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A Modern Guide to a Healthy, Balanced LifeA Harriet’s Sisters® PublicationDisclaimer | Copyright ProtectionAbout US | Mission | Vision | Pricing | ContactFor Social Engagement re: Discussion on:Spiritual Health | Physical HealthMental Health | Financial Health Message

HARRIET’S SISTERSSHARES KNOWLEDGETO PROMOTEWHOLE HEALTH1Whole Health LiteracyHEALTH = HEAL THE HUMAN RACE

TABLE OF CONTENTS2Whole Health LiteracySection 1 HEALTH = HEAL THE HUMAN RACEWHOLE HEALTH LITERACYWHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE WHOLE?LIFE CHANGINGOUR STORYMISSION & VISION STATEMENTSIN HONOR OF: HARRIET TUBMANSection 2HEALTH LITERACYWHOLE HEALTH LITERACY APPRAISALHEALTH CARE PRACTICED IN THE U.S.AREAS OF INFLUENCESPIRITUAL HEALTHBODY SYSTEMSBLOOD-TYPE & BLOOD PHPHYSICAL & NUTRITIONAL HEALTHSection 3 VITAMINS & MINERALSDENTAL / ORAL HEALTHMENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTHFINANCIAL LITERACYAGING WITH GRACEBEERS LISTSection 4HEALTH RELATED DOCUMENTSTYPES OF INSURANCEDEATH & DYINGTYPES OF PRACTITIONERSHEALTHCARE NAVIGATIONLEGACY BUILDINGREFERENCES FOR HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTOF HEALTH CARE IN THE U.S.DISCLAIMERGRAPHICS, IMAGES AND ANIMATIONS COPYRIGHT

WHOLE HEALTH LITERACY3Whole Health LiteracySPIRITUAL HEALTHPHYSICAL & NUTRITIONAL HEALTHMENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTHFINANCIAL HEALTH“We are more powerful together. When we work as one and when our whole self functions in harmony” — Harriet’s Sisters

What does it mean to be whole?4Whole Health Literacy“Whole health gives you the ability to make an… informed decision about your health…” Have you ever asked yourself:1. Knowing who you are spiritually2. Having an understanding of the prevention, causes, and worsening of disease3. Managing your mental health and what triggers your emotions4. Understanding what it means to have nancial health as it pertains to providing for the basics of food, clothing and shelter5. Embracing all aspects of your health are comprised of the total of who you are and why whole health literacy is vital to understanding the importance of being whole; spiritually, physically, mentally and nancially.Being in a state of whole health gives you an advantage. Whole health gives you the ability to make an educated and informed decision about your health and the health of your family. When you understand the link between who you are spiritually, what you eat, how you feel physically, what you internalize mentally from the stressors during the day, and the resources you have access to in the form of money, food, clothing, and shelter you can begin to make adjustments. An imbalance in these areas affects the whole of who you are. However, you can then make changes to become balanced.

Life Changing5Whole Health LiteracyWhen you’re faced with life changing events - your whole health needs to be defended. No one has been immune to the events of the past few years when the world was engulfed in a pandemic and life as we know it became a thing of the past. Individuals and families were devastated. African Americans were disproportionately identied as one of the populations most impacted by the pandemic, as well as people of color. Throughout the media the identied health disparities are not a new phenomenon. Inequalities in health will never disappear if individuals, families and communities are not given the tools to make healthier decisions in all aspects of their health; spiritually, physically, mentally and nancially. This is one of Harriet’s Sister’s goals:To provide information to support you on your journey to whole health.“If you don’t like something, change it. If you can’t change it, change your attitude.”— Maya Angelou

Harriet’s Sisters6Whole Health LiteracyReverend Jennifer R. Williams, holds a BusinessAdministration Degree Specializing in Accounting; as well as serving as an Interfaith Minister since 2006. Her many years of experience and exper-tise brings a rich source of information to support whole health literacy.In collaboration with Minister Saundra Sirmans, MSN/Ed, CCM, CNAT, is a registered nurse with a specialization in education, holistic/wholistic nursing, and case management, with over 29 years of experience. Together the two partners of “Harriet’s Sisters” are equipped to bring you a tool enriched with information; to serve as a catalyst to whole health literacy. Through the sharing of many conversations about the atrocities endured by our ancestors that continues to happen to African Americans and people of color today; we acknowledge the generational trauma. The tears we have shed and the continued talks - have led us to understand how often we are marginalized. We preparedourselves to do something about the disenfranchisement - and we founded Harriet’s Sisters.Our Story

Harriet’s Sisters7Whole Health LiteracyMission StatementHarriet’s Sisters goal is to enlighten the minds of people through education and literacy so that we may thrive, survive and overcome the toxic world of racism. “We are more powerful together - when we work as one.” Vision StatementThe enlightened women of Harriet’s Sisters stand in solidarity with humanity; and advocate that all men, women and children are liberated. Therefore, revoking all forms of human enslavement. “…we now know that freedom is not just a physical thing. Freedom also affects your spiritual, physical, mental and financial well being.”Our Story | (cont’d)Our devotion for equality, equity, freedom and balance for our lives and the lives of others have propelled us to educate communities about generational trauma caused by oppressive systems, and how these systems have contributed to our lack of health; spiritually, physically, mentally and nancially. We will continue Harriet Tubman’s legacy ofequality, justice and freedom for all. Her goal was to free our bodies from cruelty and injustice byliberating enslaved people; we now know thatfreedom is not just a physical thing. Freedom also affects your spiritual, physical, mental and nancial well being.Our history acknowledges that for more than 400+ years we have endured systemic racism, which has consistently harmed people. IT IS TIME TO CHANGE!

 Hoo HarrietTubman

Harriet Tubman9In Honor of: Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman was born into slavery and escaped bondage in 1849 to Philadelphia and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue 70 enslaved people (family and friends) using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as theUnderground Railroad. Traveling by night and in extreme secrecy, Mrs. Tubman (or “Moses”, as she was called) “never lost a passenger”. After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed, she helped guide fugitives farther north into Canada (British North America) and helped newly freed enslaved people nd work. She later helped abolitionist John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry. When the Civil War began, Mrs. Tubman worked for the Union Army, rst as a cook, a nurse, and then, as an armed scout and spy. As the rst woman to lead an armed expedition in the war,she guided the raid at Combahee Ferry, which liberated 750 enslaved human beings.Araminta “Minty” Ross aka Harriet Tubman spent extensive time with the Creator. Even though she lacked a formal education and the ability to read or write; she understood the power of GOD.The GOD in her, manifested through the Holy Spirit served as her guide. In her biography she was asked “how did you know where to go”. She said, “I went where GOD told me to go, if He told me to go North, I went North.” (Bradford, 1886)*What a wonderful example of the pureness of being grounded and healthy in Spirit. What an incredible testament - during her weakest and uncertain moments, the Spirit of GOD in her and with her, gave her the strength and determination to keep going. Despite the odds against her, GOD was with her and for her. “If GOD be for Harriet who can be against Harriet?”*Reference: Bradford, S. (1886). Harriet Tubman: The Moses of her people. Applewood Books.“I went where God told me to go, if he told me to go north, I went north.”– Harriet Tubman Hoo 

10In Honor of: Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman throughout her life, served in many capacities to overcome the atrocities of being enslaved. Her determination through the WILL of GOD, enabled her to do what others would call miraculous but it was truly all GOD.During Harriet Tubman’s reign to ght for freedom, she served as a Nurse. Her recollection of her mother’s use of roots from the earth, enabled her to use those same roots to restore the health of wounded and near dying soldiers. Let’s pause and think of how the earth has supplied us with vegetation to not only provide nutritional and physical nourishment, but also herbs have been plentiful to use for treating sickness. A good resource for highlighting GOD’s gifted herb system is the book entitled “Heal Thyself” by Queen Afua. SCRIPTURE: Genesis 1:11 GOD’s Word indicates that grass, herb, and fruit were plentiful for the sustaining of life.Harriet Tubman did not have formal training as a Nurse, but she was led by the Holy Spirit to use GOD’s natural creations to support healing.Harriet Tubman Hoo 

HealthHealthLiteracyLiteracy

Health Literacy12Health LiteracyFor ‘Harriet’s Sisters’ whole health literacy is a level of understanding where you comprehend the importance of being whole! Because you are whole. You are not just a physical body that has no soul connection, and that connection is toeverything that makes you who you are as a human being. You are living in a wonderfully crafted body linked by the Spirit of the One who created you. You have a unique set of blueprints passed down from those who lived before you. Those who lived before you are your ancestors. The study of epigenetics explains your unique blueprint and how your genes are linked to disease and trauma.2Literacy in simple terms is to have an understanding. Literacy dened by the Webster Dictionary indicates to have knowledge of something.Health Literacy is the degree to which individuals can nd, understand and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others.1Harriet’s Sisters is expounding on this denition to include spiritual, physical, mental and nancial aspects of health to (w)holistically embody the totality of health. Each component of our health contributesto the whole of who we are and when one portion of our health is imbalanced – the whole of us is imbalanced. Whole Health Literacy serves as a catalyst to help you understand what it means to be whole; spiritually, physically, mentally, and nancially.1 World Health Organization (WHO) Denes Health: is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and inrmity. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution2 https://t.ly/E59vg“You have a unique set of blueprints passed down from those who lived before you.”

Health Literacy | (cont’d)13Health LiteracyWhole Health Literacy also provides resources to navigate through a health care system that is not always user friendly. The use of this application is not intended to treat or diagnose any disease. The intent of this application is to serve as a whole health literacy tool to help you understand the various areas of your health. In addition, if there is a possibility that you have been fragmented by societal or other areas of inuence – you now have an opportunity to learn and understand what it means to experience whole health.Keep in mind that the concept of health is very subjective. How an individual views their health is totally different from how someone else may view theirs.Our intent is to spark a desire in you to want toachieve whole health. To spark a desire in you to no longer be fragmented or viewed as simply a body or organ system – which happens in health care.Health care is often focused on monetary wealth instead of an individual’s health. This is not to say that monetary wealth is a bad thing however what good is wealth when your spiritual, physical, and mental health are suffering.Having all the money you think you need will not heal the other aspects that are lacking in your life; when you are unaware of what makes you whole. For example; some of the wealthiest peopleare not whole; which can cause an overall imbalance to their health. In addition, wealthy people are not necessarily happy which can contribute to them experiencing their lack of whole health literacy awareness.

14Health LiteracyPlease take the time to do the “Whole Health Literacy Appraisal”, which is optional and voluntary.The appraisal is designed to serve as a guidein order for you to get an idea of your healthknowledge and to help you start on yourwhole health literacy journey.This application provides a whole health assessment, denition, resources, and information to get you to a place of wholeness and balance.Health Literacy | (cont’d)“Keep in mind that the concept of health is very subjective.”

Whole HealthWhole HealthLiteracy Appraisal:Literacy Appraisal:Harre’ iserHarre’ iserThe totality of who you are matters

Whole Health Literacy Appraisal The Totality of Who You Are Matters16Health LiteracySelf-appraisal of your spiritual, physical, mental and nancial wellbeing.Each whole health literacy appraisal question has a rating of 1 to 4 and each appraisal category has a total rating from 3 to 12 except for the physical category that has a rating of 6 to 24.The grand total rating of the whole appraisal is from 15 to 60You decide your level of knowledge and what areas of your health need more attention to promote whole health.Rating example:1. is rated as 2 | 1a. is rated as 1 |1b. is rated as 3Total Rating is 6Spiritual1. Do you ever question who am I?(1) Never, (2) Sometimes, (3) Most time, (4) Always1a. If so, do you understand who you are?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely1b. If not, do you want to understand who you are?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most DenitelyPhysical1. Have you ever questioned why you were made the way you are (your physical body)?(1) Never, (2) Sometimes, (3) Most time, (4) Always 1a. If so, what is your understanding of how yourphysical body is made?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely 1b. If not, do you want to understand how your physical body is made?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely 2. Do you have an understanding of your body systems? (1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely 2a. If so, do you know how the body system is made to function in balance with each individual system in the body?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely 2b. If not, do you want to understand how the body system is made to function in balance with each individual system in the body?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely

Whole Health Literacy Appraisal The Totality of Who You Are Matters | (cont’d)17Health LiteracyMental1. Do you understand your mental health?(1) Never, (2) Sometimes, (3) Most time, (4) Always1a. If so, do you understand mental triggers?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely1b. If not, do you want to understand how mental triggers impact health?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely Financial1. Do you understand nances?(1) Never, (2) Sometimes, (3) Most time, (4) Always1a. If so, do you understand how nance relates to your mental health?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most Denitely1b. If not, do you want to understand how nance relates to your total health?(1) Not at all, (2) Somewhat, (3) Denitely, (4) Most DenitelyYour Whole Health Literacy AppraisalThe Whole Health Literacy Appraisal is delineated from 15 (lowest) to 60 (highest)Use it as a tool to gauge your knowledge of whole health literacy. You as the learner determine your knowledge. This appraisal is not meant to diagnose or determineyour level of intelligence. Spiritual Health Appraisal Total Knowledge ScorePhysical Health Appraisal Total Knowledge ScoreMental Health Appraisal Total Knowledge ScoreFinancial Health Appraisal Total Knowledge Score 3 (lowest) 12 (highest) 6 (lowest) 24 (highest) 3 (lowest) 12 (highest) 3 (lowest) 12 (highest)Not Very KnowledgeableKnowledgeableKnowledgeableVery Knowledgeable6015

HealthcareHealthcarePracticed Practiced in the U.S.in the U.S.Harre’ iserHarre’ iser

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color19Historical Construct of HealthcareAs a partner of “Harriet’s Sisters” it would be remiss if I did not include the historical construct of health care in the United States. But most importantly as a woman ofcolor who champions for equity in all forms of health, I (Minister Saundra Sirmans) must share my story.As a young mother before I became a nurse, I experienced extreme pain in my pelvic area. This pain was not long after giving birth in 1991. When I went to see a doctor for the pain, it was not addressed and eventually the pain subsided.Years later I experienced pain that limited my ability to walk or sit. The pain radiated from my right upper hip to the lower part of my leg. The doctor recommended physical therapy, which made the pain worse. The insurance company denied me the right to an MRI, and I continued to suffer months with the pain.But GOD always comes through and there was a chiropractor offering a free consultation and treatment. I went because at this point what did I have to lose? That visit and subsequent visits changed my life for the better. The chiropractor practiced kinesiology. Kinesiology3 is the scientic study of how the human body moves. After my rst treatment, I felt relief from the pain. The pain eventually subsided after three to four treatments.3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color | (cont’d)20Historical Construct of HealthcareCould the denial of care or lack of acknowledgement of my pain be rooted in a health care system that disenfranchises people of color? I will leave you to ponder that question for a moment!As a practicing registered nurse, I felt the racism from colleagues that were of a different race. I even wanted to have the topic of my dissertation address racism in nursing. But the thought was quickly thwarted when I presented the topic during a residency at the University of Phoenix.“…God always comes through…” The topic of racism in nursing was just too much for those individuals who were supposed to be professionals. The problem was they could not identify with what I had often faced in spaces occupied by white counterparts. As the other partner of ‘Harriet’s Sisters’ (Reverend Jennifer R. Williams) my story is as follows: For many years I had searched for a primary care physician that would support me in my journey of lowering my blood pressure naturally as well as achieving a normal A1C level. I have switched doctors several times. Although, I was doing all the right things like; (1) eating a healthy diet; (2) eliminating sugar from my diet, and (3) hiring a trainer to guide me toward a toned and physically t body. I was not being supported by the doctors whose job it was to help me. Ultimately, I was referred to a holistic M.D. by a dear friend to whom I trust and who understood my journey.This amazing healer was able to guide me in a way that I no longer needed to take medicine for hypertension and my A1C level was normal. She is committed to healing her patients and not just treating their symptoms. I know that I was divinely guided to this amazing healer. I thank God for this wonderful blessing, and I am grateful.Refer To Reference Section Within The Application

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color | (cont’d)21Historical Construct of HealthcareSickness or disease during that time was not linked to diet, a sedentary lifestyle or environmental factors. An individual’s diet was limited to what was grown from the earth and there were no pollutants from car exhaust or the release of chemicals into the atmosphere from manufactures. Most exercise was derived from toiling the land or from some form of labor. Today’s dietary consumption consist of over processed foods that lack nutrients as well as ber. These two deciencies promote illness and prevent wellness. From a Western perspective of Medicine in the United States, Imhotep is dated as the oldest known physician. Imhotep is credited with discovering 48 ailments and 90 anatomical terms in Edwin Smith Papyrus. Hippocrates who was born 2200 years after Imhotep, acknowledges Imhotep as Asclepius, the god of medicine. Additional information to support how advanced Egyptians were in medicine is supported by archaeological discoveries of tomb wall paintings, which displays the use of surgical instruments.I once asked these questions: “How can a white nurse promote healing to black patients when she or he is racist toward nurses who look like me?”and How does the intention to care promote healing if there is a lack of care for someone who is of a different race than you?Those questions may never be answered but it is important to understand the historical constructs of the health care system in the United States as you learn to navigate and advocate for your whole health literacy. SPIRITUALLY LINKINGJesus/Yeshua is known as the great physician - reference Mark 2:17 and John 6:2 - When Jesus/Yeshua walked the earth He did not cure/heal from diseases that are prevalent in men and women today. According to scripture He healed those who were sick in spirit or who needed repentance from sin. Refer To Reference Section Within The Application

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color | (cont’d)22Historical Construct of HealthcareHippocrates also known as the father of medicine, was noted to be a homeopathic physician. He believed that any illness could be cured by introducing the likeness of what caused or produced the illness. He is also noted for the four humors which consist of blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm and the link between these body uids to the environment. If any of these bodily uids were imbalanced this was the cause of disease in addition to the environment and season in which the disease occurred.3 Do you see a correlation between measuring the blood pressure and having an imbalance in the level of blood in the body? Having your blood pressure monitored,measures how hard (forceable) the heart must pump blood throughout the body.Eastern medicine practice is very similar to the practice of Hippocrates. Eastern medicine is also known as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). To support how advanced medicine was in the 3rd Dynasty in Egypt, an article published by the National Library of Medicine notes that Edwin Smiths Papyrus contains detailed descriptions of spinal cord injuries that contemporarily represent how spinal cord treatment is implemented in current medical practice in the United States.Refer To Reference Section Within The Application3 See link in reference for a diagram of Hippocrates four humors.See link for Eastern Medicine in the reference section.Key PointAlthough surgical instruments are noted on tomb wall paintings not much is known on how the instruments were used. Hippocrates and practitioners of Eastern medicine did not cut into the body to diagnose or to treat illness.

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color | (cont’d)23Historical Construct of HealthcareThe history of medicine in the United States started in the 1800’s, most Caucasian physicians were trained abroad, and the profession relied heavily on European support. The rst medical school was founded in 1765 by William Shippen and John Morgan. Training physicians during this period lacked formality and money. As the need for health care increased more medical schools began to open and in the 1870’s a graded curriculum was introduced by Charles Eliot of Harvard. By 1893 Johns Hopkins established the rst residency program, which promoted medical research.Medical practice in the United States compared to its European counterparts was far behind in science, research, and practice. Much of the knowledge gained in medicine was derived from experimenting on enslaved people. “Much of the knowledge gained in medicine was derived from experimenting on enslaved people…” When a person has a signicant amount of blood loss, their blood pressure will decrease and if the blood is not replaced to bring the blood pressure back to a normal level or homeostasis that individual could eventually die.A student of Hippocrates, Galen of Pergamon (noted as the father of systematic medicine), would later expound on Hippocrates teaching. Although similar in thought Galen differed in how the four humors related to disease. Galen believed that the quality of the humors that included the function of our organs were governed by the ability to excrete, alter, retain, attract, and ex-pulse. Galen of Pergamon also contributed to pharmacological advancements in medicine as well as neurology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Clinical pharmacology would later have a profound inuence on modern medicine. Historically, Africans and other ancient civilizations relied on herbal remedies for the curing of disease. It would be in the 20th Century that medicines such as insulin and other medications to treat disease would have lasting effects on the treatment of illness and disease. Refer To Reference Section Within The Application https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/200years.pdf

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color | (cont’d)24Historical Construct of Healthcare“Where does the concept that people of color, blacks, have thicker skin and can tolerate more pain than their white counterparts?” Dr. Samuel Cartwright who also enslaved people of color, was noted as referencing that black’s tolerance to pain was greater as they bore the negro disease. Dr. Cartwright’s belief and that of other white physicians have contributed to these false beliefs that still promote health disparities as it relates to pain management and the treatment of disease.In 1847, David Jones Peck was the rst African American to receive a medical doctor degree (MD) from Rush Medical School in Chicago.One doctor in particular J. Marion Sims used enslaved women of color to learn how to repair stulas an opening between the bladder and the vagina. The practice of gynecology was not widely practiced as the dominantly male profession of medicine was not keen on examining women or getting to know the female reproductive system. Dr. Sims known as the “Father of Gynecology” felt compelled to help white women who suffered from the debility of having a stula. “… J. Marion Sims enslaved women of color to learn how to repair fistulas…” While Dr. Sims is credited with helping white women, his contribution ethically robbed enslaved women of the right to anesthesia, pain management and autonomy. Refer To Reference Section Within The Application

Historical Construct of Healthcare: African Americans and People of Color | (cont’d)25Historical Construct of Healthcare“Knowing what creates division and disparities provides the knowledge to empower and affect change.” It would be a year later that the American Medical Association (AMA) was established. Throughout the 19th Century the number of African Americans in medicine would rise. Although the Freedmans Hospital existed to assist the once enslaved, extraordinarily little was done to narrow the divide between blacks and whites in medicine. In fact, black physicians were denied entry into the AMA and other medical societies and were noted to be irregular, which was an established fallacy to exclude black physicians from medical organizations. It was not until the 21st Century that the AMA acknowledged the racism enacted on black physicians in the profession of medicine. It is important to include the historical constructs of health care as it relates to African Americans, blacks, people of color.Knowing what creates division and disparities provides the knowledge to empower and affect change.*** Please note the terms African American, blacks, people of color and negro can be used interchangeably*** Please note the terms doctor and physician can be used interchangeably*** The paragraph on clinical pharmacology follows the information on Galen in respect to Galen’s contribution to pharmacology. However, medicine in the United States developed long before clinical pharmacology would become the driving force of health care. Refer To Reference Section Within The Application

Historical Construct of Healthcare: The Path to Health Disparities for African Americans26Historical Construct of HealthcareTo understand how health disparities came about in health care for African Americans, people of color, black and brown people and indigenous people we must rst understand the construct of race. If you were to trace historical events and the stories told, we come to realize that the narrative has always been one sided. Biblically, there was no indication of race, and humankind and those identied as GOD’s chosen were connected by their tribe. Tribal identication represented who aligned with the teachings of GOD, handed down through the prophets, disciples, Moses, and Jesus. These teachings were for the 12 tribes of Israel, which geographically denotes people who lived along the equatorial line of the world map. The skin tone and facial features of these people were representative of melanin rich skin that served as protection from the sun.Any other group of people outside of the 12 Tribes of Israel were considered Gentiles. Some of these people also had a certain skin tone and facial features, mostly representative of the people considered to hail from European descent.Refer To Reference Section Within The Application

Historical Construct of Healthcare: The Path to Health Disparities for African Americans | (cont’d)27Historical Construct of HealthcareAs noted previously, the practice of medicine in America was behind in research and advancement compared to the practice of medicine in Europe. However, the existence of healers, laying on of hands and the use of herbs - dates to Africa. African American history and the practice of herbs for healing aligns with how Harriet Tubman used her knowledge of herbs to treat soldiers. Enslaved people were treated as property and this sense of ownership by their enslavers gave them a false belief that ownership meant they could do whatever they wanted to do as the enslaved were their property. This led to experimentation on enslaved people for advances in science and research. The practice of medicine advanced because of the inhumane treatment of enslaved people. However, because of the false narratives and myths that have been passed down through generations, African Americans, people of color, black and brown and indigenous people are still impacted.Like the construct of race, the idea that people of European descent were superior to those of African descent stems from the premise of divide and conquer. The names of tribes were removed from historical writ-ings to tell a false narrative that served to change names and rename to enact ownership and enslavement.Many individuals are not aware that the true name of Africa is Alkebulan, which means “The Mother of Mankind, the Garden of Eden.” There are many reasons why history is written to disenfranchise people based on skin color but the main purpose of this body of work is to show the correlation to how the construct of race, led to the construct of racism - which served to promote an environment of racial disparity that continues to inltrate the health care system in America. “The names of tribes were removed from historical writings to tell a false narrative… to enact ownership and enslavement.”Refer To Reference Section Within The Application

Historical Construct of Healthcare: The Path to Health Disparities for African Americans | (cont’d)28Historical Construct of HealthcareThe impact on the health of African Americans, people of color, black, and brown people and indigenous people is denoted in a lack of access to health care; misdiagnosis; high infant mortality rate; women dying in childbirth; lack of pain management; unethical practice; and higher rates of death due to co-morbidities.“Knowledge is power,” may sound cliché but having information that serves as a catalyst to promote change is a step in the right direction. Dismantling the constructs of racism starts with acknowledging that premise. At the root of racism is the need for control, which is linked to wealth. “Dismantling the constructs of racism starts with acknowledging that premise. At the root of racism is the need for control, which is linked to wealth.”Please see the section on legacy building for more information on wealth, the wealth gap and building generational wealth into the future.

Areas of Influence29Historical Construct of HealthcareAreas of Influence:1. Environment 7. Events2. Family 8. Knowledge3. Beliefs 9. Dreams 4. Education 10. Work 5. Finance 11. Relationships6. Politics (Online & In-person)Areas of inuence are identied as anything that can signicantly impact your life. You may have read somewhere within the application about epigenetics, that is one area of inuence that can start from birth. See: Epigenetics Link4During pregnancy - how a woman eats, sleeps, manages her stress and emotions can inuence the health of the fetus, which eventually transitions to a newborn baby. The mother’s womb is an environment that is designed to support the life of a growing baby.4REFERENCE: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/ REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/6qPld

Areas of Influence | (cont’d)30Historical Construct of HealthcareFor example, individuals, families and the community of Flint Michigan have been impacted by their contaminated water source. Another area of inuence is your family. Family members may inuence your decision making. Sometimes those decisions that inuence you are related to your culture, values and beliefs.Your ethics and standards can inuence the decisions you make about where you live, work, and go for entertainment. Your values and beliefs can inuence your spirituality or religious practices. Even our aspirations based on principles can inuence us and the decisions we make about who we might consider dating,marrying, or establishing a business with.Your peers also are an area of inuence. People tend to gravitate toward individuals who have the same values and beliefs that they have. An example of an inuential belief are the many denominations that are reected in religion and religious practice. For the male who contributes to the making of the baby, his environment consisting of his scrotum houses the sperm that can pass on genetic imprints. A man’s health is just as important to the baby’s development.Your environment consists of the air you breathe, the water you drink, where you lie your head at night can all make a difference to your health and well-being.“Your environment that consists of the air you breathe, the water you drink, where you lie your head at night can all make a difference to your health and well-being.”Water as a natural cleanser allows your body to replenish. It is one of the best sources of detoxifying the body. But what happens when you do not have a good source of water? The lack of a good source of water can impact your life.

Areas of Influence | (cont’d)31Historical Construct of HealthcareNews as an area of inuence can also impact how you think about nances and what it means to live in a recession, depression or an ination state of the economy.This can inuence how you save, shop, or the potential to hoard out of fear.Understand what inuences the decisions you make and how these various constructs can impact your spiritual, physical, mental, and nancial health. Thesefactors can be a part of what inuences your life and the ability to be whole. “Understand what influences the decisions you make and how these various constructs can impact your spiritual, physical, mental, and financial health..” Social media can be an area of inuence. People engage in social media for various reasons. Social media can inuence your style as it relates to dressing, home decor and the type of car you drive. Social media can also inuence your political views and how you feel about other races, ethnicities, cultures and the social media community.What about the news as an area of inuence? The news is not new. Since Biblical times, the news was passed on by various individuals traveling with written or verbal news to share information.The communication of current news has various routes such as television, radio, podcast and the internet. The news can inuence your political views, your response to other races of people, what you wear for the weather or what should occur or not occur during a pandemic or during times of war.

Areas of Influence | (cont’d)32Historical Construct of Healthcare“…having a good education translates into having access to resources that those who are less educated or uneducated do not have.” Your education can be an area of inuence. For those whose education is considered subpar, they are at a disadvantage because having a good educa-tion translates into having access to resources that those who are less educated or uneducated do not have.Your career or job – as an area of inuence – determine how much money you earn, where you could or could not live, your access to good sources of food. For examples, people who live in food deserts – their access to healthy food is either limited ornonexistent. These communities known as food deserts have small stores in the community that sell a lot of over processed foods that are high in sodium (salt), simple carbohydrates (sugar) and fat. The communities that lack healthy food sources are also limited in resources that support education and adequate housing.

Spiritual Health5 a  Ai33Historical Construct of HealthcareSpiritual Health is an important dimension of health. Having life, a soul, and beliefs are the antecedents of Spiritual Health. Creation and How We Are MadeWe were made in His image and likeness. We arewonderfully made - each system is designed to create a balance for whole health.When one body system is imbalanced it can cause animbalance throughout the entire system. This is also true of the Spirit that is within your body.5 The musculoskeletalsystem is a frame (temple) for your Spirit. The Spirit is what carries our emotions - which manifests through the thoughts in our mind.6 Your heart represents a physical function of the body working in sync with other body systems; but it is also a Spiritual organ.75 Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine) 04.09.18 – Worldview6 Biblical Perspective: Hold your thoughts captive – Reference: 2 Corinthians 10: 3-5 7 Biblical Perspective : guard your heart for out of it the issues of life ow. Proverbs 4:23

Spiritual Health | (cont’d)34Historical Construct of Healthcaresisters. But to dis solemn resolution I came; l was free, and dey should be free also; I would make a home for them in the north, and de Lord helping me, I would bring dem all dere. Oh, how I prayed den, lying all alone on de cold, damp ground; Oh, dear Lord, I said, I haint got no friend but you. Come to my help, Lord, for I’m in trouble!” (Bradford, 1886)8Components of Spiritual Health9The most essential and important component of Spiritual Health is communication with God; including but not limited to a sense of connection with God, love of God, prayer, the feeling that God is effective, and the embracing of God-oriented knowledge, attitude, and behavior.God as Creator connects humans with nature to develop responsibility, love, knowledge, attitude, and behavior in relation with His creation. Historical Construct and the Spiritual Function of our People: Our Spiritual strength comes from God as our Creator, who provides strength, purpose, and wisdom.Harriet Tubman knew where her strength, purpose and wisdom came from - she followed the Spirt of GOD that was connected to her spirit to enable her to reachfreedom. Not only did Harriet Tubman trust in the Spirit of GOD, but she also lived to hear the voice of GOD.In her biography written by Sarah Bradford, Harriet Tubman said when she reached the line between bondage and freedom:“So, it was wid me, said Harriet, I had crossed de line which I had so long been dreaming. I was free; but dere was no one to welcome me to de land of freedom, I was stranger in a strange land, and my home after all was down in de old cabin wid de ole folks quarter, wid de ole folks, and my brudders and8 REFERENCE: Bradford, S. (1886). Harriet Tubman: the Moses of her people. Applewood Books. 9 SEE REFERENCE: Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine) 04.09.18

Why There are no White People in the BibleBy Dan Bouchelle35Historical Construct of HealthcareHow can I say this? Because the concept of whiteness didn’t exist yet. Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have always thought in terms of tribes or nations (as in the Cherokee nation or Navajo nation, not a modern nation-state), but the idea of race is a fairly new concept. “…humans have always thought in terms of tribes or nations… but the idea of race is a fairly new concept.”The Greek word for nation is “ethnos” (from whichwe get the word “ethnic”) and referred to any group of people with a common language, culture, story, and territory. Some nations were related to others with common historical roots and cultural overlaps. Some nations were greatly different from each other and far removed in every way.Nations or tribes were categorized in various ways in the ancient world, as reected in the Bible, but skin color was not one of them. It’s not that the Bible never notes that some nations had darker skin than others, but that is an exceedingly rare thing for the writers of scripture to mention. It just wasn’t considered a relevant factor for identifying people groups.Did you know there are no white people in the Bible?Does that surprise you? It’s true, I assure you. Not Adam,Abraham, Moses, Deborah, David, Elijah, Jezebel, Daniel, Jesus, Peter, Paul, or even Lydia or the church in Rome were white. Most of the people in the Bible were Jews of middle eastern origin. The few people in the Bible from the region we now call Europe may have had light-colored skin and would be considered white today, but they were not white in their day.9Dr. Dan Bouchelle, President9Dan has served as the president of MRN since August 2010. Before taking the lead of this international missions ministry, Dan served in congregational ministry for over two decades with three different churches in Texas and Oklahoma. He also served on the boards of Great Cities Missions and ChristianRelief Fund, as well as other community service and para-church boards. dan.bouchelle@mrnet.org9 Why There are No White People in the Bible — Mission Resource Network (mrnet.org): https://shorturl.at/6YcfT

Why There are no White People in the Bible | (cont’d) By Dan Bouchelle36Historical Construct of HealthcareCreating the language of “black” or “white” people was driven by economics and empire. It was an effort to justify the enslavement of people from Africa or theAmericas by Europeans as they expanded their global empires and needed cheap labor. What developed was a diabolical but baseless theory of race that classied all nations on some color scale of ‘red, yellow, black, and white,’ which was combined with a developmental scale that put white people at the top, black people at the bottom, and red and yellow people somewhere in between. “In the Middle Ages, no one in Europe would have called anyone ‘white’ unless they had seen a ghost or were dead.”All this was just a form of tribalism or nationalism on steroids. All these ways of thinking are mere extensions of self-interest in communal forms that are profoundly anti-gospel. The gospel tells us that all people are children of God equally loved and valued by their creator, who will unite us all in Christ to form one people who demonstrate the diverse beauty of God’s creativity (See Rev. 21:22-27).Skin color in antiquity was more like hair color is for us today. We see it and occasionally mention it. We can even build a few stereotypes and jokes around it. But no one really considers blonde, red, brown, grey, or black hair to be a marker of value, superiority, personality traits, or humanity. It’s just one of those things that can vary among humans like height, body type, or eye color. Humans come in endless varieties, but we are all humans. As N.T. Wright once quipped on a podcast, “In the Middle Ages, no one in Europe would have called anyone ‘white’ unless they had seen a ghost or were dead.”However, starting in the 15th century, for the rst time in human history, skin color began to take on a new signicance. Europeans began placing people of different nations on a continuum of skin color, with baseless generalizations being made about people on either end. This way of thinking grew in prominence until the formulation of legal justications for race-based chattel slavery in the 17th century.

Why There are no White People in the Bible | (cont’d) By Dan Bouchelle37Historical Construct of HealthcareThere was a time when the KKK (the Ku Klux Klan) opposed viewing Christopher Columbus as a hero because he was Italian, they did not consider Italians to be white, and they wanted to keep them out of the USA. Who gets counted as white has been amazingly arbitrary. “People of all races are 99% genetically identical… who has been considered to be white has changed over time.”Now, in saying that whiteness is not a biological reality, I am not seeking to diminish the impact race has on our world. Race is a powerful myth that has impacted billions of lives for half a millennium. Most of us with light-colored skin and European ancestry have been deeply indoctrinated in the mythology of whiteness (often under other names), and we carry unconscious convictions of white primacy, which we are skilled at hiding from ourselves.While slavery had been around from the beginning of recorded time, it was not previously based on skin color. Slaves were people conquered in war or people who had fallen on hard economic times. Slavery was typically not a lifelong or hereditary status. It was an ugly reality, but not as evil as it became when it got tied to the myth of race. The idea that people of certain skin colors were superior or could legitimately own and control people of other colors was unknown in the days of the Bible.All this means that ‘whiteness’ is articial—a false story humans have created. It is important to know there is no genetic or biological reality that supports the idea that people with certain skin tones constitute a distinct group with common characteristics. People of all races are 99% genetically identical. Exactly who has been considered white has changed over time. Early in U.S. history, neither Jewish, Irish, nor Italian people were considered to be white, but now they typically are.

Why There are no White People in the Bible | (cont’d) By Dan Bouchelle38Historical Construct of Healthcaremissionaries sometimes have with trusting national leaders in other countries is the unspoken and unrecognized factor of race. The implications of the myth of race are massive and complex, and the challenges of undoing the injustices in our world fostered by these arbitrary categories are immense. While we should not try to be color blind, which doesn’t acknowledge the realities of people whose life experience is different than ours, we should reject color bias. We should be relentlessly committed to the equality of all people. The cross should be the end of all claims to the superiority of any people groups.Yet, the one thing we should be able to agree about as followers of Jesus is that skin color is no basis upon which to judge or rank people. Jesus wasn’t white. Seventy percent of Christians globally are not white. And all people matter equally to our Creator. Our hope is not in any race, culture, nation, or other human source. Our hope is in the God who made us all from the same original couple and who is drawing all peoplefrom all tribes and nations, regardless of color or culture, toward the same home in the New Jerusalem. We may not tie it to skin color or genetics, but we typically assume that “white culture” (which we can’t dene) is better, more evolved, or more rened. We assume that other cultures can be improved by being more like “white” culture, regardless of skin color. We believe this because we have been taught it directly or indirectly. You don’t have to be part of some fringe “White Supremacy” group to be infected with white superiority assumptions.Why does this matter? Because the amount of evil done in the name of race is staggering and beyond calculation. It must end.• Because there is a false idea, still prominent in many parts of the world, that Christianity is a white or western religion. This makes it difcult for many people to embrace Christ because they have been hurt by ‘white’ people who claim to follow Christ. • Too often, Christians from the western world have bought into false racial ideas that have directly or indirectly supported white primacy. This undercuts the faithfulness, justice, credibility, and impact of the gospel. Lurking behind the struggle AmericanREFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/0ggiU

Prayers | From An African Prayer BookBy ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU39Historical Construct of HealthcareGREAT SPIRIT!Great Spirit!Piler-up of the rocks into towering mountains!When you stamp on the stonesthe dust rises and lls the land.Hardness of the cliff,waters of the pool that turninto misty rain went stirred.Gourd overowing with oil!Creator… who sews the heaven together like cloth,knit together everything here on the earth below.You are the one who calls the branching trees into life;you make new seeds grow out of the groundso that they stand straight and strong.You have lled the land with people.Wonderful one, you liveamong the sheltering rocks.You give rain to us people.We pray to you,hear us, O strong one!When we beg you, show your mercy.You are in the highest placeswith the spirits of the great ones.You raise the grass-covered hillsabove the earth,you make the rivers.Gracious one!Rozwi, South AfricaTODAY IS GODIn the beginning was God,Today is God,Tomorrow will be God.Who can make an image of God?He has nobody.He is the word which comes out of your mouth.That word! It is no more,It is past, and still it lives!So is God.Pygmy raer

Prayers | From An African Prayer Book | (cont’d)By ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU40Historical Construct of HealthcareI HAVE NO WORDS TO THANK YOUO my Father, Great Elder,I have no words to thank you,But with your deep wisdomI am sure that you can seeHow I value your glorious gifts.O my Father, when I look upon your greatness,I am confounded with awe.O Great Elder,Ruler of all things earthly and heavenly,I am your warrior,Ready to act in accordance with your will.Kikuyu, Kenya

BODY SYSTEMSBe Easy – Not DIS-Easy41BODY SYSTEMS

42BODY SYSTEMSThe Integumentary System The integumentary system is also known as your skin. Your integumentary system or skin is the largest organ system of the body. Why is the skin the largest system of the body? The skin serves as protection for covering your musculoskeletal system; your body’s frame, which keeps your other organ systems in place within your body. The skin, sweat and oil glands, nails and hair are all parts of the integumentary system. Your integumentary system (your skin) is made up of many layers. Those layers include cells that form fatty and connective tissues. Your skin is the rst line of defense when it comes to bad things like dirt, bacteria, and parasites from entering your body.Keeping the skin hydrated (meaning preventing it from getting too dry and cracking) requires that you drink plenty of water, in addition to eating foods thatinclude the vitamins and minerals to protect the skin. One vitamin important to the skin is vitamin E. Daily cleansing of your skin may not always be possible, but it is important that you keep your skin clean. Remember those cells that the skin is made of? They shed or come off. This is how the body regenerates (makes new cells) to keep your skin healthy.“Your skin is the first line of defense when it comes to bad things…”However, if you do not keep it clean bad stuff like bacteria can grow on the skin and cause infection. Remember to love the skin you’re in! Eat foods that keep your skin healthy and drink water to stay hydrated. The skeletal system is the frame of your body. Think of it this way, all those organs in your body need a frame (your skeletal system) to keep everything in its proper place.REFERENCE: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19679.htmBody Systems

43BODY SYSTEMSThe Skeletal System Your skeletal system is your bones. The bones need to remain strong to prevent breakage. Calcium and vitamin D are two important nutrients to keep your bones healthy. Remember, without bones you would have no ability to move. The bones that frame your body work in conjunction with your muscular system. The Muscular System Your muscular system is made up of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Together the muscles, tendons and ligaments assist with movement.The muscles, tendons and ligaments also connect joints that are part of the skeletal system to work together for your movement. There are many nutrients that support the muscular-skeletal system.Generally, the muscle and skeletal systems are combined as the musculoskeletal system. The most important aspect of maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system is eating a nutrient rich diet. (See vitamins and minerals).Movement is Life.Body Systems | (cont’d)

44BODY SYSTEMSThe Circulatory System Your circulatory system is a very intricate system that supplies blood throughout the entire body. The blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells and plasma. Your blood is rich with the nutrients that all your body systems need to stay viable.Your blood, through the red blood cells also carries oxygen to every cell in your body. Individuals with anemia, sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia have trouble with the red blood cell’s ability to carry oxygen. (See common diseases).The Lymphatic System Your lymphatic system as a form of ltration helps with your immunity. The lymph nodes send a signal to activate the white blood cells in your body to ght off disease.The immune/lymph system also assists with draining bad stuff out of your body with the help of other body systems to keep you healthy. The Reproductive System Your reproductive system enables you to reproduce. It is important to have checkups of your reproductive system. The female reproductive system consists of the uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina, and breasts.Some common issues with the inability to reproduce for the female are low egg count, and the position of the cervix. For the male a low sperm count.Did you know?It is the sperm that controls the sex of the baby and that female sperm swim faster than the male sperm?Body Systems | (cont’d)

45BODY SYSTEMSThe Nervous System Your nervous system includes your nerve pathway. Your nerve pathway is what sends signals throughout your body and tells your body when you have pain, when you need to go to the bathroom, what your body should be doing and when – in response to what the body needs.The Respiratory System Your respiratory system includes your nostrils (nasal pathway), trachea (windpipe), bronchus and lungs. This is the system that is responsible for ltering the air you breathe, then using that air to travel via the red blood cells to the rest of your body. The air that we breathe is ltered through the nose hairs. The air is then sent throughout the body as a source of life. Smoke inhalation of any form (the breathing of smoke) is dangerous to our respiratory system.The Urinary SystemYour urinary system controls your ability to make and pass urine. The kidneys and ureters work together to lter what is not needed in the body and what is not needed goes out of your body through the urine.Uncontrolled blood pressure can possibly lead to kidney failure and a need for hemodialysis.Body Systems | (cont’d)

46BODY SYSTEMSThe Endocrine System Your endocrine system includes the thyroid gland, the pituitary gland, the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, the thymus, the adrenal glands, and the pancreas. The endocrine system regulates your hormones. Your hormones regulate your blood glucose levels through the pancreas. A common term for blood sugar or more commonly “sugar.”Hormones produced through the adrenal glands help to regulate your blood pressure. Common diseases associated with your endocrine system are as follows: Hyper or Hypothyroid and diabetes. The hormones produced through the endocrine system help to regulate many parts of your organs systems throughout your body. Hormones are responsible for the body’s metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, sexual function, and your mood.For example, when your body senses danger it goes through a stage of “ght or ight”. During the body’s response to danger the cortisol hormone is released. This is normal, but when the body is constantly under stress, frequent release of cortisol in the body can cause anxiety, fatigue, moodiness, and obesity (increased fat storage in the body). Cortisol is known as the “stress hormone”.The Digestive System Your digestive system consists of your mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, large and small intestines, liver, anus, and rectum. The liver also acts as a ltration system to rid the body of what it does not need. Waste from the digestive system comes out of you as a bowel movement. Both urine (pee) and feces (bowel movement) rid the body of what it does not need.The digestive system turns the food you eat into energy for your body. The digestive system also takes the unnecessary parts of what we eat and turns it into waste. Waste is what the body cannot use. Your digestive system and immune system work together to keep your body healthy, by removing things from your body that can cause harm.Body Systems | (cont’d)

47BODY SYSTEMSThe Digestive System | (cont’d) Having regular bowel movements are part of what keeps our digestive system healthy. Having one to two bowel movements a day is a good way to rid your body of waste. A diet that includes fruits, vegetables and whole grains helps to keep your digestive system regulated.Over-processed foods already have broken down the natural bers and nutrients required for a healthy digestive system and body. Constipation is a common problem when the diet is not balanced, inclusive of how much water you drink. The Collective Whole Body Your body as a collective or whole system relies on each individual system to do its part. That is the wonderfully made body that GOD our Creator gave us. Notice we have one heart and brain. Without the heart and brain your body is not capable of sustaining life. Although we have one liver, the liver can regenerate. If the liver gets damaged, then it can cause your system to become toxic because it no longer can lter waste. This is the same for the kidneys.That is why it is important to know your baseline.Your baseline is the normal values the bodydisplays when there is no current sign of illness.For example, normal body temperature is 98.6°Fahrenheit. If the body begins to get hotter and thetemperature rises, this is a sign of illness. Theremay be an infection somewhere in the body. Pain• Pain is a sign • Pain is your nervous system telling your brain that something is wrong that something wrong can be mild in nature, moderate, or severe• Pain is not to be ignored• Pain should be addressed• With injury there is pain• With certain diseases there is pain• With birthing there is labor pain• With surgery there is pain• With the death or illness of someone there is pain expressed through emotions• Your body is designed to respond to pain and the signal that you experience is letting you know the location of the pain • In healthcare pain can be measured many waysBody Systems | (cont’d)

48BODY SYSTEMSPain | (cont’d)The most common way to measure pain is by giving pain a numeric number ranging from 0-10 with 0 (zero) meaning no pain leading up to 10 (ten) as severe pain. Pain is treated in many ways. Because pain is subjective, you are the best at describing your pain. It is important that you give as much information about your pain as possible to your healthcare provider.Describing pain • Where is the pain located?• When did the pain start or how long have you had this pain?• Does the pain come and go (intermittent)?• How is the pain relieved?• Is it a burning, stabbing, or a throbbing pain? • Does the pain feel like it’s starting in one place but felt somewhere else? This is called radiating pain. You should never be denied pain relief when you seek out a health care professional for pain relief. Pain management is a specialty that is designed to help people manage chronic pain. Chronic pain is pain that has lasted for greater than three months. People of color are less likely to be treated forpain. If you ever feel like you are not receivingthe pain management needed for your quality of life. Seek out other health care professionalswho are willing to listen and treat your pain.You have a choice! “Chronic pain is pain that has lasted for greater than three months.”If you feel like you do not have a choice seek out an advocate. Advocates at the hospital level include patient advocates or a patient service representative. At the community level you can seek out your local representative.You can also make a complaint to the professional’s state board that holds the professional’s license.When a compliant is made at the State level theState Board is required to investigate the complaint.Remember you have a choice!Body Systems | (cont’d)

Common Diseasesfor African Americans49Body SystemsDiabetes: aka “sugar” or “blood sugar” or “blood glucose” or “sugar diabetes” both Type 1 and Type 2.Type 1 Diabetics: do not produce insulin, which is caused by the inability of the pancreas to make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is considered autoimmune, when the body attacks itself.Type 2 Diabetics: either produce too little insulin or the cells within the body do not respond to insulin. A common risk factor for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is genetics.Common Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes include: obesity, pre-diabetes, age 45 or older, or for females if you had a history of gestational diabetes.Heart Disease: The following diseases are inclusive of heart disease: high blood pressure or hypertension (HTN), stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and atrial brillation. Please note that this list is not exhaustive but provides insight to live whole in health. High Blood Pressure: when your blood pressure is high, the blood that circulates through your blood vessels to supply oxygen throughout your body requires the heart to pump more forcefully.

50BODY SYSTEMSCoronary Artery Disease: Coronary artery disease is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the heart and throughout your body. What causes plaque buildup? Eating a diet high in cholesterol which is typically linked to red meat/meat consumption, processed foods, fried foods, and dairy products. Congestive Heart Failure: Congestive heart failure occurs when your heart no longer pumps optimally. When the heart fails to pump optimally uid in your body and around the heart starts to accumulate causing congestion. Think of your heart as a pump that moves blood and other body uids throughout the body. When the pump starts to weaken due to multiple causes, there is no energy in the heart to pump the body uids. Some signs of congestive heart failure may include swelling (edema) in the feet, arms, legs, and lungs. Some other areas of the body may be swollen as well. You may also experience shortness of breath (SOB). Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial Fibrillation is an abnormal heart rhythm. What causes atrial brillation? There may be various causes for this type of arrhythmia. But what is known; high cholesterol that causes coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, aging and infections can be risk factors. Sickle Cell Disease: Sickle cell disease (SCD) aka sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease passed down from both parents. When the blood sickles the normal shape of a red blood cell becomes misshapen. The sickling of the blood cell reduces the ability of the cell to circulate oxygen throughout the body.Autoimmune Disorder/Disease: Autoimmune disorder or disease occurs when the immune system of the body attacks the healthy function of cells, tissues, and organs. Common Diseasesfor African Americans | (cont’d)

51BODY SYSTEMSCommon autoimmune disorders that affect African American at a higher rate than other ethnic groups include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and sarcoidosis. • Systemic lupus erythematosus - is common among African Americans. Symptoms of SLE include but are not limited to a skin rash (buttery rash) that appears on the face, aching joints, fever with an unknown cause, mouth sores, hair loss, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and weight loss. • Scleroderma - is a buildup of brinous tissue in the body that disrupts the normal function of cells that line the walls of the small arteries. This disruption leads to poor blood supply. • Sarcoidosis - is an inammatory response in the body that can affect the skin, eyes, liver, lymph nodes, and primarily the lungs. Sarcoidosis occurs when small clusters of granulomas form in any of the areas noted previously. Granulomas are clusters of abnormal tissue comprised of immune cells.https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001214.htmhttps://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html https://shorturl.at/7nMmlhttps://medlineplus.gov/coronaryarterydisease.htmlhttps://shorturl.at/wQ5njhttps://medlineplus.gov/heartfailure.htmlhttps://shorturl.at/FqoH3https://medlineplus.gov/sicklecelldisease.htmlhttps://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000816.htmhttps://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000435.htmhttps://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000429.htmhttps://shorturl.at/dD3SoCommon Diseasesfor African Americans | (cont’d)“Common autoimmune disorders that affect African American(s)… include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and sarcoidosis.”

52BODY SYSTEMSThe attention we give to our health today could prevent diseases from occurring tomorrow! Disease prevention is not a new concept, and most diseases are preventable if information is disseminated to help alleviate disease.What we consume matters! If our diet is primarily on foods that do not have a healthy immune system, we are prone to disease.For African Americans, people of color, our black and brown brothers and sisters who have been subjected to systemic racism - the rate of chronic disease is higher. It is no secret why preventable diseases are higher in communities that primarily comprise of African Americans, particularly when a construct such as redlining prevents access toresources such as healthy food, adequate housing, and access to health care. We all can support change by bringing these and other issues that impact our communities to the forefront. When we are armed with information, we can change the trajectory and it starts with being whole - spiritually, physically, mentally, and nancially.REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/oG2pi REFERENCE: https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.htmlDisease Attention Promotes Disease Prevention“What we consume matters! If our diet is primarily on foods that do not have a healthy immune system, we are prone to disease.”

BLOOD TYPE & BLOOD pH53BODY SYSTEMS

54BODY SYSTEMSThere are four (4) different blood types:1. Type A2. Type B3. Type AB4. Type OEach of these blood types can be (+) positive or (-) negative, which means the Rh (Rhesus) factor is either absent or present in the blood. Rh factor identieswhether you have the Rh protein in your blood. If you have a positive (+) symbol after your blood type, then you also have the Rh protein. This further delineates the blood types as A+, A-,B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O-. Each blood type has specic antigens and antibodies. Antigens are responsible for immunity and are called surface markers on the red blood cells. Antibodies in the blood are responsible for defense and serve the immune system to keep you healthy.10 Antigens are both sugars and proteins and play a role in the body’s response to disease. Antibodies are responsible for ghting off bacteria and viruses in the blood. Transplant recipients rely on donors having the right match to their blood type. Blood pHYour body’s blood pH (Potential of Hydrogen) should range from 7.35 to 7.45. Any range outside of this range causes your blood to be too acidic or alkaline. When the blood pH (Potential of Hydrogen) is out of normal range, the abnormality can impact the body organ systems. For example, individuals with diabetes tend to have a more acidic pH. This can impact the body’s ability to heal. That is why protecting the skin as a diabetic is important. Bacteria grows more in an acidic environment.Blood Type & Blood PH1010 REFERENCE: https://t.ly/WkjWQ REFERENCE: https://t.ly/1qG7I REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/QYyGu REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/CQzSH

PHYSICAL & NUTRITIONAL HEALTH55BODY SYSTEMS

56BODY SYSTEMS“Enzymes regulate the speed at which chemical reactions take place. So, the more enzymes you have, the faster visceral fat can be burned. Excess Visceral Fat fuels low-grade inammationin the body and is tied to a wide variety of healthissues, i.e., type 2 diabetes, heart disease, coloncancer, breast cancer and dementia. It can alsoupset the balance of important hormones thataffect your skin, hair, and general appearance.Types of FatSubcutaneous Fat is the fat you can pinch and is relatively benign.Visceral Fat is detrimental to your health. Regularexercise trains the body to burn visceral fat more efciently. Exercise attacks fat on several fronts. When you exercise regularly, your body makes more mitochondria, the cellular engines where aerobic metabolism takes place; it also produces more proteins to speed up the transportation of fatty acids into cells to be burned as energy; and it makes more enzymes that break down fat. Physical & Nutritional Health

57BODY SYSTEMSHalf Hour Walk11 Walking is a signicant activity with many health benets. Taking a morning or evening walk provides physical activity that is not strenuous to the body but impactful. Walking can serve many purposes such as reducing stress and anxiety or changing your outlook on life. Also, walking can acclimate you to nature and physically keep you active.“…a morning or evening walk provides physical activity that is not strenuous to the body…”Jogging in Place12 This is a benecial form of exercise. There are many benets to jogging in place; for example: can improve balance, agility and coordination, gives you lower body strength, can improve your posture, supports weight loss, the ability to reduce your chronic disease risk, improvement in cognition, has the potential to reduce knee pain, and it can be done anywhere.Benets of Physical Activity1. Improves your memory and brain function (all age groups).2. Protects against many chronic diseases.3. Aids in weight management.4. Lowers blood pressure and improve heart health.5. Improves your quality of sleep. Sleep is extremely important. Regeneration!6. Reduces feelings of anxiety and depression.7. Combats cancer-related fatigue.8. Improves joint pain and stiffness.9. Maintains muscle strength and balance.10. Increases life span. Physical & Nutritional Health | (cont’d) Moeen i 11 REFERENCE: https://t.ly/d_75712 REFERENCE: https://t.ly/jfY7Y

58BODY SYSTEMSCombine Exercise with Healthy Food Choices, for Example:1. Beets & Carrots: carrots are rich in Glutathione, a protein that helps detoxify the liver. Both are extremely high in plant-avonoids and beta- carotene. Eating beats and carrots can help stimulate and improve overall liver function See: Digestive System. 2. Tomatoes: they have abundant amounts of Glutathione which again, are a great detoxier for the liver. As a benet Lycopene in tomatoes can protect against breast, skin, and lung cancer. 3. Grapefruit: another source of the liver cleansing glutathione. It’s also high in vitamin C and antioxidants, this boosts the production of the liver detoxication enzymes and increases the natural cleansing process of the liver. 4. Raw Spinach: is a major source of glutathione that triggers toxin cleansing enzymes of the liver. 5. Citrus Fruits: lemons and limes contain high amounts of vitamin C, which helps stimulate the liver and aids the synthesizing of toxic materials into substances that can be absorbed by water. 6. Cabbage: the isothiocyanates (ITCs) made from cabbage’s glucosinolates provides liver detoxify-ing enzymes that help ush out toxins. 7. Turmeric: is the liver’s favorite spice and helps boost liver detox. It does this by assisting enzymes that actively ush out dietary carcinogens. 8. Walnuts: are a good source of glutathione, omega-3 fatty acids and amino acid arginine, which support the normal liver cleansing actions, especially in detoxifying ammonia. 9. Avocados: the nutrient-dense superfood, avocado helps the body produce glutathione. 10. Apples: They are high in pectin and other nutrients essential to cleanse and release toxins from the digestive tract. Apples make it easier for the liver to handle the toxic load during the cleansing process.Physical & Nutritional Health | (cont’d)

59BODY SYSTEMSCombine Exercise with Healthy Food Choices, for Example15 (cont’d): 11. Brussels Sprouts: are high in sulfur and antioxidant glucosinolate, which forces the liver to release enzymes that block damage from enviromental or dietary toxins. 12. Garlic: is loaded with sulfur that activates liver enzymes that help your body ush out toxins. Garlic also holds high amounts of allicin and selenium, two natural compounds that aid in liver cleansing.13. Dandelion: is a root tea that assists the liver in breaking down fats, producing amino acids and generally ridding it of toxins.14. Leafy Green Vegetables: green veggies are extremely high in plant chlorophylls that absorb environmental toxins, increase bile production, neutralize heavy metals, chemicals, and pesticides, which lowers the burden on the liver.15. Cruciferous Vegetables: eating collard greens, mustard greens, Bok Choy, broccoli and cauliower will increase production of enzymes glucosinolate in your system that help ush out carcinogens and other toxins.16. Asparagus: is a great diuretic helping in the cleansing process and sharing the detox load of the liver and kidneys.17. Green Tea: is full of plant antioxidants known as catechins; a compound known to assist liver function. 18. Olive Oil: cold-pressed organic oils such as olive, hemp and axseed are great support for the liver, providing the body with a liquid base that can suck up harmful toxins in the body.19. Alternative Grains: switch to alternative grains like quinoa, millet, and buckwheat, which are high in ber.Physical & Nutritional Health | (cont’d) 15REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/2QJia

60BODY SYSTEMSSleepSleep is vital to your whole health and well-being. Sleep gives your body a period of rest to:• Regenerate• Rejuvenate• HealWithout adequate sleep you decrease the body’s ability to regenerate. The recommended number of hours for sleep is 7-8 hours a day.• Lack of sleep can alter how your brain functions• Lack of sleep can affect your relationships with family and friends• Lack of sleep can impact your work or business life When you lack sleep your mood can also be altered. You may be irritable, angry or even depressed. Your sleep is connected to your body systems that rely on a healthy sleep pattern to rejuvenate. So, the next time you want to cut sleep out because you are so busy!Remember to add sleep in and cut things out that can wait, because your sleep matters!Forms of Quiet Time • Prayer • Yoga • Reexology • Meditation • Massage • Reki • Deep Breathing Physical & Nutritional Health | (cont’d) https://shorturl.at/32zhj

VITAMINS & MINERALS61VITAMINS & MINERALS

62VITAMINS & MINERALSThe Human Cell and Your Daily Intake of Vitamins & Minerals Vitamins & MineralsThe human cell is the powerhouse of living at the cellular level. The human cell is the building block of our body and of the organ systems. The best source for daily intake of vitamins and minerals is through your diet.Unfortunately, over time the foods we eat have been depleted of the natural value inherent from the soil.This section on vitamins and minerals is meant to educate you on sources for nutritive value, and not meant for the substitute of seeking a health care professional whether a naturopathic or allopathic. Both urine (pee) and feces (bowel movement) rid the body of what it does not need. VitaminsVitamin A can be found in both vegetables, meat and sh. One common form of Vitamin A is beta carotene. Vitamin A supports the health of your eyes, skin, skeletal system inclusive of bones, your soft tissue and mucus membranes.Sources of Vitamin A Green leafy vegetables, beans, sh, poultry, meat, eggs and dairy products.“Unfortunately, over time the foods we eat have been depleted of the natural value inherent from the soil.”Vitamin B converts the food we eat into energy. Good sources of Vitamin B come from the types of proteins we eat - sh, poultry, meats, beans, green leafy vegetables and peas.Types of Vitamin B • B1 (thiamine)• B2 (riboavin)• B3 (niacin)• B5 (pantothenic acid) • B6 (pyridoxine)• B7 (biotin)• B12 (cobalamin)• Folic Acid - it is important that women who are of childbearing age have a diet rich in folic acid as this supports the growth of the baby in utero. Low levels of folic acid during fetal develop-ment has been linked to birth defects such as spinal bida and neural tube defects.

63VITAMINS & MINERALSThe Human Cell and Your Daily Intake of Vitamins & Minerals | (cont’d) Vitamin C this vitamin supports healing and is known as an antioxidant. Antioxidants support the body’s ability to ght off things that may cause the bodyharm such as free radicals. Free radicals can disrupt the normal function of your cells and cause disease. Sources of Vitamin C include fruits and vegetables.Including the various colors of daily fruits and vegetables in your diet promotes having good sources of Vitamin C. Vitamin D is the sun vitamin because the sun is the source of how our body makes Vitamin D. Melanin rich skin enables our body to make Vitamin D, and a lack of sun exposure puts us at risk for deciency. Vitamin D helps us absorb calcium that makes our bones strong. When we age a lack of Vitamin D can lead our bones to break or fracture more easily. This is known as osteoporosis. When we are young and have a lack of Vitamin D, the deciency can lead to rickets. Sun Exposure, Lack of Vitamin D and Skin Cancer13 There has always been a controversy about sun exposure and the link to skin cancer. So, we must ask the question, do people in Africa have more skincancer due to exposure from the sun? The answer is no. Please see the links provided for additional insight. Unfortunately, literature that supports the totality of who we are does not always give us information unless it is compared to other ethnicities or races. Please see these links that identify what melanoma looks like on the skin.14 Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and helps boost the immune system. The benets of vitamin E are linked to reduction in certain forms of cancer, heart disease, and eye disorders. Sources of vitamin E include green vegetables, nuts, and certain type of consumable oils.1513https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/32576914 https://shorturl.at/Kkniy https://shorturl.at/7MM4J15https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-Consumer/

64VITAMINS & MINERALSThe Human Cell and Your Daily Intake of Vitamins & Minerals | (cont’d) Vitamin G is actually vitamin B2 or RiboavinVitamin K supports having healthy bones and the clotting of blood. Sources of vitamin K include vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, meats, fruits, and soybean.16 Minerals are important for your overall health. Each body system benets from having the right amount of minerals. Minerals are part of the makeup of hormones and enzymes in the body. There are two types of minerals that make up the mineral family, macro, and micro minerals. The macro-minerals are as follows: calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. The micro-minerals are as follows: cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc.17Macro-Mineral is calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur.When we age a lack of Vitamin D can lead our bones to break or fracture more easily. This is known as osteoporosis. When we are young and have a lack of Vitamin D, the deciency can lead to rickets. Micro (Trace) Minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, uoride, selenium16https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-Consumer/17https://medlineplus.gov/minerals.htmlREFERENCE:Vitamin A: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002400.htmVitamin B: https://medlineplus.gov/bvitamins.htmlFolic Acid: https://medlineplus.gov/folicacid.htmlVitamin C: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002404.htmVitamin D: https://medlineplus.gov/vitamind.htmlVitamin E: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-Cosumer/

DENTAL / ORAL HEALTH65DENTAL / ORAL HEALTH

66DENTAL / ORAL HEALTHDENTAL / ORAL HEALTH1. You can keep your teeth for your lifetime. Here are some things you can do to maintain a healthy mouth and strong teeth:• Practice good oral hygiene. Brush teeth thoroughly twice a day and oss daily between the teeth to remove dental plaque.• Visit your dentist at least once a year, even if you have no natural teeth or have dentures.• Reduce or eliminate the use of any tobaccoproducts.• Limit alcoholic drinks; increase plaque buildup.• If you have diabetes, work to maintain control of the disease. This will decrease risk for other complications, including gum disease. • If your medication causes dry mouth, ask your doctor for a different medication that may not cause this condition. If dry mouth cannot be avoided, drink plenty of water, chew sugarless gum, and avoid tobacco products and alcohol as much as possible.• See your doctor or a dentist if you have any sudden changes in taste and smell.• When acting as a caregiver, help older individuals brush and oss their teeth if they are not able to perform these activities independently. 2. What is preventive dental care?18Preventive dentistry includes services provided by your dentist to reduce the likelihood of contracting2. What is preventive dental care?18Preventive dentistry includes services provided by your dentist to reduce the likelihood of contracting oral health conditions that can be more expensive to treat and uncomfortable to experience. The following dental services typically fall under the preventive dentistry umbrella: Diagnostic services utilized to catch signs of oral problems early in-clude – (1) Oral Evaluations (check-ups), (2) X-rays, (3) Professional Cleanings, (4) Fluoride Treatments, (5) Sealants, which are coverings that are applied to the top surfaces of permanent molars to prevent decay inside the grooves that naturally occur in these types of teeth.3. Restorative dentistry19 aims to treat the teeth and their supporing structures. Many conditions and their consequences may be assessed and treated by a restorative dentist. Additional ResourcesCDC: Managing DiabetesCDC: Rethink Your DrinkCDC: Tips From Former Smokers

67DENTAL / ORAL HEALTHDENTAL / ORAL HEALTH | (cont’d)4. Orthodontics20 is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modication of facial growth, known as dentofacial orthopedics. 5. Cosmetic Dentistry21 is generally used to referto any dental work that improves the appearance (though not necessarily the functionality) of teeth, gums and/or bite. It primarily focuses on improvement in dental aesthetics in color, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance. 18 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/YWTED19 REFERENCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_dentistry 20REFERENCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontics21REFERENCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetic_dentistry

68BODY SYSTEMSDENTAL / ORAL HEALTH | (cont’d)7. Oral and maxillofacial Surgery23 is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the oral cavity, head and neck, mouth, and jaws, as well as facial cosmetic surgery.23REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/6sCo922REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/WC6nQ6. Types of Denture: (1) traditional/conventional complete full dentures, (2) partial dentures, (3) custom dentures, (4) immediate dentures, (5) implant supported dentures, (6) snap-in dentures, (7) over dentures, (8) upper dentures.A dental implant22 is a metal post that replaces the rootportion of a missing tooth. An articial tooth (crown) isplaced on an extension of the post (abutment) on thedental implant, giving you the look of a real tooth.

MENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTH69MENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTH

70MENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTHMental & Emotional HealthKey Facts• There are many different mental disorders, with different presentations. They are generally characterized by a combination of abnormal thoughts, perceptions, emotions, behaviour and relationships with others. • Mental Disorders Include: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and other psychoses, dementia, and developmental disorders including autism. • There are effective strategies for preventing mental disorders such as depression. • There are effective treatments for mental disorders and ways to alleviate the suffering caused by them. • Access to health care and social services that are available for providing treatment and social support are key.Mental health includes the health of your mind (brain) that governs your emotions, thoughts and psychological and social well-being.The state of your mental health determines how well you handle the stressors of life. The way we think, process our emotions and express ourselves through behaviors and actions also represent the state of our mental health. “The way we think, process our emotions and express ourselves … also represent the state of our mental heath.”Factors that contribute to mental health include:• A history of mental health in the family passed through our genetics• Biological which encompasses our genes, environmental exposure and the chemical makeup of our brain• Our life experiences representative of trauma and abuse

71MENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTHMental & Emotional Health | (cont’d) Epigenetics explains a form of generational trauma and abuse that has been passed down through genetics and how enslavement has impacted people of color and their mental health. Epigenetics is the study of our environment, where you live and how you live as well as behavior that can cause a change in how your genes respond.24This also explains how trauma passed down from generation to generation can impact the mental health of individuals, families and communities. The saying “You are what you eat,” is indicative of how certain foods can impact your mental health for good or bad.Caffeine for instance is a stimulant that can speed up your heart rate. Caffeine can also impact the liver. The liver serves as a ltration system in the body and when it is over worked it can become sluggish. In Eastern medicine when the liver is impacted by caffeine and alcohol it can promote anger. Do you ever pay attention to how your body responds when you eat? If not, you should start! The body’s unique system is designed to work in unison, and when we eat things that are not good for us, this can impact our mental health as well. “The saying “You are what you eat”, is indicative of how certain foods can impact your mental health for good or bad.”Your mental health when impacted through the environment, trauma, diet, genetics can possibly lead to mental illness such as: depression, anxiety, mood disorders and psychosis.2524 REFERENCE: https://www.cdc.gov/genomics-and-health/epigenetics/25 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/74P1a

72MENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTHStressStress is your body’s reaction to a challenge or demand. In short bursts stress can be positive, such as when it helps you to avoid danger or meet a deadline. But when stress lasts a long time, it can harm your health.26Now that you have a clearer understanding of spiritual health ask yourself, why is it important to be spiritually healthy?Think of it this way: If your emotions are out of control, the uncontrolled or out of control emotions can lead to stress or burnout. Stress - the feeling of emotional or physical tension, it can come from any event or thought that makes you frustrated, angry or nervous. “…when stress lasts a long time, it can harm your health.”Think of it this way: Cardiologist do stress test on the heart to check that the heart is not being overloaded from a physical perspective. If the heart is also an emotional organ, then your emotions can stress the heart as well. People of color, particularly women often experience “Broken Heart Syndrome/Takatsubo Syndrome” also known as stress cardiomyopathy. This is a condition brought on by stress and if not treated can lead to long term heart problems and potentially death.2726 REFERENCE: https://medlineplus.gov/stress.html 27 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/bEQTp

73MENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTHWithout adequate sleep you decrease the body’s ability to regenerate. The recommended number of hours for sleep is 7-8 hours a day.• Lack of sleep can alter how your brain functions• Lack of sleep can affect your relationships with family and friends• Lack of sleep can impact your work or business life When you lack sleep your mood can also be altered. You may be irritable, angry or even depressed. Your sleep is connected to your body systems that rely on a healthy sleep pattern to rejuvenate. So, the next time you want to cut sleep out because you are so busy! Remember to add sleep in and cut things out that can wait, because your sleep matters!“Without adequate sleep you decrease the body’s ability to regenerate..”Sleep27REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/mNweFSleep is vital to your whole health and well-being.27 Sleep gives your body a period of rest to: • Regenerate• Rejuvenate• Heal

Financial Financial LiteracyLiteracyHarre’ iserHarre’ iser

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy28 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/3vUgT29 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/D0HFyWhat is Financial Literacy? It is a combination of knowing how to manage your money so that you can maximize what you have through a budget. In other words, budgeting allows you to know what you have as income or a source of revenue coming in and what you are spending or owing - going out. What you spend and owe is going out of your wallet, purse, or budget.We should never spend more than what we can afford to spend - but with some; if not all, creditors as predators - a trap is set for us to fall into debt. Debt is what you owe, debt is also a liability.29 Liabilities are costly, if not balanced properly will lead to increasing debt.Harriet’s Sisters Whole Health Literacy encompasses every aspect of you as a whole individual – which focuses on your spiritual, physical, mental, and nancial well being.For African Americans and people of color, Financial Literacy28 is not a concept that is widely understood or discussed. When the world was impacted with the COVID-19 pandemic it was evident how much, most if not all African Americans and people of colorlacked knowledge in every aspect of life, including Financial Literacy. 75

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)30a REFERENCE: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asset.asp 30b REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/BH6XPThis section on Financial Literacy serves as a catalyst to get you thinking of what you do know and do not know about your nancial health. Financial Literacy is knowing how to manage your budget and leverage the skill of managing your money through investments and savings. A Story About Financial DebtJohn Doe/Jane Doe has had a substantial amount of income over the years, and they owe more than they can afford to spend. Their debt-to-income ratio does not add up. Why because they never took the time to budget or understand what their net worth is and what assets they have versus their liabilities. Let us just say they have more liabilities than they have assets.30aWhat is debt-to-income ratio?30bThis is your monthly income that is divided by the amount of debt you owe. John Doe/Jane Doe is not going to punish themselves for having more liabilities than assets, as they now have more knowledge to become nancially healthy.76

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)31 REFERENCE: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liability.asp32 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/kCg21Types of Liabilities Owed: student loans and/or car loans.31Types of Assets Owned: artwork, life insurance policies, 401B, 401K, 403B and IRA.Even though they have assets their liabilities are greater than what they owe.Assets have value owning your home builds equity (value) that you can use for a nancial emergency. Setting a budget - when planning to manage your money take time32 and sit down and prepare a budget. There are budget programs, apps, and spreadsheets to manage your nances. See link below for a free budget worksheet through consumer.gov.This is just one example of a budget worksheet. Please go to the reference section to nd nancial advisors/planners who may have free of low-cost downloadablebudget worksheets.77

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)REFERENCES 529 SAVINGS PLAN: https://shorturl.at/PCDhLCASH MANAGEMENT: https://shorturl.at/fZXSHHIGH YIELD SAVINGS: https://shorturl.at/aKzJ2TYPES OF CHECKING ACCCOUNTS: https://shorturl.at/3HNygPlease see the link below for the Ofce of the Comptroller of the Currency (occ.gov).https://www.occ.gov/topics/consumers-and-commu-nities/consumer-protection/depository-services/check-ing-accounts.htmlThere are six different types of checking accounts34, and each one varies according to what your goal is: 1. Regular/Traditional2. Interest bearing- you gain interest3. Rewards - you get cash back or other rewards when you have this type of checking account.4. Student Checking5. Second Chance - for individuals who had a checking account in the past but had some challenges maintaining their account.6. Premium CheckingTypes of Savings Accounts33Typically, a savings account is utilized to save money over time to have for several reasons such as purchasing a new home or car, paying for college, or for retirement. There are six types of savings accounts, and each type of account varies in setting your goal for saving. 1. Regular/Traditional2. CD (Certicate of Deposit)3. Specialty savings accounts such as college savings account or 529, a child’s savings account or custodial.4. High yield5. Cash Management - Usually for Investment6. Money Market Research to nd other types of savings accounts.Types of Checking AccountsTypically, a checking account is utilized to pay bills or other expenses as well as to make purchases. Some checking accounts require you to have a minimum balance. There are also free checking accounts. It is important that we know our rights when it comes to banking. 7833 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/0hXGQ34 REFERENCE: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/savings.asp

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)Your credit score36 is a rating given by the credit bureaus that indicates to a lender/bank your ability to pay based on a designated score. Your credit score can range from 300 to 850. With that range in mind your credit score can be designated as bad, fair, good, or excellent. Please note some banking institutions may not allow you to open a savings or checking account35 due to you having no credit or poor credit. However, do not be discouraged there are banks that will allow you to open an account. “It is important that we know our rights when it comes to banking.” What is Credit and your Credit Score?36Credit is how lenders/banks determine your ability to pay on money that is loaned to an individual. This could be through credit cards, applying for a mortgage or making some other substantial purchase or purchases. 7935 REFERENCE: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit.asp36 REFERENCE: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit_score.asp

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)This is just one example of how bad credit can occur, but a change in income due to loss of a job or illness can have the same impact. African Americans and People of Color, have rsthand experience with the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on them economically. “Over a period of time, you can repair your credit.”AlertAnnually you are allowed a free copy of your credit report. Please visit the most common credit bureaus for more information.1. Experian https://www.experian.com 2. Equifax https://shorturl.at/QTX62 3. Transunion https://www.transunion.com or visit: https://n9.cl/kyl9eNo need to fret on overwhelming debt or a poor credit score, like a car that can be repaired, if something goes bad, your credit score can be repaired. You might not be able to repair it as fast as having a car repaired, but do not despair. “…like a car that can be repaired, if something goes bad, your credit score can be repaired.” Over a period of time, you can repair your credit. You can choose to repair your credit on your own or get a company to assist you with repairing your credit. Like anything that relates to your use, shop around, read reviews and never give your information to a company that is not reputable. See BBB (Better Business Bureau) for some reputable credit repair companies. Predatory Lending Woes: in the 2000s around - 2008 to 2009 the mortgage industry crashed, this was due to predatory lending practices that left many individuals and families unable to pay their mortgage. As a result of the mortgage industry crashing-many individuals/families ended up with poor credit. 80REFERENCE: https://www.annualcreditreport.com/index.action

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)REITS (Real Estate Investment Trust): allows individuals to invent in large scale real estate. Index Funds: is a mutual fund or ETF that tracksthe index of the stock market index - such as the Standard & Poors index. It is less risky than following an individual stock but can provide a good return on investment. Index: tracks the performance of your investments/ assets. Cryptocurrency: is a form of digital or virtual currency that is protected by cryptography. Currently, cryptocurrency is deregulated meaning that there is no regulatory body such as the Securities and Exchange Commission overseeing the currency. This has enabled transactions to occur without a middleman (Bank). Types of Investments*** Stocks: also referred to as equities when purchasedare shares of a company; you are part owner of thatbusiness. The more shares you own of a companythe more leverage you have to make decisions about the company. You have certain rights as ashare holder.Bonds: represents you lending an investor money for a certain period with the promise that you will receive interest on the money you provided in the bond.Mutual Funds: are a combination of stocks, bonds, and short-term debts that an individual can purchase. For example, it is like buying small pieces of a big pie with a lower risk of the pie being completely lost. “The more shares you own of a company, the more leverage you have to make decisions about the company.”ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds): are like mutual funds but differ in that an ETF tracks the index of a stock and can be traded and sold on the stock exchange. 81Refer To Reference Section Within The Application ***Please Note – this information is not intended for you to make any investments without seeking the advice of a nancial expert. Please see link to some well-known nancial experts who are African American, Black, or a person of color.

FINANCIAL LITERACYFinancial Literacy | (cont’d)Mutual Fundshttps://shorturl.at/Bhj5wETFs (Exchange Traded Funds)https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/etf.asp REITShttps://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/reit.aspIndex Fundhttps://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/indexfund.aspIndex https://shorturl.at/sP2nP Cryptocurrencyhttps://shorturl.at/Zu8UXReturn on Investmenthttps://www.investopedia.com/roiExpense Ratiohttps://www.forbes.com/expense-ratio/TERMSMutual Fundsa mutual fund is a company that pools money from many investors and invests the money in securities such as stocks, bonds, and short-term debt.Index tracks the performance of your investment/assetReturn on Investment (ROI)indicates how well an investment performsExpense Ratio is the fee you pay for having a fund:Mutual and ETFs managed by a brokerage rm. REFERENCES FOR FINANCIAL LITERACY Bonds https://www.investor.gov/bonds Stockshttps://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stock.asp82

Aging with Aging with GraceGraceHarre’ iserHarre’ iser

84AGING WITH GRACEAging with Grace37How do you view aging?This question is sort of like the metaphor of the glass half empty versus the glass half full. We either view or perceive aging as a curse or as a blessing. Aging: the process of growing old. If we look at aging as a blessing, then we know that to age means we have lived longer in years.The process of aging comes with changes to our bodies. The changes that occur vary from individual to individual. The changes in our bodies that occur with aging can be inuenced by genetics, diet,environment, socioeconomics and or lifestyle.The good thing is aging can be graceful! To age with grace is having the ability to prepare. Preparing does not mean you are preparing to die, but simply you are preparing to live.37 “If we look at aging as a blessing, then we know that to age means we have lived longer in years.”37REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/oztUN

85AGING WITH GRACEAging with Grace | (cont’d) Preparing to live your life as you age, knowing that despite genetics, diet, environment, socioeconomics and or lifestyle, there can be grace with aging. As we age arthritis can be challenging when our bones become stiff. Arthritis is inammation that occurs in our bones. Sometimes our diet can promote inammation, but the best way to know if a certain fruit or vegetable causes inammation, is to maintain a food diary. Maintaining a food diary is a good way to track foods that make your body respond unkindly.Some common responses to aging:ConstipationArthritis Vision ChangesMuscle LossConstipation can be due to a lack of ber, water, and inactivity. As we age, we tend to want to drink less water out of fear of incontinence. We tend to be less active. Being less active can decrease our muscle mass, cause our joints to stiffen, and our body functions to slow down. One common body system that slows down is the digestive system. The slowing down of the digestive system can cause constipation.

86AGING WITH GRACEAging with Grace | (cont’d) Incontinence38a: lack of voluntary response overurination or defecation. Some foods to help with constipation as they contain more ber than overly processed foods that have little to no ber. Fiber rich foods also contain more water. Some foods with ber are listed below: Apples, Prunes, Legumes, Flaxseed, Sweet Potatoes, Pears Consult a nutritionist/dietician if you have anydietary restrictions or concerns. If you nd yourself straining to have a bowel movement, consult your health provider as you do not want to cause a vasovagal response. Vasovagal response38b a sudden drop-in heart rate and blood pressure leading to fainting, otherwise known as syncope. “Consult a nutritionist/dietician if you have any dietary restrictions or concerns.”38a REFERENCE: https://t.ly/vqPBK38b REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/ZWKM9

87AGING WITH GRACEAging with Grace | (cont’d) Your vision may change with aging: As we age cataracts can develop, or muscular degeneration or glaucoma. Change in your ability to see up close or distinguish colors can also occur. Eye care includes eating foods that support eye health and seeing a health professional at any sign of vision change.Muscle Loss39 also known as sarcopenia with aging is common and diet and activity can slow down the process.Having a balance of activity, food intake and spiritual/mental enrichment is a healthy way to age with grace. The ability to maintain some if not all your livelihood, is better than having no livelihood at all. “Having a balance of activity, food intake and spiritual/ mental enrichment is a healthy way to age with grace.”39REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/RYJRS

88BEERS LISTBeers ListBeers List is a list of medications that are potentially dangerous to adults 65 and older. The prescribing of medications by your health care provider should be considered based on the risks and benets. As we age the kidneys and liver that handle breaking down and ridding the body of waste no longer function optimally. Prescribed medications are primarily metabolized by the kidneys. The urinary system, like all the body systems, begins to decline due to aging.“As we age the kidneys and liver that handle breaking down and ridding the body of waste no longer function optimally.”When your health care provider is considering prescribing medications and those prescriptions are sent to the pharmacy to be lled, the pharmacist handles doing a medication reconciliation. Please note, if you have more than one health care provider that is prescribing medication it is important that there be communication between the providers. This happens less often and sometimes the medications are not compatible with being prescribed together. The pharmacist should do a medication reconciliation to nd out if you are taking medications that are not compatible or that should not be prescribed to adults 65 or older. There are some medication reconciliation websites on the internet that can be accessed to check if your medication is compatible. Please be mindful that when using these websites; the use does not negate informing your health care provider about your concerns. Always consult a health care professional. REFERENCE: Beers List: https://shorturl.at/wrPNshttps://shorturl.at/GkIhzMEDICATION RECONCILIATION:https://www.drugs.com/fda-consumer(See the interaction checker at the top of the webpage)***Please note there are phone applicationss that can check for medication interactions

Health-RelatedHealth-RelatedDocumentsDocumentsHarre’ iserHarre’ iser

90HEALTH-RELATED DOCUMENTSHealth-Related DocumentsMOLST Form: also known as Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment. This form advises your loved ones of the treatments you want or do not want forthe sustaining of your life. Do not resuscitate and do not intubate also known as a DNR/DNI informs anyone of your wish to not have CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) to keep your heart going or intubation to have a ventilator breathe for you if you are unable to breathe on your own. FACT: It is possible to have just a DNR or DNI.The difference between the MOLST and DNR or DNI is that MOLST can list a variety of life sustaining treatments while the DNR and DNI specify you do not want CPR or intubation; if you are incapacitated.POA (Power of Attorney): is a document that designates an individual or individuals you wish to make nancial decisions for you once you are not able to do so yourself. Health Care Proxy: is a document that designates an individual or individuals the right to make health care decisions for you when you are incapable of making health decisions for yourself. Please Note: the name of a proxy form may vary from State to State but the premise of the form’s use remains the same.No one plans for illness or death.But when these two life events occur, it is better to have health care documents available should you be incapable of making health related decisions.

91HEALTH-RELATED DOCUMENTSTypes of InsuranceHealth Insurance is used to cover your healthcare. Health insurance can cover primary careservices, hospitalization, skilled nursing facilities,home health, cancer care, hospice care, andspecialty services. The cost of insurance varies by City and State and the insurance premiumstypically cost more if you want more medical coverage.Coordination of benets is the process of identifying whether you have additional health insurance. If you have additional health insurance then it needs to be determined which is the primary insurance, secondary insurance and so on. Primary Insurance is the main insurance someone may have, and it covers usually the cost of doctor visits, specialty visits and hospitalization.Secondary Insurance carries the same type of coverage as primary insurance but may not be the initial source used for health coverage. This insurance may be used if something is not covered by your primary insurance. Typically, this occurs when the primary benets have been used up or capped.

92TYPES OF INSURANCETypes of Insurance | (cont’d) Part C is a managed Medicare option which ismanaged through private insurance companiessuch as Anthem, United Health Care, Humana, etc.This type of coverage is known as a MedicareAdvantage plan. This plan covers part A, B and Dof Medicare with some limitations on what doctors you can use, or the types of medications covered under the plan. Insurance Co-Pays are fees that are charged for doctor visits or specialty visits. Cancer care and hospice coverage - some insurance plans do not cover this type of care and you should check with your employer benets department or insurance exchange if you desire to have cancer care benets or hospice benets. There may be an additional cost in your insurance premium.Please Note: Your hospice service in a facility is covered under Medicare. However, your room and board is not covered under Medicare if receiving hospice services. Visit: www.CMS.gov for more information.Supplemental Insurance serves as an augment or support for primary insurance. For example, Medicare as the primary insurance may not pay for the full cost of medications and having a supplemental plan may pay the remaining cost. Dually eligible individuals have both Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is always primary and when Medicare insurance has been used up or capped,Medicaid will be used for the additionalmedical cost. Medicare and its Parts: Medicare has 4 parts A, B, D and C. The main three parts are part A, which covers your hospital stay, your skilled nursing stay for physical rehabilitation, home health care an hospice care.Part B covers your doctor visits, home health, preventative testing/screening, vaccinations and outpatient appointments.Part D covers medications-some medications may not be covered, and a supplemental or secondary insurance may cover the cost.

93TYPES OF INSURANCETypes of Insurance | (cont’d) Universal Life this type of policy is similar to whole life with some limitations to the death benet and cash value. Variable is a type of policy has a death benet and cash value, but the value can vary as it is driven by the type of investments your policy is linked to.Burial/Funeral this type of policy pays for the costof your funeral or burial arrangements.Survivorship Life this is a policy that a couple maytake out when they want to leave beneciaries suchas their children money after their death. This typeof policy pays a benet after both parties aredeceased.Mortgage covers the balance of your mortgage. For information on each type of policy - please contact an insurance agent. Medicaid is a State coverage funded under the State in which you live in. Medicaid is generally available to individuals who have limited to no income and or they rely on government assistance. Please note: if you have Medicaid in one State you are not able to use this type of insurance in another State. Each State’s Medicaid coverage varies. (State funded) Medicare coverage can be used from State to State. (Government funded) However, with a Medicare advantage plan, your coverage may be limited to your home State.Life Insurance: is a product that is purchased for life events such as; death; to borrow a loan for college; a home or even wedding expenses. This type of life insurance generally has a cash value and accumulates over a period of time. Types of Life Insurance Policies: Whole Life- this type of policy is in place for the duration of your life and can accumulate a cash value.Term Life you pay this insurance for a specied term of years. INSURANCE REFERENCES: CHOICES: https://shorturl.at/5fQN1MEDICARE &MEDICAID: https://shorturl.at/HNtjbBEST HEALTH INSURANCE COMPANIES: https://shorturl.at/eVGgi

94DEATH & DYINGDeath & Dying• Last Will & Testament• Living Will• Health Care Proxy• Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (MOLST)• Long/Short Term Disability Advance Directives: these are documents that you as an individual can make your wishes known when you are unable to do so or when you die.Health Care Proxy: this document enables someone to make medical decisions for you when you are unable to do so. You can have a primary proxy and a secondary proxy.Living Will/Medical Power of Attorney (MPOA): is a type of advance directive that delineates what you want and don’t want, should you become incapacitated (unable to make healthcare decisions for yourself).Power of Attorney (POA): this document gives a designated individual power over your nances when you are unable to manage your nances.

95TYPES OF PRACTIONERSTypes of PractionersMedical Doctor (MD) and Doctor of OsteopathicMedicine (DO)40There are many types of health practitioners who practice in the health care environment to prevent and treat disease. The most common type of practitioner is the medical doctor who has a MDbehind his or her name. Doctor of OsteopathicMedicine has a DO behind their name. Over the years many other types of practitioners inhealth care have gained momentum as individualsprefer to have alternative forms of treatment otherthan the traditional allopathic form of medicine. To distinguish between allopathic and osteopathic medicine, allopathic medicine treats disease with the use of drugs/medications. Whereas osteopathicmedicine treats disease from a wholistic approach that includes but is not limited to the manipulation of bones, muscles, and joints.Medical doctors also branch out into specialties that address each body system.40REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/tNAGh

96TYPES OF PRACTIONERSTypes of Practioners | (cont’d) Chiropractor42 - a chiropractor has obtained a doctor-ate degree in chiropractic medicine. Chiropractors specialize in treating the neuromuscular system withemphasis on spinal alignment, neck, back and knee pain. Some chiropractors specialize in kinesiology with a focus on how the body moves in relation tomisalignment. For health conditions that have to do with treating the nerves, bones, muscles, tendon, and ligaments a chiropractor is an alternative when coupled with nutrition and exercise as opposed to seeing an MD. Because allopathic medicine has been noted to fragment an individual’s care - the alternative with a wholistic approach has been the use of a DO or Nurse Practitioner. An NP because of their nursing background learned in nursing school to address the whole person, which encompasses the physical, spiritual, and psycho-social aspects.Depending on the State in which an individual lives the NP can practice as a sole practitioner or overseen by an MD. The NP also has prescriptive privileges like the MD and DO.For example, the gastroenterologist primary focus is on treating diseases of the digestive system. *Please see the section on Systems of the Body for the specic organs of the digestive system.Nurse Practitioner41 - has an RN license however, the role is considered an advanced practice role. This means in addition to the NP having a registered nurse license with a master’s or Doctorate degree the NP also has completed advanced training and passed one of the certication exams through the ANCC or AANP.The NP can also have a specialty and practice as afamily, gerontological, obstetrical or psychiatric NP. 41 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/B671e42 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/GETpJ

97TYPES OF PRACTIONERSTypes of Practioners | (cont’d) Psychiatrist:45 a psychiatrist is an MD or DO who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. The psychiatrist can prescribe medication to treat mental disorders. Sometimes a psychiatrist is paired with a psychologist orpsychotherapist to provide both medication and treatment modalities to address mental health issues. In addition, the psychiatrist may incorporate psychotherapy as part of a treatment plan.Psychologist:46 is a trained professional who has grad-uate and post graduate training to diagnose and treat mental disorders. A psychologist is required to pass a licensure exam or other test to practice. Unlike a psychiatrist, psychologist do not prescribe medication. Some psychologists may opt to just do research or teach in their eld. Some forms of treatment may include talk therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.Physician Assistant/Associate:43 - works in collaboration with MD, DO and NP in medical ofces or in the hospital setting. Although a PA can prescribe medication their role functions under the supervision of a MD or DO. Geriatrician:44 this is an MD or DO who specializes in treating the older adult. Typically, the older adult may have co-existing chronic diseases also noted as comorbidities.With comorbidities the older adult tends to have multiple medications prescribed to treat their various chronic diseases. Geriatricians are mindful of what medications may not be appropriate and will address polypharmacy (the prescribing of multiple medica-tions) issues. See Beers List link for information about the risk of polypharmacy.45 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/UtRH746 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/x8nxK43 REFERENCE: https://www.aapa.org/what-is-a-pa/ 44 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/M8Wta

TYPES OF INSURANCETypes of Practioners | (cont’d) DEFINITIONS Allopathy49 the treatment of disease by conventional means, i.e., with drugs having opposite effects to the symptoms.Osteopathy50 a branch of medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles.Homeopathy51 the treatment of disease by minute doses of natural substances that in a healthy person would produce symptoms of disease.Psychotherapist:47 are trained professionals with a masters or doctoral degree. Psychotherapistsprovide long term counseling to address patternsof behavior that may interfere with an individual’s goals, relationships, and ability to manage stress. Psychotherapist do not diagnose or prescribe medication.Herbalists:48 are individuals who use medicinalherbs/plants for healing. Some types of herbalists may identify as a naturopath, wholistic medical practitioner, herbal pharmacist or a traditional or wholistic healer.49 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/ULahm50 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/Y2EaZ51 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/OdfY647 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/ylrWZ48 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/EreBE98

HEALTHCARE NAVIGATIONHealthcare NavigationPreventative Care: Use this tool to help you understand the types of preventative care. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.54 (See link)Preventative Care Services: Routine health care that includes screenings, check-ups, and patient counseling to prevent illnesses, disease, or other health problems.55 (See link)How do I access healthcare when I have no insurance or have limited income? Federally Qualied Health Care (FQHC). Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC).These are governmental funded programs to provide low to no cost healthcare.Dental Health: Low cost to no cost dental. Some dental schools have programs that provide dentalcare at a reduced or no cost to the individual.Navigating your health care in a healthcare system that is not easily navigational can contribute to varying health outcomes.Varying health outcomes means when an individual’s access to health care is limited by income, race, and or demographics there is the likelihood of having poor health outcomes.Poor health outcomes are linked to health disparities.Health disparities are rooted in systemic racism where Blacks, people of color, African Americans have limited access to a livable source of income, limited access to health care, and limited access to healthy food sources.52Systemic racism has deprived Blacks, people of color, and African Americans of equitable access to resources.At the root of systemic racism is the belief that Blacks, people of color, African Americans are inferior. This falsehood as well as many others has led to Jim Crow laws, redlining, separate but equal, and brutalization.53 (See link)Health disparities between Blacks and whites run deep | News | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health52 (See link)52 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/lpgOY 53 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/BIR7R54 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/yfrNr55 REFERENCE: https://shorturl.at/nksbe99

100HEALTHCARE NAVIGATIONHealthcare Navigation | (cont’d) Normal heart/pulse rate: 60-100 bpm (beats per minute) Preventive health focuses on helping individuals stay healthy by making sure the baseline or normal lab values, blood pressure and blood glucose stay within the normal range.How do you prevent disease? Focus on healthy habits, such as eating a balance diet, getting adequate sleep, and exercise. Be mindful of what you feed yourself spiritually, physically, and mentally.If you have a chronic or chronic illnesses (co- morbidities) you should consider a plan that has comprehensive coverage (See Types of Insurance)Accessing HealthcareMedicare coverage is nationally managed while Medicaid is managed by State. You can get information about Medicare and Medicaid from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. www.CMS.govChoosing Health Coverage: When choosing health coverage, choose coverage that will cover your health care needs.Typically, if your health is considered good and you do not have a chronic illness a health plan that covers having an annual physical exam and health screenings is a good start. (See your baseline). Your baseline are your lab values, blood pressure, pulse, temperature, blood glucose (blood sugar) levels or range before a chronic illness takes place.Normal blood pressure: less than 120/80https://shorturl.at/xO43eHigh Blood Pressure Symptoms and Causeshttps://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/

101HEALTHCARE NAVIGATIONHealthcare Navigation | (cont’d) Denitions and ReferencesHealth Disparities: Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations. Fact Sheet: Health Disparitieshttps://shorturl.at/EjYeaPrimary Care: Health services that cover a range of prevention, wellness, and treatment for common illnesses. Primary care providers include doctors, nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. They often maintain long-term relationships with you and advise and treat you on a range of health- related issues. They may also coordinate your care with specialists.Use this health care glossary to look up health related information: https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/

Legacy BuildingLegacy BuildingHarre’ iserHarre’ iser

103LEGACY BUILDINGLegacy BuildingHow to Develop Legacy ThinkingPeople often think of a “legacy” in terms of money or property left in a Will or passed down through generations. But your legacy can also be a measure of your impact on other people: how they think, what they say, and what they do as a result of having known you. With legacy thinking, you “start with the end in mind.” You identify the long-term impact that you’d like to make, and then assess the changes that you need to put into place to reach that point. What makes up a legacy?A legacy is a lasting impact on the world. It’s a gift that is passed down through generations: money, property or even stories. It can also be a business – or the prots from a business, set up in a foundation or charity. Leaving a legacy means dreaming big and changing the world for the better. Which type of plan can be used for legacy planning?One of the best ways to protect yourself, your loved ones, and your wealth is with an estate plan–a compilation of legal documents describing your wishes regarding the transfer of your home, investments, savings, and othertypes of assets after you die.REFERENCEhttps://www.mindtools.com/a3axrm1/what-is-legacythinking

104LEGACY BUILDINGHarriet’s Sisters Four-Point Legacy BuildingNo matter where you are on your life’s journey, you may one day ask yourself, what legacy do I want to leave behind? It’s no secret the unsurmountable accomplishments of Harriet Tubman also known as “Minty” or Araminta Ross. She understood the power of GOD and what is meant to stay on the course to help not only herself get to freedom, but countless others. The legacy she leaves behind is lled with the tenacity of a woman moved by the Spirit of GOD, while using her physical strength to overcome what some of us would probably nd impossible to do; like walk in the wilderness, cross over waterways, and cross enemy lines to freedom. “[Harriet Tubman] understood the power of God and what it meant to stay the course…”But it took courage and the mental fortitude to overcome what the enemy meant for bad, but GOD meant for good. Lastly, it was the nances of not only Harriet’s brown brothers and sisters, but of those who looked like the enslavers, who provided nancial backing to help dispel an atrocity to human existence... enslavement of GOD’s people.In Matthew chapter ve, verse 14 through 16 Jesus is speaking to a crowd of believers, and he goes on to say; “You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden. Nor do they light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on a lamp stand, and it gives light to all who are in the house. Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven.”Your light, your spiritual presence is what people, your family and friends will remember when you have passed on. They will remember your spiritual legacy, which you will leave behind. Not because of who you are, but because of whose you are, GOD’s light in a world lled with darkness.

105LEGACY BUILDINGPhysical Legacy Mental LegacyThere are physical monuments built that aresymbolisms of someone leaving a legacy. But most of those monuments were erected for not onlygood people but bad people. The physical legacyyou get to leave behind will depend on you. Some people have very interesting life stories, and those stories are captured through writing, and lm.Harriet’s story is a physical presence that we getto read repeatedly if we choose. But she had ahouse built and that house stands as a physicallegacy, which was a home. A home for many who would otherwise not have a home. Physical legacy also correlates with a nancial legacy, which will be addressed later. Lastly, your physical legacy also represents who you are, in your fearfully and wonderfully made body. While you are here reading this piece on Harriet’s Sisters fourpoint legacy, ask yourself, what foundation can I lay to leave a lasting physical legacy? When Harriet’s Sisters thinks of physical legacy, we look at the story of Abraham, where GOD tells him that because of his obedience many nations will be blessed.(Reference: Genesis 12:3; 18:18). Your physical presence now, as that spiritual light, will be remembered for the good you bring while serving others.Do not think for a minute that Harriet’s mental state was not challenged. Movies are good on the big screen because the movie makes everything seem so simple, but I guarantee nothing was simple to our dear sister Harriet Tubman. Mentally, I could only imagine what was going through Harriet’s mind as she had to cross enemy lines to get to freedom. The mental legacy she left behind afrms that when she trusted GOD with all her heart and mind, all things were possible to Harriet who believed. Dear brothers and sisters your mental stability matters, because when you ignore the fear, and understand that what GOD gave you was not a spirit of fear, but a spirit of power, love, and a sound mind (2 Timothy 1:7). You can leave a mental legacy, which will signify to others that you had the mental fortitude to carry out GOD’s purpose for your life. GOD’s purpose for your life does not look the same as your brother or sister, because we all have an indi-vidual purpose. To clarify the last statement, your ngerprints are your own, no one else has your ngerprints. Why because you were made uniquely, fearfully and wonderfully.

106LEGACY BUILDINGFinancial LegacyI would rather have Jesus than silver and gold are lyrics to a song. I believe the composer of these lyrics did not mean we should not want to have a nancial legacy. Instead having Jesus as the foundation, helps us appreciate the blessing of having a nancial legacy. Leaving a nancial legacy allows those who are left behind to continue the legacy. The term real estate does not only apply to the physical presence of owning a piece of property, but also to the tangible presence of something “real” and having an “estate.”Your estate is comprised of what physical property you own as well as the value of that property. Having land with no physical structure present can also be a part of that nancial legacy you leave behind.We have heard all the negative constructs put in place to prevent people of color, negroes, black and brown people, or minorities from owning real estate. But know this, what the enemy meant for bad, GOD meant for good. At Harriet’s Sisters we left legacy building for last. You may ask why? Our answer is we laid a foundation through the ordering of our steps that took you on a journey through what it means to be whole spiritually, physically, mentally, and nancially.We are whole because GOD made us whole, it is only the world that chooses to divide us so we can be conquered. The next time someone wants to ignore the whole you, you are now armed with information, which supports the whole of you.Lovingly,Harre’ iserHarre’ iser(Rev. Jennifer R. Williams and Minister Saundra Sirmans)

ReferencesReferencesHarre’ iserHarre’ iserHistorical Construct of Health Care in the U.S.

108REFERENCEShttps://theafricanhistory.com/770https://www.awaytoafrica.com/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593958/pdf/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/ Figure of IMHOTEPhttps://shorturl.at/V3Ag7Info on IMHOTEPhttps://www.blackfacts.com/fact/imhotep https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19203075/ CITATION:Mikic Z. [Imhotep--builder, physician, god]. Med Pregl. 2008 Sep-Oct;61(9-10):533-8. Serbian. PMID: 19203075Info About Edwin Smith Papyrus https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989268/CITATION:van Middendorp, J. J., Sanchez, G. M., & Burridge, A. L. (2010). The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries.European spine journal: ofcial publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 19(11), 1815–1823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1523-6Info on Hippocrates and the Four Humors https://rb.gy/9czqz9Eastern Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) https://rb.gy/2rzk8l Galen a Student of Hippocrates https://shorturl.at/A14ugClinical Pharmacology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885127/Info on the History of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/200years.pdfDr. Sim’s and Experimentation on Enslaved People of Color https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/19/1/28.full.pdfFalse Beliefs, Pain Management and Thicker Skin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843483/African American, Blacks, People of Color in Medicine https://shorturl.at/UY1lj https://shorturl.at/7e4Ur https://shorturl.at/Ca8PQReferences

109REFERENCESDr. Tony Evanshttps://tonyevans.org/Boris L. Hensonhttps://borislhensonfoundation.org/Priscilla Shirerhttps://www.goingbeyond.com/Backpack Healthcarehttps://hellobackpack.com/Jackie Hill-Perryhttps://jackiehillperry.com/NAMI-National Alliance on Mental Illnesshttps://www.nami.org/Russell D. McCainhttps://shorturl.at/qMeJfBlack Men Healhttps://blackmenheal.org/Links & QR CodesSPIRITUAL RESOURCES MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES

110REFERENCESADAA-Anxiety & Depres-sion Association of Americahttps://shorturl.at/PET1cTiffany Aliche-The Budgetnistahttps://thebudgetnista.com/American Foundation for Suicide Prevention: Mental Health Resources forMarginalized Communitieshttps://shorturl.at/rCAlxJay Morrisonhttps://shorturl.at/OTUycDr. Boyce Watsonhttps://theblackbusinessschool.com/Physical (Medicine) Resourceshttps://shorturl.at/HBCYkJay Morrisonhttps://www.legacycenter.com/Alicia Holmes- Journey to Wealthhttps://shorturl.at/wkxB7Links & QR Codes | (cont’d) (ADDITIONAL) MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCESFINANCIAL RESOURCES(ADDITIONAL) FINANCIAL RESOURCES

111REFERENCES1. Spiritual Economics by: Eric Butterworth2. Praying the Names of God by: Ann Spangler3. The Four Agreements by: Don Miguel Ruiz4. Stillness Speaks by: Eckhart Tolle5. The Game of Life and How To Play It by: Florence Scovel Shinn6. Holy Bible - Original African Heritage Edition; General Editor: Cain Hope Felder, PH.D.PHYSICAL & NUTRITIONAL HEALTHAn Introduction to Veganism and Agricultural Glo-balism by: Omowale AdewaleBrotha Vegan by: Omowale Adewale FINANCIAL HEALTH1. Get Good with Money by: Tiffany Aliche 2. The Color of Money by: Mehrsa Baradaran3. The Energy of Money by: Maria Nemeth, PH.D.4. Teri Ijeoma (Using The Stock Market to Become Debt Free) – https://tradeandtravel.comMENTAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTH1. The Sum of Us by: Heather McGee2. Feel The Fear and Do It Anyway by: Susan Jeffers, PH.D.3. Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome by: Dr. Joy DeGruy4. Goddesses In Every Woman by: Jean Shinoda Bolen, M.D.5. Creative Visualization by: Shakti Gawain6. The underground Railroad Records by: William Still7. The Lost Art of Compassion by: Lorne Ladner, PH.D.8. Harriet – The Moses of Her People by: Sarah H. Bradford9. Barracoon by: Zora Neale Hurston10. Black Fatigue by: Mary-Frances Wi11. Combee by: Edda L. Fields-Black12. Inamed (Deep Medicine and the Anatomy of Injustice) by: Rupa Marya & Raj PatelBook ResourcesSPIRITUAL HEALTH

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