memoir of Race, Change, and Fractured Community in 1960s Chicagoby Linda Gartz | Apr 3, 2018Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (National BookAward Winner)by Ibram X. Kendi | Apr 12, 2016The Hidden Rules of Race: Barriers to an Inclusive Economy (Cambridge Studies inStratification Economics: Economics and Social Identity)by Andrea Flynn , Dorian T. Warren, et al. | Sep 8, 2017Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American Cityby Antero Pietila | Mar 16, 2010Family Properties: How the Struggle Over Race and Real Estate Transformed Chicago andUrban Americaby Beryl Satter | Mar 2, 2010The Color of the Law: Race, Violence, and Justice in the Post-World War II South (The JohnHope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture)by Gail Williams O'Brien | May 31, 1999Segregation: Federal Policy or Racism?by John Chodes | Jul 31, 201765

Redlining and disinvestment as a discriminatory practice in residential mortgage loansby University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Urban-Suburban Investment Study Group., | Jan 1,1977The Color of Law: Ernie Goodman, Detroit, and the Struggle for Labor and Civil Rights (GreatLakes Books Series)by Dave Riddle, David Elsila, et al. | Oct 6, 2010Insurance Redlining: Disinvestment, Reinvestment, and the Evolving Role of FinancialInstitutions (Urban Institute Press)by Gregory D. Squires | Jan 1, 1997The Lines Between Us: Two Families and a Quest to Cross Baltimore’s Racial Divideby Lawrence Lanahan | May 21, 2019Know Your Price: Valuing Black Lives and Property in America’s Black Citiesby Andre Perry | Jan 28, 2020States' Laws on Race and Color (Studies in the Legal History of the South Ser.)by Pauli Murray | Mar 1, 1997American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclassby Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton | Jul 15, 1998Problems in Community Development Banking, Mortgage Lending Discrimination, ReverseRedlining, and Home Equity Lending: Hearings Before the Committee ... One Hundred ThirdCongress, First Sessionby United States Congress | Nov 28, 2017The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness Paperback – January 16,2012Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?: And Other Conversations AboutRace Paperback – September 5, 2017by Beverly Daniel Tatum (Author)White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism Paperback – June 26,2018 by Robin DiAngelo (Author), Michael Eric Dyson (Foreword)So You Want to Talk About Race Hardcover – January 16, 2018by Ijeoma Oluo (Author)66

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