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ONTARIO Ontario History 1 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Copyright 2018 by Arrowwood Holdings Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means including photocopying recording or other electronic or mechanical methods without the prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non commercial uses permitted by copyright law For permission requests write to the publisher ISBN 978 1 989397 18 3 The Great Canadian Adventure Box 4 Arrowwood AB T0L 0B0 www thegreatcanadianadventure ca Proposed Schedule Week 1 Week 4 Introduction How the Revolution affected slavery The Underground Railroad The War of 1812 Week 2 Week 5 The Anishinaabeg People Immigration the Rebellions of 1837 Residential Schools Codebreaking the Arms Week 3 Early Settlement the Treaty of Paris Taxation Movie options The Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party the Intolerable Acts Lexington Concord the Declaration of Independence Peace Ontario History 2 Felicity An American Girl Adventure Belle 2013 PG 11 Amazing Grace 2006 PG 11 Kevin Hart s Guide to Black History The Who Was Show S1 E5 S1 10 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

ONTARIO HISTORY TOPICS TITLE AUTHOR ISBN ASIN The Underground Railroad American Girl Real Stories From My Time The Underground Railroad Hurry Freedom Bonnie Bader 978 1338148923 Frieda Wishinsky 978 1897349151 The Patchwork Path Bettye Stroud 978 0439851176 Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt Under the quilt of night Deborah Hopkinson 978 0679874720 Deborah Hopkinson 978 0689877001 Barefoot Pamela Duncan Edwards 978 0060271374 Follow the Drinking Gourd Jeanette Winter 978 0679819974 Grandmother s Dreamcatcher Becky Ray McCain 978 0807530320 Life in an Anishinabe Camp Niki Walker 978 0778704652 The Birdman Troon Harrison 978 0889955066 Moses Carole Boston Weatherford 9780786851751 The Ojibwe Susan Stan 9780866253819 Ojibwe Community Laura K Murray 9781773080048 The Legend of the Ladyslipper Lise Lunge Larsen 9780395905128 Dreamcatcher Audrey Osofsky 9780531059883 When we were Alone David Alexander Robertson 978 1553796732 The Best Part of Me Wendy Ewald 978 1550391213 Shi shi etko Nicola Campbell 978 0888996596 Shin chi s Canoe Nicola Campbell 978 0888998576 Fatty Legs A True Story Christy Jordan Fenton 978 1554512461 I am not a number Jenna Ky Dupuis 978 1927583944 A Stranger at Home A True Story As long as the rivers flow Christy Jordan Fenton 978 1554513611 Larry Loyie 978 0888996961 When I was eight Christy Jordan Fenton 978 1554514908 Stolen Words Melanie Florence 978 1772600377 Sugar Falls David Alexander Robertson 978 1553793342 The Defenders Robert Livesey 9780773756656 Tecumseh James Laxer 9781554981236 The Loxleys and the War of 1812 Alan Grant 9780986820007 The Death of Isaac Brock Pierre Berton 9780771014260 Jeremy s War 1812 John Ibbitson 9781550749885 Stop that stagecoach Frieda Wishinsky 978 1897349632 The Ojibwe Residential Schools The War of 1812 Ontario History 3 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Table of Contents Cover Page for Ontario p1 Table of Contents p4 Introduction to Ontario p5 6 The Underground Railroad p7 15 The Anishinaabeg People of the Great Lakes p16 22 Residential Schools p23 26 Timeline of Events Leading Up to Confederation Early Settlement The Treaty of Paris Taxation p27 The Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts p28 Lexington Concord Declaration of Independence Peace p29 31 Slavery the Revolution p32 33 How did the American Revolution Affect Canada p34 The War of 1812 p35 42 Political Patronage p43 44 Immigration The Rebellions of 1837 p46 48 Codebreaking the Arms p50 Decorative Paper for Scrapbooking p52 56 Ontario History 4 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Hello all I m Harriet I m lucky enough to have the same name as the lady that saved us Harriet Tubman She helped my family come to Canada when things were very bad in the United States My grandfather was captured in his homeland of Africa and sold to slave traders He and 200 other people were shipped on the flat of their backs to America where a big cotton farmer bought him off the ship Like many other African people before him he was thought of as that farmer s property and his children including my mother were sold to other farms in the area Slavery was common in America and most of the world including America during the 1700s In Newfoundland we learned that the Irish came as indentured servants working as labourers for the people who paid their way to Canada The agreement was that they would work for seven years and then be released Slavery in America was different People from Africa were stolen or taken without their permission forced on to ships and sold as servants for the rest of their lives My mom and dad worked in the cotton fields and were given one set of clothes that had to last them a year My dad was often beaten and forced to work long hours with little rest Since we were the property of the farmer we had no rights and we had to obey our master every hour of the day every day of the week We knew that any one of us could be sold at any time because slaves were usually not allowed to stay together as a family for long We all knew that I would be of working age after my eighth birthday and would either be sent to work in the cotton fields but more likely I would be sold If I was sold I would never see my parents again because slaves were never allowed to leave the farms they were sold to This is when a lady told my mom about Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad That sounds like a train right But it wasn t I ll tell you all about it So come along on your Great Canadian Adventure of Ontario Ontario History 5 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Ontario History 6 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Desperate LIVES Slave life varied greatly depending on many factors Life on the fields meant working from sunup to sundown six days a week and having food sometimes not suitable for an animal to eat Typical rules for slaves Plantation slaves lived in small shacks with a dirt floor and little or no furniture Life on large plantations with a cruel overseer was oftentimes the worst However work for a small farm owner who was not doing well could mean not being fed The stories about cruel overseers were certainly true in some cases The overseer was paid to get the most work out of the slaves therefore overseers often resorted to whatever means was necessary Slaves were often whipped locked in boxes chained to the ground starved of food It was also not illegal to kill a slave since they were considered property and not people In some cases a driver was used rather than an overseer The difference between the overseer and the driver was simple drivers were slaves themselves A driver might be convinced by a master to manage the slaves for better privileges Drivers were usually hated by the rest of the slaves These feelings often led to violence Large plantations often required some slaves to work in the plantation home These slaves enjoyed far better circumstances Domestic slaves lived in better quarters and received better food They sometimes were able to travel with the owner s family In many cases a class system developed within the slave community Domestic slaves did not often associate themselves with plantation slaves They often aspired to arrange courtships for their children with other domestic slaves Ontario History 1 One could not do business with a slave without the prior consent of the owner 2 Slaves could be awarded as prizes in raffles wagered in gambling offered as security for loans and transferred as gifts from one person to another 3 A slave was not permitted to keep a gun If caught carrying a gun the slave received 39 lashes and forfeited the gun 4 Slaves were held incompetent as witnesses in legal cases involving whites 5 Slaves were not allowed to go to school 6 Anyone operating a school or teaching reading and writing to any AfricanAmerican in Missouri could be punished by a fine of not less than 500 and up to six months in jail 7 Slaves could not assemble without a white person present 8 Marriages between slaves were not considered legally binding Therefore owners were free to split up families through sale Think about the rules listed above and consider what the purpose of each rule was What were the slave owners trying to prevent with each rule 7 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Ontario History 8 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Slavery in Canada In Canada slavery was a practice even before the arrival of the Europeans with some Indigenous peoples enslaving prisoners taken in war Europeans brought a different kind of slavery to Canada however Unlike Indigenous people Europeans did not see enslaved people as human beings but rather as property that could be bought and sold Europeans viewed slavery in racial terms with Indigenous people and Africans serving and white people ruling as masters The colony of New France founded in 1608 was the first major European settlement in what is now Canada Slavery was an accepted practice in the territory When New France was conquered by the British in 1759 there were approximately 4 000 enslaved people amongst the 60 000 or so inhabitants of the settlement The vast majority of them were Indigenous but Black enslaved people also existed as a result of the transatlantic slave trade Enslaved people made up a much smaller proportion of the population in Canada than they did in the United States and this meant that some of the worst traits of slavery there the need for overseers the horrible practices of forcing enslaved people to have babies and the strict controls to prevent slaves from uprisings did not happen in Canada We can not assume however that enslaved people in Canada were well treated The very nature of slavery meant that its victims were stripped of their basic human rights and exploited Defiant or troublesome enslaved people were often severely punished and physical abuse was always a very real threat Enslaved people often fought back against slavery by helping each other to get food or better conditions My slaves ran away or helped others to do so Slavery continued after the British conquest of New France but Black enslaved people came to replace Indigenous people Ontario History 9 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Railroad Without a Train Slavery wasn t abolished during the American Revolution but between the American Revolution and the American Civil War abolitionists worked tirelessly to help slaves escape their bondage They used what became known as the Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a secret network of people homes and hideouts that thousands of slaves in the United States used to escape to freedom in Canada It was not a railroad for a train it was a route that people used to escape slavery Think about the words used in the railroad and consider what hidden meanings those words might have in the Underground Railroad Literal Meaning Railroad A way to transport people by train Conductor A person that makes sure people get on and off the train safely Train Station A place where trains stop and passengers or goods can get on or off Ontario History Secret Meaning 10 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Travelling on the Underground Railroad was difficult and dangerous Slaves would often travel by foot at night and sneak from one station to the next hoping not to get caught When slaves escaped the law said that they could be put to death and the people that helped them could also be hanged It was a very dangerous venture and people risked their lives to save others When people want to send a message about something that is a secret they often use writing in a code Codes are a way to change the words in a message so the original meaning stays a secret When we write in code we replace words that tell the secret with different words Only people who know the secret code are able to read the secret message To other people it would just be a normal message talking about normal day to day things This is a message that was written by a conductor on the Underground Railroad Can you decode the message The safest place for slaves to go was Canada because the law stated that any enslaved person who reached Upper Canada Ontario became free when they arrived Canada was called Heaven and slaves knew they would be safe once they could reach it The place where most entered was called Upper Canada at the time what we know today as Ontario Some of the conductors were former slaves like Harriet Tubman who escaped using the Undergrown Railroad and then returned to America to help more slaves escape Many white people who felt that slavery was wrong also helped They often provided hideouts in their homes as well as food and other supplies Ontario History 11 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

What do you think the following words really mean Passengers When the wind blows from the south I won t lose a passenger I will be a stockholder Get to the station safely If you had to walk to Canada from America which direction would you walk North south east or west Ontario History 12 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Songs were used in everyday life by African slaves Singing served many purposes such as providing repetitive rhythm for repetitive manual work inspiration and motivation Singing was also use to express their values and solidarity with each other and during celebrations Songs were used as tools to remember and communicate since the majority of slaves could not read Slave songs Harriet Tubman and other slaves used songs as a strategy to communicate with slaves in their struggle for freedom Coded songs contained words giving directions on how to escape known as signal songs or where to meet known as map songs Swing low sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home Swing low sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home x 2 I looked over Jordan and what did I see Coming for to carry me home A band of angels coming after me Coming for to carry me home Swing low sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home Swing low sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home If you get there before I do Coming for to carry me home Tell all my friends I m coming too Coming for to carry me home Swing low sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home Swing low sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home Songs used Biblical references and analogies of Biblical people places and stories comparing them to their own history of slavery For example being bound for the land of Canaan for a white person could mean ready to die and go to heaven but to a slave it meant ready to go to Canada These are the lyrics of some songs that have been passed along for generations If a slave heard this song he would know he had to be ready to escape a band of angels are coming to take him to freedom The Underground Railroad sweet chariot is coming south swing low to take the slave to the north or freedom carry me home This was one of Tubman s favorite songs according to Sarah Hopkins Bradford s biography Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman Ontario History 13 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Another was used in the same situation to let slaves know it wasn t safe to come out there was danger on the way Examples of these songs are on our Ontario History playlist on YouTube Please listen to them In fact Harriet herself was known as Moses Source Harriet Tubman the Moses of her People by Sarah Hopkins Bradford Go down Moses Way down in Egypt land Tell all Pharaohs to Let my people go When Israel was in Egypt land Let my people go Oppressed so hard they could not stand Let my people go So God sayeth Go down Moses Way down in Egypt land Tell all Pharaohs to Let my people go So Moses went to Egypt land Let my people go He made all Pharaohs understand Let my people go Yes the Lord said Go down Moses Way down in Egypt land Tell all Pharaohs to Let my people go Thus spoke the Lord Bold Moses said Let my people go If not I ll smite your firstborn dead Let my people go God the Lord said Go down Moses Way down in Egypt land Tell all Pharaohs to Let my people go Tell all Pharaohs To Let my people go Ontario History 14 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

The Star that Stays Put Before people had tools to show them direction they used stars to guide them During the day they knew the sun would rise in the east and set in the west Since the people on the Underground Railway traveled by night how were they able to find their way The North Star s real name is Polaris It is the only star in the sky that doesn t move It stays in the same place every night which makes it the best star to follow for direction It forms part of a constellation called Ursa Minor or the Little Dipper That might be because its next door neighbour looks like its bigger version and is called Ursa Major the Big Dipper Ursa also means bear and the ancient Greeks thought the constellation looked like a bear with a long tail Ontario History 15 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Follow the Drinking Gourd Lyrics Verse 1 Explanation Taken together this verse suggests escaping in the spring and heading north to freedom When the sun come back Refers to the winter or spring The days are getting longer and the angle of the sun is higher each day at noon When the firs quail call Refers to the breeding season Quail in Alabama start calling to each other in early to mid April Then the time is come Foller the drinkin gou d The drinkin gou d alludes to the hollowed out gourd used by slaves and other rural Americans as a water dipper Used here it is a code name for the Big Dipper star formation which points to Polaris the Pole Star and the north CHORUS Foller the drinkin gou d Foller the drinkin gou d For the ole man say Ole man is nautical slang for Captain or Commanding Officer According to Parks the Under Foller the drinkin gou d VERSE 2 Describes how to follow the route from Mobile Alabama northwards The riva s bank am a very The first river in the song is the Tombigbee which empties into Mobile Bay Its headwaters extend into The dead trees show the According to Parks Peg Leg Joe marked trees and other landmarks with charcoal or mud of the outline of a human left foot and a round spot in place of the right foot 1 Lef foot peg foot goin on Foller the drinkin gou d VERSE 3 Describes the route through northeastern Mississippi and into Tennessee The riva ends a tween two hills The headwaters of the Tombigbee River end near Woodall Mountain the high point in Mississippi and an ideal reference point for a map song The two hills could mean Woodall Mountain and a neighboring lower hill But the mountain itself evidently has a twin cone profile and so could represent both hills at once Foller the drinkin gou d Nuther riva on the other side The river on the other side of the hills is the Tennessee which extends outward in an arc above Woodall Mountain The left hand side proceeds virtually due north to the Ohio river border with Illinois definitely the preferred route since the right hand side meanders back into northern Alabama and then proceeds up into Tennessee Follers the drinkin gou d VERSE 4 Describes the end of the route in Paducah Kentucky Wha the little riva When the Tennessee Meet the grea big un meets the Ohio River The Tennessee and Ohio rivers come together in Paducah KY opposite southern Illinois The ole man waits Per one of Parks s informants the runaways would be met on the banks of the Ohio by the old sailor Of course the chances that Peg Leg Joe himself would be there to meet every escapee as depicted literally in the children s books are quite small Foller the drinkin gou d Ontario History 16 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

The Anishinaabeg People of the Great Lakes When we arrived in Canada we discovered a very different world than we were used to Not only were we safe and the people who lived there free but there were many different peoples who lived there and they weren t all English speaking white people either There were people who spoke French and people who had been there since before the Europeans arrived My second week there I met a boy who lived by the lakes with his family His name was Niimi and he said he was Ojibwe say oh jib wah I had never seen or heard of people like him and I loved to learn about his life and his home They lived in wigwams in a village near town His family knew everything They knew where the deer were which plants we could harvest berries from and how to grow vegetables Niimi was a hunter just like his father and they would often come past our home on their way to the town to trade furs or meat for supplies His mother and sisters stayed in their camp but visited us now and then His father showed my dad how to tap a sweet syrup out of the trees and sometimes brought us fish they caught We were scared of the coming winter I had never seen snow People kept warning us that it would get so cold that the ground would freeze and the snow would come and stay for months We could not afford the warm fur coats and my momma wasn t sure how we would get food to eat Niimi s father also took my father hunting deer moose elk and birds and showed him how to work the furs They now hunt and trade together and my father shares his tobacco harvest with Niimi s father Till this day I don t know why they decided to help us but they did Ontario History 17 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Ontario History 18 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Ontario History 19 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Niimi s mother visited sometimes with her daughters and brought us corn bean and pumpkin seeds to plant They were kind to us and we would not have survived without their help One afternoon my mother told her about my bad dreams asking if she had any advice to help me sleep better Although I was happy to be in Canada I still sometimes dreamed about running away from the plantation and I still feel how scared I was that we would be caught Niimi s mother came to our house the next week and brought me the most beautiful spider web I have ever seen It was delicately beaded and had feathers and strings of leather attached She called it a dreamcatcher She told my mother to hang it above my head while it slept and said that it would catch and trap bad dreams and keep them from me while I sleep She knelt down and promised that I would learn to use my dreams as I got older but that for now the dreamcatcher would help and it did Ontario History 20 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

The Wild Rice Harvest Niimi s family and the people of their village had moved as the fall came and we were not sure if we d see them again before winter One morning in August Niimi s mother stopped by and asked my mother and I to come with her We followed her to a wet marshland where a canoe w a s waiting She burned tobacco and said a prayer and pushed our canoe slowly into the tall grass Niimi s sisters showed us how to hold two sticks called knockers bend the plants over our canoe and gently tap the seeds from the heads By the time we were done we had two big bags full of rice They helped us dry the rice in the sun to loosen the hull Niimi s sister put on a pair of clean moccasins and danced on our rice His mother explained that it helped remove the tough hull so we could cook it She told us to keep the rice dry and use it over the winter Ontario History 21 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Wild Rice Squash Family Meal Ingredients 1 acorn squash per family member cup of wild rice Olive oil Balsamic vinegar 2 cups of chicken stock 1 onion and 3 cloves of garlic chopped finely 2 celery stalks chopped 1 2 cups halved brussel sprouts Salt Pepper to taste Method 1 Preheat your oven to 400F 2 3 4 5 6 Cook the wildrice by bringing 2 cups of chicken stock to a boil Add cup of black wild rice and boil for 45 minutes Slice the squashes in half and scoop out the seeds Puncture the inside a few times with a fork Splash or baste the insides with tablespoon of oil and teaspoon of vinegar of each squash halve Cover will aluminium paper and roast in the oven for 40 45 minutes until tender 7 While the squashes are baking 1 2 3 4 5 Heat oil in a pan and fry the chopped mushrooms Add the onion garlic and celery and saute for 1 2 minutes until soft Add the brussel sprouts Finally add the rice and stir through Scoop the rice into the cooked squash halfs and enjoy Ontario History 22 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Niimi says goodbye One afternoon when the leaves started turning for the fall Niimi came to say goodbye He and I had so much fun through the summer gathering berries trapping birds and going fishing He was my best friend but when I saw him I started to cry He didn t look like Niimi His hair was cut short and his braids were gone He was wearing clothes like ours instead of the beautiful leather ones his mom made him He didn t have his bow and arrow or his knife He said he had to leave and his sisters would leave too I couldn t understand why he would leave and why he would look that way Niimi explained that he had to go to a special school where Ojibwe children would learn to read and write and how to be English but that when school was done he would come home and we would fish again Ontario History 23 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

The photos above are of Thomas Moore Keesick a boy that was admi ed to the Regina Indian Industrial School in 1891 and died four years later of tuberculosis Ontario History 24 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

The Gradual Civilization Act 1867 After they left Nimi s grandfather explained to me why he left He said that when Europeans came to Canada they compared their homes tools and wealth with those of the Indigenous peoples and pitied them Europeans came to the conclusion that Indigenous people needed to be saved from their culture They decided that both the Ojibwe and the white settlers would be happier if they could convince the Ojibwe to live like white people It was expected that Indigenous people would give up their culture languages and beliefs and live and act just like the British settlers The new Canadian government did this with a law called the Gradual Civilization Act The offer was that if a First Nation man would learn to read and pledge to live as a white he would then be considered a citizen of Canada and be allowed to vote If that First Nation man accepted these terms and became citizens of Canada he was given fifty acres of the lands reserved for the use of his tribe and a sum of money Once this happened he was no longer considered Indigenous The Ojibwe were expected to become farmers Ontario History 25 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019

Residential Schools If anything is to be done with the Indian we must catch him very young The children must be kept constantly within the circle of civilized conditions Nicholas Davin in his 1879 Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half Breeds The newly formed Canadian government decided to save the Indigenous people by changing the adults through the Gradual Civilization Act This plan failed So then Canada s first prime minister asked a man called Nicholas Davin to research the best way to make Indigenous people live the same way as white people Think about what we learned about culture in Nunavut the Northwest Territories 1 2 3 He came up with a two step plan Firstly Indigenous children had to be taken out of their homes and away from their families 4 Why would taking children away from their homes and their families stop them from living their Indigenous culture 5 6 Secondly they had to placed in schools where they would learn a trade and be forced to behave like European people or be punished What is culture Why do people need culture Can one culture be better than another culture if the are from different places Who gets to decide which is better What are the dangers of forcing people to change their culture Is your own culture the same as it was 100 years ago How or why did it change They were to eat only European food They were to speak only English or French and they had to learn to read and write Think about and list the benefits and disadvantages of European culture They had to dress like Europeans and cut their hair short Think about and list the benefits and disadvantages of Indigenous culture They were required to come Christians and attend church Note to parents The law required Indigenous children to attend these schools for six years If parents refused they would be taken to jail or fined Ontario History Please read any of the books listed in our reading list with your children and have conversa ons with them about the stories they tell We cannot do this period of Canadian history jus ce and suggest you learn from people s own accounts 26 The Great Canadian History Adventure 2019