Understanding Oceania : simplebooklet.com

Table of Contents Introduction 1 Australia 1 1 Mountain Ranges in Australia 1 2 Climate Zones in Australia 1 3 States Territories 1 4 Bushfires 1 5 The Great Barrier Reef 1 6 Marsupials 1 7 Aboriginal Oceanians 1 8 Bush Tucker 1 9 The Dreaming 1 10 The Didgeridoo Boomerangs 1 11 Australian Culture 1 12 The Stolen Children 1 13 Australia Question 1 14 Practice Map Mountains Plateau 1 15 The Great Barrier Reef 1 16 Reading Assignment Kangaroo Issues 1 17 Aboriginal Australians 1 18 Reading Assignment Walkabout 1 19 Reading Assignment The Killing Times 2 Polynesia 2 1 Mana 2 2 Fishing 2 3 Agriculture 2 4 Art 2 5 Dance 2 6 Surfing 2 7 French Polynesia 2 8 Samoa 2 9 New Zealand 2 10 Hawai i 2 11Tuvalu 2 12 Tonga 2 13 Easter Island Moai 2 14 Polynesia Questions 2 15 Reading Assignment Tattoos 2 16 Reading Assignment Taboo 3 Micronesia 3 1 Federated States of Micronesia 3 2 The Marshall Islands 3 3 Kiribati 3 4 Nauru 3 5 Palau 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 24 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 43 44 45 46 49 52 56 58 59 60 62 64 66 68 72 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 94 96 98 100 102 3 6 Mariana Islands Guam 3 7 The Mariana Trench 3 8 Micronesia Questions 3 9 Report Assignment 3 10 Reading Assignment Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test 4 Melanesia 4 1 Papua New Guinea 4 2 Solomon Islands 4 3 Vanuatu 4 4 Fiji 4 5 Melanesia Questions 4 6 Reading Assignment Cannabilism 4 7 The Pacific War 5 The Pacific War Warning Disturbing Content 6 Economy of Oceania 6 1 Agriculture 6 2 Tourism 7 Project Assignment 104 106 110 112 113 118 120 122 124 126 128 129 131 132 136 138 140 144

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How to use this tool The Great World Adventure is a guide or tool intended to provoke interest based learning It is not an exhaustive study We suggest you add books and movies to expand on your understanding of each region but also delve deeper into topics you find interesting Please be prepared to spend between 8 and 12 weeks per module and take your time to get to know the people the culture the food the art and the history of each region You will also find flags of the countries covered in this study at the back of this book Cut them out laminate if you want to and use them to memorize the flags of each country You can A NOTE ON FILMS AND BOOKS also learn to name their capitals or other information you would Please use your discretion We each like to remember have different levels of tolerance where violence and or sexuality is concerned We suggest that you read through the your book and watch and our children are of different ages the suggested YouTube clips we have linked through QR codes Please take care to select what will be appropriate for your family s values We would also like to suggest that you subscribe to the Premium Edition of YouTube while working on this book so that you do not have to watch ads Learning the names of rivers mountains and water bodies are important only in the context of understanding their significance and what impact they have on the people and history The geographic maps in this portfolio can be copied for practice In highly detailed maps we suggest you number and re number what you are trying to memorize with each copy you make Advanced Assignment Optional Design an exciting 10 day cultural tour of Oceania for your family Develop a proposed itinerary and a presentation to convince them to take the trip you have planned for them research facts about the destination schedule an itinerary of activities mark the location of each place on a map calculate costs for this tour and submit a budget 4 Understanding Oceania

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1 16 Reading Assignment Kangaroo Issues Kangaroo population skyrockets in Australia so expert says they should be eaten under the Animal Welfare Act Australia is known for their frequent pest problems Last week was swooping season for aggressive magpies and the country is famous for its rabbit proof Experts in Australia are asking citizens to eat more kangaroo meat in order to curtail the rising population of the fence to curtail the explosion of rabbits in the country marsupial which nearly doubled in six years Questions to discuss Kangaroos the national symbol of Australia have outpaced the population of Australian residents 2 to 1 There 1 What is this article about were 24 million residents in Australia in 2016 and 44 mil 2 What does the word cull mean 3 Why would heavy rains affect the kangaroo lion kangaroos at last count in 2015 Back in 2009 there populations were only 27 million roos 4 When are animals considered pests 5 In what way does the kangaroo s reproductive The rise of the kangaroo epidemic has been tied to an cycle allow their numbers to grow so quickly abundance of food after heavy rains The kangaroos are traveling onto citizens property in droves and eating vegetation consumed by other animals By Constance Gibbs Sep 11 2017 If you don t cull the kangaroos or don t reduce their populations in some way then you re going to lose a lot of other biodiversity Professor Davis Paton of the University of Adelaide told Australia s ABC News If we re going to cull these animals we do it humanely but we also perhaps should think about what we might use the animals that are killed for Paton said saying that kangaroo meat could be an option A kangaroo population boom has caused Australian experts and officials to figure out ways to curtail their effect on the land Kangaroo meat has been legal across the country since 1993 and the Australian government recognizes it as safe lean meat with nutrients and high market potential if not for the stigma of eating the animal We ve just been too reluctant to take a stick to them remove them out of the system sooner to actually prevent the damage being caused Paton said The suggestion to cull the creatures has sparked debate among Aussie officials Animal Liberation South Australia an organization against animal cruelty told ABC they should be sterilized or relocated while the regional director of the Department for Environment Water and Natural Resources Brenton Grear said they were undertaking destruction measures 44 Understanding Oceania

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1 17 Aboriginal Australians 1 17 1 How did the Aboriginal Australians reach Oceania 1 17 2 How is it possible that a group of Australian aborigines was unaware of European occupation in 1984 when Australia became a colony in 1788 1 17 3 What is the Dreaming 1 17 4 What is a worldview 1 17 5 How is the Australian Aboriginal worldview different from a European one 1 17 6 What do you think the word everywhen means 1 17 7 What do yo uthink an Ancestral Being is FILM DOCUMENTARY Australia 2008 Charlie s Country 2014 Utopia A Film by John Pilger 2013 The Men of the Fifth World YouTube Rabbit Proof Fence 2011 Walkabout 1971 BOOKS Walkabout James vance Marshall 978 1590174906 Playing Beatie Bow Ruth Park 978 0140314601 Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence Doris Pilkington 978 0702233555 Jandamarra Mark Greenwood 978 1742375700 Indigenous Australian Cultures Mary Colson 978 1432967826 Mazin Grace Dylan Coleman 978 0702249341 Ask us anything Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 1 17 8 In what way would a Dreaming give you identity The Great World Adventure 45

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1 18 Reading Assignment Walkabout Following the Footsteps of the Ancestors The Walkabout Coming of Age Ceremony By Sarah P Young Published on www ancientorigins net June 25 2019 navigate and the need to observe the time has remained important These secular coming of age ceremonies are especially popular in Scandinavia but they are starting to become more commonplace in North America Australia has been inhabited for more than 50 000 years and the Aboriginal people have a complex and fascinating spiritual life Their culture is filled with traditions and ceremonies with special meaning and their cultural identity is particularly important to them today now that the many tribes from across Australia have come together as one But whether they are spiritual cultural or secular coming of age ceremonies all have a few things in common They acknowledge that the threshold between childhood and adulthood is a special and often difficult time for young people and they reassure them that as adults they are a welcome addition to their social or cultural group Many of them offer a guiding hand to young people who may be struggling with their identity and offer the advice of an older figure for example a Rabbi or a tribal elder that teaches the young person the skills they need to thrive as an adult The Aboriginal people were treated horrendously by the British who sought to colonize the island Many of the distinctive cultural groups were wiped out when their traditional hunting grounds were taken over or when they were exposed to new diseases which were foreign to them Others were brutally massacred or captured and forced into a life of slavery ABORIGINAL COMING OF AGE Children were taken from their families and forced into residential schools a practice which served to deliberately and methodically wipe out Aboriginal culture They were not allowed to learn their own languages or pass on traditions and folklore Aspects of Aboriginal culture which had been passed down over thousands of years were erased within a generation The coming of age ceremony is an important aspect of Aboriginal culture too and for this reason more than one Aboriginal coming of age ceremony is practiced today In Eastern Australia an initiation ceremony called a Bora is held for young boys who have achieved the status of men And yet today there are still people who are proud of their heritage and take part in the ceremonies which have survived These ceremonies arguably encapsulate the things which were most important to Aboriginal societies and by studying them it is possible to learn a lot about their culture and way of life While the initiation varies between the Aboriginal cultures and regions the ceremony is an intense one The boys are subjected to physically demanding activities such as scarification tooth removal and genital mutilation They are taught the secrets of the tribe s spiritual beliefs through traditional songs dances and lore The ceremony is held at a special ceremonial ground and it is attended by a number of men COMING OF AGE TRADITIONS The coming of age ceremony is a significant rite among many cultures It is an important milestone and it marks a difficult time for many young people They are too old to be considered children but they have not yet found their place in the adult world For some cultures it is considered a dangerous time The age at which a person is initiated in a coming of age ceremony varies Jewish Bar and Bat Mitzvahs take place when the young person is 13 years old and a Quinquennia is held on a girl s 15 th birthday Other ceremonies rely on physical changes such as the onset of puberty The way the event is marked also varies by region and culture sometimes it is a simple party and other times it is a religious ceremony In recent years there has even been a rise in secular coming of age ceremonies which aim to prepare adolescents for adult life As religion now has a less integral role in many societies the transformative adolescent years have remained difficult to 46 Understanding Oceania This intense group initiation helps a young man to feel like a part of the men They are physically accepted by the other men and share in group experiences which cement the bonds between people who have traditionally relied on each other for safety during grueling activities such as hunting and warfare The Bora encourages camaraderie But the Bora is not the only coming of age ceremony still practiced by Aboriginal Australians and the second is the polar opposite of the adrenaline fueled group ceremony THE WALKABOUT CEREMONY The Walkabout coming of age ceremony is a rite of passage for young men between the ages of 10 and 16 though most commonly 12 13 years old It is often misunderstood by those with little knowledge of Aborig

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inal cultural practice and the term has been used as a deroga able to hunt fish and identify edible plants tory way of describing wandering pointlessly The plants the young man learns to gather are traditional They eat bush tomatoes Illawarra plums quandongs lilli The term is even used in other English speaking societies pillies muntari berries wattle seeds Kakadu plums and who often have no idea of its origin you have probably bunya bunya nuts He must also know which plants are heard someone ask something like Have you seen the Joe I medicinal and be able to attend to his own wounds and was supposed to meet him but he s gone on a walkabout or injuries so he is not impaired and unable to continue frustratedly proclaim I m sure I left my keys here but they Because of its demanding nature the Walkabout ceremony have gone on a walkabout is also seen as a test of bravery The boy risks getting lost or injured daily and sleeping alone in the wilderness at For this reason the traditional name Walkabout is now gen night is something that requires a great deal of courage erally replaced by the term temporary mobility so that the The physically demanding challenges of surviving alone spiritual significance of the event and its importance to the are different from the difficult aspects of the Bora ceremoyoung men who undertake it is not undermined ny but they are more likely to have a long term effect on young men A YOUNG MAN ON WALKABOUT PROVIDING FOR HIMSELF AS HE MAKES THE SPIRITUAL JOURNEY SPIRITUAL GOALS AND NAVIGATING THE LAND INTO MANHOOD PAWE MM PUBLIC DOMAIN While the physical aspect of the Walkabout ceremony It is undoubtedly a physical rite of passage the young man helps young men prove they are capable members of their undertaking it must live a temporarily nomadic lifestyle and society the Walkabout is not only about learning to survive survive alone but it is also a spiritual one It is a journey alone When the boy is going through this rite of passage both spiritual and physical over the ancestral Aboriginal he must use the time alone to reflect upon spiritual matters lands which takes place over a period as long as six months and discover who he is as an individual Walkabout is both physically and mentally demanding particularly for such young men and they must prove they are ready for the task before they gain approval for the ceremony from Aboriginal elders In the years before the Walkabout they are prepared by the elders who give them advice both about surviving physically and about their imminent adult lives They receive the secret knowledge of their tribes and knowledge about how to survive in the unforgiving lands which have been home to their ancestors for so many generations THE PHYSICAL CEREMONY He is expected to reflect on his relationship with his ancestral land and with nature and to connect with those who have been through the same rite of passage before him He is supposed to think of his ancestors as he undertakes the Walkabout and to honour them He is taught to sing traditional spiritual songs known as songlines These songs are extremely special they are not just a way to pass the time but a way to navigate the treacherous landscape The boys are not given modern instruments such as compasses or drawn maps and the songs describe the landscape and milestones such as rivers and rock formations so the boy makes his journey with the aid of a spoken map The songs guide the young men to hunting grounds for prey such as wallabies and describe the location of seeds and wild fruits for cooking Young men who are undertaking their Walkabout ceremony are dressed distinctively so people know this is what they are doing Their bodies are decorated with paint and ornaments Just like the Bora the way they are decorated varies based on region some boys will receive a permanent mark when they Please watch What are song lines set out such as scarification or extraction of a tooth Traditionally a boy on Walkabout will dress only in a loin cloth Preserving nature and respecting the land is an integral The journey they undertake can cover as much as 1000 miles part of Aboriginal culture and being able to interpret The Australian landscape is famously dangerous and unforthe songs is important Attaining food without depleting giving with soaring temperatures and poisonous insects and resources can mean travelling long distances while supplies snakes And so to survive the ordeal of a Walkabout cerecloser to home regenerate and regrow and the songlines mony the young man must be able to adequately and safely reflect this provide for himself He needs to know how and where to get clean water build safe shelter and hunt for food He must be The Great World Adventure 47

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The songlines also describe areas of spiritual importance and describe significant historical events As the young men make their journey with the aid of the songlines they learn about the important places of their ancestors and see the places first hand Finally the songlines give thanks to the earth for her resources and during Walkabout the importance of respecting the earth and the resources it provides is reaffirmed and perhaps more clearly understood The Aborigines believe they are guided by a higher spiritual power when they are making their Walkabout journey When the boys return from the Walkabout ceremony they are considered men They have not only proven they are able to survive alone but that they are spiritually awakened and ready to take on more responsibilities and play a more important role in their communities WALKABOUT TODAY The traditional Walkabout ceremony is still known today and there are some Aboriginal boys who consider it an extremely important part of their identity and undertake the rite of passage in the traditional way Unfortunately as times have changed in recent years the ceremony is becoming less commonplace Today some young men want to complete Walkabout but do not feel comfortable doing so on foot Others are unable to commit to a long term Walkabout over the course of many months due to school or work obligations As a result the Walkabout ceremony has evolved and adapted to modern times Young men may choose to experience the Walkabout as a road trip or driving through their ancestral lands rather than traversing them on foot This means they lose out on the physically demanding aspects of the Walkabout and yet it is still a valuable rite of passage that they want to undertake Perhaps this is because the spiritual aspects of the Walkabout ceremony are so important even now The Aboriginal Australians have fought very hard to hold on to their cultural traditions For young Aborigine men this is a way for them to partake in a traditional ceremony that can guide them at a difficult time in their lives Some people believe that the feelings of helplessness experienced by some young Aboriginal men who find it hard to determine their place in Aboriginal society and their identities as Aboriginal men in modern day Australia would be less of a problem if the Walkabout ceremony was still widely practiced The ceremony was always intended 48 Understanding Oceania to help boys connect with their ancestors and that is perhaps even more important to young men today Questions to discuss 1 What is this article about 2 Why would parents let children do something so dangerous 3 What is a rite of passage 4 What role do elders play in a rite of passage 5 What role does bush tucker play in the Walkabout 6 How do you think the young people feel about Walkabout 7 Why would cultures have rites of passage What makes them important 8 What do you think would happen to a culture that no longer has rites of passage 9 Does your own culture have a rite into adulthood If so do you think it achieves what it intends to do 10 Do you think a modernized version of the Walkabout would be equally effective as a traditional Walkabout What is the Australian Walkabout

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1 19 Reading Assignment The Killing Times THE KILLING TIMES THE MASSACRES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AUSTRALIA MUST CONFRONT together and later by native police working under the command of white officers in militia style forces supported by colonial governments BY LORENA ALLAM AND NICK EVERSHED INDIGENOUS PEOPLES MAJOR GROUP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT These tactics were employed without formal repercussions as late as 1926 The truth of Australia s history has long been hiding in plain sight Using data from the colonial massacre map at the University of Newcastle s Centre for 21st Century Humanities and adopting its stringent research methods Guardian Australia has surveyed the rest of the country The stories of the killing times are the ones we have heard in secret or told in hushed tones They are not the stories that appear in our history books yet they refuse to go away The colonial journalist and barrister Richard Windeyer called it the whispering in the bottom of our hearts The anthropologist William Stanner described a national cult of forgetfulness A 1927 royal commission lamented our conspiracy of silence But calls are growing for a national truth telling process Such wishes are expressed in the Uluru statement from the heart Reconciliation Australia s 2019 barometer of attitudes to Indigenous peoples found that 80 of people consider truth telling important Almost 70 of Australians accept that Aboriginal people were subject to mass killings incarceration and forced removal from land and their movement was restricted The Killing Times is a Guardian Australia special report that aims to assemble information necessary to begin truth telling not just the grim tally of more than a century of frontier bloodshed but its human cost as told by descendants on all sides This is the history we have all inherited Our interactive map details massacres in every state and territory but the research is ongoing It does not count all the sites of conflict or clashes over land and resources in which lives were lost in the colonisation of Australia The numbers we have drawn on are conservative estimates There are more massacre sites to be added places where the true death toll may never be known and many more we are still working to verify particularly in Queensland Western Australia the Northern Territory and New South Wales In this first snapshot of the continent we have found that there were at least 270 frontier massacres over 140 years as part of a state sanctioned and organised attempt to eradicate Aboriginal people Starting in 1794 mass killings were first carried out by British soldiers then by police and settlers often acting We found that Government forces were actively engaged in frontier massacres until at least the late 1920s These attacks became more lethal for Aboriginal people over time not less The average number of deaths of Aboriginal people in each conflict increased but from the early 1900s casualties among the settlers ended entirely with the exception of one death in 1928 The most common motive for a massacre was reprisal for the killing of settler civilians but at least 51 massacres were in reprisal for the killing or theft of livestock or property Of the attacks on the map only once were colonial perpetrators found guilty and punished in the aftermath of the Myall Creek killings in 1838 In NSW and Tasmania between 1794 and 1833 most of the 56 recorded attacks were carried out on foot by detachments of soldiers from British regiments and an average of 15 people were killed in each one The weapon most often used was the Brown Bess musket which was issued to British forces in the Napoleonic wars In NSW and Victoria between 1834 and 1859 horses and carbine rifles were used in at least 116 frontier massacres of Aboriginal people in mostly daytime attacks with an average of 27 people killed in each attack From the late 1840s massacres were carried out as daylight attacks by native police sometimes in joint operations with settlers They most often used double barrelled shotguns rifles and carbines Preliminary data from Queensland shows that between 1859 and 1915 an average of 34 people were killed in each attack There are at least nine known cases of deliberate poisoning of flour given to Aboriginal people There were also efforts to cover up the atrocities In 1927 a royal commission into the Forrest River massacre in Western Australia concluded that a police party had killed at least 11 people then burned their bodies in makeshift ovens In his report the commissioner GT Wood said a conspiracy of silence in the entire Kimberley district had The Great World Adventure 49

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thwarted attempts to find out what really happened We found that Government forces were actively engaged in frontier massacres until at least the late 1920s These attacks became more lethal for Aboriginal people over time not less The average number of deaths of Aboriginal people in each conflict increased but from the early 1900s casualties among the settlers ended entirely with the exception of one death in 1928 The most common motive for a massacre was reprisal for the killing of settler civilians but at least 51 massacres were in reprisal for the killing or theft of livestock or property Of the attacks on the map only once were colonial perpetrators found guilty and punished in the aftermath of the Myall Creek killings in 1838 In NSW and Tasmania between 1794 and 1833 most of the 56 recorded attacks were carried out on foot by detachments of soldiers from British regiments and an average of 15 people were killed in each one The weapon most often used was the Brown Bess musket which was issued to British forces in the Napoleonic wars In NSW and Victoria between 1834 and 1859 horses and carbine rifles were used in at least 116 frontier massacres of Aboriginal people in mostly daytime attacks with an average of 27 people killed in each attack From the late 1840s massacres were carried out as daylight attacks by native police sometimes in joint operations with settlers They most often used double barrelled shotguns rifles and carbines Preliminary data from Queensland shows that between 1859 and 1915 an average of 34 people were killed in each attack There are at least nine known cases of deliberate poisoning of flour given to Aboriginal people There were also efforts to cover up the atrocities In 1927 a royal commission into the Forrest River massacre in Western Australia concluded that a police party had killed at least 11 people then burned their bodies in makeshift ovens In his report the commissioner GT Wood said a conspiracy of silence in the entire Kimberley district had thwarted attempts to find out what really happened Many kartiya whitefellas were too greedy for our land and didn t see us as fully human Francis Jupurrurla Kelly These massacres are challenging to read about It can be even more challenging to discover a personal or family connection to them Nevertheless many Australians have come forward to share their stories some for the first time Sandy Hamilton is descended from a soldier in the 46th Regiment which on orders of the NSW governor Lachlan Macquarie killed at least 14 Aboriginal people at Appin in 1816 50 Understanding Oceania We need to take ownership of our history Hamilton says We deserve to know the truth of how we came to be who we are Then we can also make real choices about who we want to be as a society as Australians Liza Dale Hallett is a great niece of George Murray a police constable who led the killings at Coniston in 1920 in which at least 50 Aboriginal men women and children died Warlpiri Anmatyerre and Kaytetye people say up to 170 were slaughtered It happened all over Australia and this is a part of our history Dale Hallett says I ve got a direct connection to it but that doesn t make it my history and not yours Part of the reason they are continuing to cause harm is they haven t been properly acknowledged The simple act of listening is a really important first step in a more complex conversation that needs to be had about how did Australia settle itself A descendant of Coniston survivors Francis Jupurrurla Kelly agrees We want everyone to understand why so many of our innocent men women and children were murdered in cold blood he says Many kartiya whitefellas were too greedy for our land and didn t see us as fully human We can only come together as one mob if everyone starting with all our schoolchildren and our elected representatives knows what has happened to our loved ones and why so they are never forgotten In replicating the University of Newcastle s centre s data collection methods we have only recorded attacks in which six or more people were killed According to the centre s Prof Lyndall Ryan the massacre of six undefended Aboriginal people from a hearth group of 20 is known as a fractal massacre so called because it leaves survivors vulnerable to further attack and far less able to hunt care for children or carry out cultural obligations Research and verification of the evidence takes time and care It involves locating primary sources such as letters journals newspaper articles books photographs and oral histories We have relied on the written record of the time but acknowledge that for example a settler s journal is not necessarily a reliable or definitive account of what took place There can be a tendency to understate the severity of the attacks the toll they took and the actions of those present The written records don t always indicate intention Sometimes they do in chilling detail as described in this letter from a Gippsland squatter Henry Meyrick to his family in England in 1846