Understanding Western Asia : simplebooklet.com

Table of Contents Introduction 1 Geography Mountains Rivers Climate and Biomes 2 Islam The Birth of Islam The Death of the Prophet The Qur an 3 The Arab Empire 4 Islamic Life 4 1 Mosques 4 2 Sharia 4 3 Islamic Dress 4 4 Islamic Food 4 5 Islamic Festivals 4 6 Understanding Extremism 5 Islam Questions 6 The Arab World 6 1 The Arab Spring 6 2 The Arab World Questions 6 3 Saudi Arabia 6 4 Reading Assignment Diversity in Islam 6 5 Reading Assignment Lives of Women in Saudi Arabia 6 6 Crude Oil OPEC 6 7 Oil in the Middle East Questions 6 8 Bahrain 6 9 Jordan 6 10 Kuwait 6 11 United Arab Emirates 6 12 Lebanon 6 13 Oman 6 14 Qatar 6 15 Syria 6 16 Displacement Refugees 6 17 Yemen 6 18 Iraq 6 19 War in Iraq 6 20 ISIS 6 21 Reading Assignment Mideast Water Wars 4 8 9 12 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 42 44 46 48 50 54 7 1 Persia 7 2 The Persian Empire 7 3 Iran 7 4 Iran Questions 7 5 Reading Assignment 15 Reasons Why Iran is an Existential Threat to the West 7 6 Afghanistan 8 The Ottoman Empire 8 1 Turkey 8 2 The Kurds 8 3 The Ottoman Empire Turkey Questions 9 Israel 9 1 Origins of Israel 9 2 Jewish History 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 9 3 The Messiah 9 4 The Byzantine Empire 9 5 The Crusades 9 6 Zion 9 7 Judaism 9 8 Jewish Life 9 9 Israel Questions 10 Project Assignment 116 118 120 122 126 128 130 135 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 83 84 86 3 Understanding Western Asia 90 92 94 98 99

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How to use this tool The Great World Adventure is a guide or tool intended to provoke interest based learning It is not an exhaustive study We suggest you add books and movies to expand on your understanding of each region but also delve deeper into topics you find interesting Please be prepared to spend between 8 and 12 weeks per module and take your time to get to know the people the culture the food the art and the history of each region We have included a map of the region You will also find flags of the countries covered in this study at A NOTE ON FILMS AND BOOKS the back of this book Cut them out laminate if you want to Please use your discretion We each and use them to memorize the flags of each country You can have different levels of tolerance where also learn to name their capitals or other information you would violence and or sexuality is concerned like to remember and our children are of different ages Please take care to select what will be We suggest that you read through the your guidebook and watch appropriate for your family s values the suggested YouTube clips we have linked through QR codes We would also like to suggest that you subscribe to the Premium Edition of YouTube while working on this book so that you do not have to watch ads Learning the names of rivers mountains and water bodies are important only in the context of understanding their significance and what impact they have on the people and history The geographic maps in this portfolio can be copied for practice In highly detailed maps we suggest you number and re number what you are trying to memorize with each copy you make Advanced Assignment Optional Design an exciting 10 day cultural tour of Western Asia for your family Develop a proposed itinerary and a presentation to convince them to take the trip you have planned for them research facts about the destination schedule an itinerary of activities mark the location of each place on a map calculate costs for this tour and submit a budget 4 Understanding Western Asia

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Going above and beyond Research traditional meals and ingredients from one of the countries you have learned about and use the meal as an opportunity to present your research assignment to your family and friends Invite a family or person from Western Asia to join in your feast and learn from them about their country and their culture Beautiful cookbooks we have found FEASTS Sabrina Ghayour 978 1681883748 Modern Flavors of Arabia Suzanne Hesseini 978 0449015612 Feast Food of the Islamic World Anissa Helou 978 0062363039 Saffron Tales Yasmin Khan 978 1632867100 Zaitoun Yasmin Khan 978 1324002628 Jerusalem A Cookbook Yotam Ottolenghi 978 0449015674 The Great World Adventure 5

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1 Geography 1 1 Mountains Mountains are often dividers They are difficult to cross so they function as natural borders dividing empires and keeping out armies Because of the difficulty they create for transportation and communication they are more difficult for central governments to control So they often protect minority populations and their cultures who take refuge in rough terrain jaz Hi Red Sea Persian Gulf ir As Mountains are also known to divide climate zones Since rain may fall much more on one side of a mountain range than on the other this can create fertile agricultural zones on one side and arid z ones fit for animal grazing on the other Pamir Anatolian Caucasus Plateau Taurus Elburz Hindu Himalayas Za Kush gro s Strait of Hormuz Arabian Sea The Taurus Mountain range extends from southern Turkey to the Iraqi and Iranian borders Mount Ararat is located in the eastern range and is the highest peak of the Taurus Mountains The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers both originate in the eastern Taurus Mountains and are fed by snowmelt as they flow toward Iraq which used to be known as Ancient Mesopotamia The Hijaz and Asir Mountains run along Saudi Arabia s border with the Red Sea where the African and A rabian plates are slowly lifting the Arabian plateau s western edge This in turn slants the eastern edge down into the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean The Hindu Kush mountains form a natural border between Afghanistan and Pakistan They are technically part of South Asia The Zagros and Elburz Mountains run along the western and northern borders respectively of Iran This region is known for its frequent earthquakes They are caused because the region is situated along a line w here the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates cross Orbital View of the Middle East s Mountains Background The Baba Mountain range of the Hindu Kush between Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan 8 Understanding Western Asia

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1 2 Rivers There are dozens of rivers in Western Asia but most are small The three major rivers are AMU DARYA The Amu Darya flows from a high plateau in The Pamir Mountains across southern Tajikistan and into the Aral Sea In ancient times the Amu Darya was called the Oxus It was part of Persia and played a significant role in the military campaigns of Alexander the Great TIGRIS The Tigris rises and begins in the mountainous range of southern Turkey It flows southeast through Iraq where it then merges with the Euphrates to become the Shatt Al Arab From there it and ends in the Persian Gulf EUPHRATES The Euphrates flows across Turkey from the Caucus Mountains in Armenia then through Syria and Iraq until it meets the Persian Gulf It joins with the Tigris in southern Iraq and from there continues as the Shatt al Arab It is the longest river in Western Asia and in ancient history the great city of Babylon stood on its banks Although there are very few above water sources like rivers aquifers underground water provide water to large portions of Western Asia What Is Groundwater of Saudi Arabia Groundwater map ec 2016 by Alvar Closas D Saudi Arabia s Water Problem 9 The Great World Adventure 9

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1 3 CLIMATE BIOMES HOT DESERT The majority of Western Asia has a hot desert climate Average temperatures in Western Asia during the summer are usually around 49 C while the winters are somewhat milder As a result Western Asia is home to several of the world s largest desert biomes esert biomes have a soil layer that can either be sandy D gravelly or stoney depending on the type of desert Plants that survive here such as the cactus store water while also preventing water from evaporating from them Desert Biomes STEPPE The northern regions of Western Asia like Iran and Afghanistan have a steppe climate This means colder winters and milder summers than those seen in hot deserts with enough precipitation to sustain grass is results in grassland plains without trees apart from Th those near rivers and lakes They form biomes that are too dry to support forests but not dry enough to be a desert Grassland or Steppe Biome MEDITERRANEAN Areas of Western Asia surrounding the Mediterranean Sea such as Israel and Lebanon have a warm Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate typically has hot dry summers and cool rainy winters is results in a dense woody biome full of evergreen Th shrubs bushes and small trees Mediterranean Climate 14 Understanding Western Asia

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1 5 Locust Infestations The desert locust Schistocerca Gregaria is a swarming short horned grasshopper that lives in the desert areas of North Africa and Western Asia The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances It has two to five generations per year The last major desert locust upsurge in 2004 05 caused significant crop losses in West Africa and had a severe impact on food security in the region Plagues of desert locusts have threatened agricultural production in these areas for centuries The livelihood of at least one tenth of the world s human population can be affected by this voracious insect While the desert locust alone is not responsible for famines it can be an important contributing factor Why locusts are descending on East Africa Research and discuss the following questions You can include your report in this book 5 1 5 2 5 3 What is food security and how do locust plagues threaten them Describe the life cycle of a locust Why do locust swarms form The Great World Adventure 17

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2 Islam 2 1 The Birth of Islam Islam is a beautiful tradition that is currently the second largest religious tradition in the world today It is also the fastestgrowing and one of the most misunderstood religions in the West nly about 20 of the world s Muslims live in the Arab Middle O East In fact there is no such thing as a typical Muslim The largest Muslim population in the world is in South Asia India Pakistan Bangladesh where 1 3 of the world s Muslims live Our association with Islam being a Middle Eastern religion is based on the fact that the Middle East was its birthplace and that the Qur an was written in Arabic While there are certain key pillars that all Muslims agree on what they believe what they value and how they practice differs s ignificantly from one nation to the next The word Islam means submission i e submission to God A Muslim is one who submits When Muhammad was born in the 6th century nobody would believe that the world s next great empire would come from the Arabian Peninsula At the time the Arabian peninsula was surrounded by the great Persian Sassanid Empire and the Christian Byzantine Empire ruled by the Romans The Birth of Islam Playlist 18 Understanding Western Asia

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While there were settled urban communities the Arabian peninsula was mostly tribal inhabited by Bedouins nomadic tribes that travelled in camel caravans There were frequent raids and people lived by a code of revenge and honour Beduins believed in nature deities and idols of these deities were kept in a square building called the Kabaa in Mecca Saudi Arabia There were also Jews and Christians that lived on the peninsula so the idea of one God was known if not accepted Culturally the spoken word eloquence and poetry were highly valued and respected Muhammad was born into this world He was o rphaned young but started working for a wealthy widow in his 20s who had a caravan enterprise While he was illiterate he was well spoken Muhammad had an excellent character and was good with people He and the widow were eventually married and had children Muhammad was said to be a contemplative man and spent much time meditating in the caves around Mecca One day when he was 40 he was visited by a presence which he believed was the angel Gabriel The angel commanded him to recite and as he did he was overcome almost as if in a trance state The r evelation itself was oral but Muhammed would repeat it to others who would either memorize it or write it down Only later would fragments of revelations he received over 22 years be compiled into the book we know as the Qur an Eventually Muhammad started spreading the message of the One God to the people around Mecca but he faced tremendous resistance This was mainly because the tribal culture in the area saw submission even to God as a weakness When his beloved wife and his uncle who protected him since he was child died Muhammad travelled from Mecca to Jerusalem in what became known as the Night Journey According to tradition he travelled on a flying steed The journey that would typically have take a month took him only one night The Miraculous Night Journey hile there he met with other prophets prayed with them W and ascended into heaven There he had an encounter with God where he learned how to pray Some Muslims see this event as a literal physical journey others see it as a spiritual journey The Great World Adventure 19

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2 2 The Death of the Prophet Muhammed s reputation for integrity and fairness reached the city of Yathrib where several tribes were involved in a conflict They invited him there to settle the disputes Seeing this move as an opportunity to escape the persecution he was facing in Mecca he and his followers moved to Yathrib a city which would later become known as Medina This move is so significant to the Muslim faith that it is known as the Hijra the emigration and started the Islamic calendar In Medina Muhammed was both the political and religious leader of the community Many Muslims still look back to this age as an example of what should be followed for all time It was also a time of many battles as his community fought many battles against the tribes in Mecca While the Muslims were vastly outnumbered in the early battles Muhammed and 10 000 soldiers took Mecca without a fight in 630 AD Once the city had fallen he walked into the Kabaa smashed the idols and re dedicated it to the God of Abraham At the death of Mohammad in 632 AD nearly all of Arabia followed Islam One of his followers tried to reassure the rest that M uhammed was not dead but that he would return Another follower admitted that while Muhammad was mortal and had died that God was eternal The Qur an emphasizes that Mohammad is just a human being and must not be worshipped All worship must be directed to God Muhammad was buried in Medina and the Al Masjid al Nabawi mosque was built around his grave Medina is the second most important pilgrimage site in Islam after the Kabaa in Mecca While Muhammad was known to be mortal he is seen as the ideal person a living expression of God s will He is sometimes even referred to as the living Qur an Whenever his name is said observant Muslims say may the peace of God be upon him So if you are reading about Muhammad and his name is followed by pbuh this stands for peace be upon him 20 Understanding Western Asia

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2 3 The Qur an One of the main reasons so many Arabs converted to Islam was the Qur an For them it was impossible to believe that its sophisticated verse structures and powerful words came from an illiterate merchant Therefore it had to have been inspired by God The beauty of the Qur an can only be appreciated in Arabic the language that it was written in Muslims do not accept translations of it in any other language The expectation is therefore that Muslims learn to read and pray in Arabic The Qur an contains many themes and genres including theological passages laws for how to eat conduct business manage family life historical narratives and poetic imagery Muslims are profoundly monotheistic The oneness of God also means the oneness of creation in the sense that we are all related This was highly significant at the time because people were no longer united by tribal loyalty Instead they were united under submission to the one true God resulting in peace between the tribes This oneness also makes it impossible for Muslims to separate their faith from their daily life Family economics politics everything must submit to the will of God In Islam God and in some sects even human figures must not be represented in any form Placing something at the same level as God or associating something with God is a sin called shirk It is the one unforgivable sin in Islam While the Qur an emphasizes God s mercy saying that He can forgive any sin if the person genuinely repents and seeks mercy shirk is unforgivable Because no representations of beings are allowed the highest form of Islamic art is calligraphy the beautification of the Word Muslims believe in the bodily resurrection and a judgement day when every person will have to account for their lives They also believe in heaven and hell 22 Understanding Western Asia

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Muslims use the word Allah when they refer to God and to them the God they worship is the same God that Jews and Christians worship They also accept Adam Moses and Jesus as prophets of God All prophets are considered to be human beings Those that left scriptures behind like Moses are known as Messengers of God Jews and Muslims also share ancestry The Muslim line is from Abraham s first son Ishmael The Jewish line is from his second son Isaac Jesus is one of the most frequently discussed prophets in the Qur an Muslims believe that Jesus was born of a virgin worked miracles and that he will return in the end times However as a prophet Muslims do not believe that Jesus is divine or has the special status as God s son Muslims also do not believe in the trinity as this compromises the belief in one God Despite the differences Muslims consider Jews and Christians as fellow Peoples of the Book and they believe that Jews and Christians can receive God s favour and Whoever believes in God and the Last Day and whosoever does right s hall have his reward with his Lord a nd will neither have fear nor regret AYAH AL BAQARAH 2 62 While the Qur an is the most important source of guidance and authority in Islam the actions and words of the prophet Muhammad is seen as a guide for living according to God s will This is called the Sunnah the path or the road One of the major branches of Islam called Sunna is named so because they follow this path However the Qur an does not contain information about the life of Muhammad That information is in a text called the Hadith It includes reports about Muhammad s words and deeds passed on orally until they were written down Holy Books The Qur an The Great World Adventure 23

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3 The Arab Empire Following the death of Muhammed in 632 believers of Islam surged out from Arabia to conquer surrounding lands Territories ruled for centuries by the mighty Byzantine Eastern Roman and Persian Empires were quickly overwhelmed Key lands such as Syria Egypt Persia North Africa Palestine Iraq Armenia Afghanistan India and Spain came under the control of the new Arab Empire For 600 years Islam was the most potent and vital religion culture and military force in the world The Arab Empire was ruled by the successors of Muhammad These new leaders were called caliphs The political r eligious state of the Muslim community the peoples and lands under their control were known as the caliphate 3 1 Umayyad Empire e Umayyad Empire lasted until 750 AD Many consider the years of Th rule by the Umayyads to be the Golden Age of Islam The religion was thoroughly analyzed embellished documented and translated Medical astrological philosophical and architectural documents found in the lands they c onquered were also translated into Arabic and studied This made the Umayyad Empire an extraordinarily learned civilization In many cases they added to Greek and Roman knowledge by inventing the Hindu Arabic numeral system algebra astronomy optics and chemistry Peoples from the newly conquered lands were converted to Islam by the millions and those Jews and Christians who did not were shown tolerance and respect The History of the Ummayyad Caliphate 24 Understanding Western Asia

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3 2 Abbasid Empire e Abbasids power base was in Persia They were ruled Th by Abbas a descendant of one of Muhammad s uncles who chafed under the control of the Umayyads Around 750 AD the Abbasids replaced the Umayyads as the new caliphate The Abbasid dynasty would last for 500 years e Abbasids moved the capital of the Arab Empire from Th Damascus to an ancient village called Baghdad near the former Persian capital of Ctesiphon This site was chosen because it was at the intersections of great silk trade routes Commerce trade and riches were flowing into the Abbasid Empire Trade architecture the study of arts and medicine flourished Great caravans and ships arrived in the Empire bringing silk peacocks ink porcelain and spices from China Rubies dyes ebony and silver arrived from India Perfumes gold pearls and slaves came from the Persian Gulf and Africa Prosperity birthed a new banking and business management profession The West would not attain that level of administrative sophistication for over 300 years Arab scholars absorbed ancient Greek writings philosophy art architecture medicine and mathematics They dramatically enhanced and expanded on them to heights unknown to the rest of the world Magnificent mosques were erected across the Empire brilliantly decorated to celebrate submission to Allah The Golden Age of Islam 3 3 End of the Arab Empire The enormity of the Arab Empire proved challenging to control from Baghdad Rival political and religious factions wrestled for control to escape the dominance of the Abbasids Persian Buyids Turkish tribes newly converted to Islam r ival slamic sects and Christian Crusaders all descended upon the Abbasids and challenged their rule In the end it was powerful and seemingly unbeatable Mongols who conquered Abbasid territory when Ghengis Khan leader of the Mongol armies ordered the invasion and destruction of Abbasid Persia in 1221 When the Mongol Khan Hulagu seized and destroyed Baghdad in 1258 the Abbassid dynasty collapsed completely The Great World Adventure 25

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4 Islamic Life Observant Muslims follow five pillars 1 The shahada testimony of faith are the words spoken during the call to prayer when one converts to Islam and are even seen as the words one should say at the moment of one s death They are There is no God but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God 2 Salal prayer is deeply woven into the daily life of Muslims The ideal is to pray five times a day at daybreak noon mid afternoon sunset and evening While many Muslims in western countries set alarms to remind them of these prayer times in Muslim countries and traditionally there would be a public call to prayer azan from the towers in a mosque Muezzins are those who perform the call The call to prayer allows Muslims to be reminded of their obligation to turn to God during their day to day activities and life 3 The third pillar is Zakat almsgiving Muslims are expected to give a certain portion of their wealth in support of widows and orphans or to the mosque There is a strong emphasis on social justice in the Qur an 4 Ramadan is the month during which the first revelation was given to Muhammad Muslims abstain from food drink smoking and intercourse from dawn to sunset during Ramadan Muslims are expected to start fasting after reaching puberty but some younger children start fasting for smaller periods earlier Each day after sunset the fast is broken with the iftar meal by eating three dates which is how Muhammad broke his fast 5 The final pillar is the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca The Hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca It is mandatory religious duty for Muslims It must be carried out at least once in the lifetime of all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of making the journey The Hajj is the largest religious pilgrimage on Earth Only Muslims are allowed to enter the sacred city of Mecca During the hajj thousands of Muslims walk around the Kabaa seven times in a counter clockwise direction Muslims who complete the Hajj are given the honorific title of Hajji It is said that it is a transformative experience to worship alongside thousands of Muslims from all over the world What is The Five Pillars the Hajj of Islam 26 Understanding Western Asia

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Out of the world s 1 6 billion Muslims all believe that Allah is the only God and that Muhammad is his messenger However conflicts have existed between Muslims since the beginning Muslim on Muslim violence prominent in today s news is evidence of rifts within the Muslim community The most significant division in the Muslim religion is between Sunnis and Shiites This division has its origin over the question regarding who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad after his death as caliph The Sunni believed the successor should be chosen by consensus between Muhammad s closest companions This group favoured Muhammads most loyal companion friend and follower Abu Bakr The Shia believed that the successor should come from Muhammads family line namely his cousin and son in law Ali Ali was one of Muhammads first followers and was married to his daughter Fatima While most Sunnis and Shias coexist peaceably there is a history of conflict between the two groups resulting in violence even today After the first Caliph was assassinated Ali became Caliph in 656 but he was murdered in 661 The Shia s hope rested on Ali s grandson Husayn But the next Caliph Yazid ordered 4 000 soldiers to fight Husayn who only had 72 followers with him The battle was fought in Karbala Iraq and Husayn and two of his sons perished This event established the Shiite narrative of oppression by the Sunni majority the martyrdom of their leaders and the need to fight injustice no matter what the cost What is the difference between Shia and Sunni Muslims The Great World Adventure 27

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4 1 Mosques Mosques serve as places of worship community centres and schools for Muslims Mosques will not show any representation of the human form such as art or statues Instead they are often decorated with ornate geometric designs Arabic calligraphy and verses from the Qur an As mosques are places of ritual and purity Muslims must wash their hands feet and faces before prayers All visitors are usually asked to remove their shoes before entering the mosque as well and they are required to dress modestly All Muslims pray in the direction of the Ka abah i n the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia It is considered the holiest site in the Islamic world A Day in the Life of a Muslim Imam The Great World Adventure 29

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5 Islam 5 1 Where did Islam originate FILM DOCUMENTARY BBC Islam The Untold story PBS Islam Empire of Faith Journey to Mecca 2012 Bilal 2015 5 2 Why was there initially so much resistance to Islam NON FICTION BOOKS The Story of the Holy Prophet Muhammad Ramadan Classics Humera Malik 978 0998978208 The War Within Our Hearts Habeeb Quadri 978 1847740120 Growing up Muslim Sumbul Ali Karamali 978 0385740968 The Genius of Islam Bryn Barnard 978 0375840722 Islamic Art Luca Mozzati 978 3791385662 Once Upon an Eid SK Ali 978 1419740831 Amazing Muslims Who Changed The World Murhana Islam 978 0241441800 5 3 What empires were ruling Western Asia at the time 5 4 How was the Kaaba used when Muhammed was a child 5 5 What distinguished Muhammed from other men 5 6 What was significant about the Night Journey 5 7 Why was the move from Mecca to Medina so significant and what was it called 5 8 What did Muhammed do with the idols in the Kabaa 40 Understanding Western Asia FICTION BOOKS A Very Large Expanse of Sea Tehereh Mafi 978 0062866578 Arabian Nights Jeff A Menges 978 0486465227 No True Believers Rabiah York Lumbard 978 0525644255

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5 9 What is significant about the Al Masjid al Nabawi mosque 5 10 Why might one see PBUH after Muhammed s name in some texts 5 11 What is the Qur an 5 12 What is shirk 5 13 What is the significance of calligraphy in Islam 5 14 In what way is the Muslim faith connected with Judaism and Christianity 5 15 What do Muslims believe about Jesus 5 16 How is the shahada used in significant ways in the life of a Muslim 5 17 Why do Muslims in western countries have to make use of alarms instead of the traditional azan call to prayer 5 18 Reflect on how and why the act of fasting can be an important part of a spiritual discipline and write your notes here The Great World Adventure 41

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6 2 The Arab World 6 2 1 What ist he capital of Saudi Arabia 6 2 3 What is an absolute monarchy 6 2 3 What does the word hereditary mean 6 2 4 What does it mean for a nation s governmance when a sacred text is adopted as its constitution FILM DOCUMENTARY Wadjda 2013 Day of the Falcon 2013 PG Where Do We Go Now PG13 WAR Sisters in Arms 2019 The Hurt Locker 2008 PG13 Megan Leavey 2017 PG13 White Helmets 2016 Mosul 2019 FICTION BOOKS The Girl Who Fell to Earth Sophia Al Maria 978 0061999758 The White Zone Carolyn Marsden 978 1467751773 A Game for Swallows Zeina Abirached 978 1575059419 6 2 5 What would the equivalent of Sharia in North America be What do you think that would look like A Hand Full of Stars Rafik Schami 978 1566568401 Boy Everywhere A M Dassu 978 1643791968 48 Understanding Western Asia

Understanding Western Asia

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