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17thCentury Nbisiing NipissingJoan McLeod ShabogesicSeptember 2023

Archaeological studies shows that:The environs of Lake Nipissing have been occupied for at least 9,600 years.

NBisiing Traditional Land and Uses 2015

“A People without subordination, law, form of government,or system; gross in religious matters, shrewd and crafty fortrade or profit, but very superstitious.”THE NIPISSINGS, COMING OF THE WHITE MAN, (Twenty-NinthAnnual Archaeological Report 1917; By Dr. R.B. Orr. Being part of Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education Ontario. Printed by Order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.) LeClercQ. “Establishement de la Foy.” Vol.1,p.110

Historical research documents that: Nipissing people are of Algonquin Ojibway descent. European first contact was by Champlain in 1615. He observed that the Nipissing population was 700-800 souls. The French Regime the Upper Country, Jaenen, (M DC XIX pp. 17-35v.) The Nipissing (NBiising) People were a prosperous people up to the early 1800’s. Picture shown is of a Nipissing man, woman of interest the pipe, medallion, war club and dress of individuals.

Nipissing NBisiing 1717 Apparel noted presently being replicatedo Tattoos (symbology)o Belt designo Medallion design

The pre contact Nipissing • Resided in long houses during winter• In summer, a wigwam of birch bark and or elm

Feast of the Dead Hickerson provides an accounting by Lalement of a Feast of the Dead hosted by the Nipissing in 1641 (JR 23:217-219). Feast of the Dead at Frank’s Bay The Frank’s Bay Site was recorded as a gathering place of the Nipissing. An archaeological study dated 1954 was conducted by Frank Ridley. An internment ritual that happened every 10 years. At this gathering, the Nipissing would affirm the ‘Headmen’ of the families and these Headmen would then determine the ‘Chief’.

Traditional and Electoral Political StructureHistorical Representation of a ‘head man’ of each family. The Head men from each family held Councils and chose there ‘Chief’ from their peerage. Chief was chosen or reaffirmed at Feast of the Dead Ceremonies held every ten (10) years.Colonial Impact 1857 Province of Canada’s Gradual Civilization Act and the Government of Canada’s 1876 the Indian Act. Since 1880 Chiefs and Councils were elected. Nipissing selects its Chief and Council every three (3) years. Next election will be held in July 2024.

NBISIING (Nipissing) Chiefs GIMAAG 17th& 18thCenturiesThe selection and or affirming of the Nipissing Chiefs was a prominent part of the Feast of the Dead ceremony and it was noted that, ‘They had special ways of electing their chiefs’.Lalemant in 1642 described ’the election of the Nipissirinien Chiefs took place. When the votes were taken, the Chief Captain arose, and called them each by name. They made their appearance, clothed in their finest robes. When they had received their Commissions, they gave largess of a quantity of Beaver skins and moose hides, in order to make themselves known, and that they might be received with applause in their Offices.” In Nishnaabewin, Chief is Gimaa, and 2ndChiefs are referred to as ‘Anikeogima’.Within historical documentation we can begin to account for the names of our early Chiefs in 17thand 18thcentury documents. In July of 1634 Monsieur du Plessis Bochard describes a Council he held with the Bissiriniens the Chief named the “Partridge”. In 1642-1643 documents the Captain of the Nipissirieniens as “Wikasoumir”. In June of 1653 Jesuit Relations notes that at Three Rivers “Mangouch”, a Nipissirinien was attending an assembly of Algonquin Nations”. “Onaganioitak” was present at the Peace of Montreal in 1701.

19thto 20thCentury Ogimaag of NBisiingChief Michel Zhaabgiizhik (Shabogesic) was most likely the last of the Chiefs selected at a Feast of the Dead. His death was reported in September of 1869. Dr. R. B. Orr an archaeologist reported 1917 the following description: “Among the Nipissings there was no social organization, or system of government. The chiefs and old men of the tribe assembled together intermittently, and talked over matters affecting the interests or affairs of their people.” This description a repercussion of the Indian Act of 1876, when Chiefs and their Council’s began to be selected under the colonizers act of government.In 1874 John Cochai was recognized as Chief. The Chief’s office has been held by 23 Nipissing Chiefs. Chief Philip Goulais was our longest serving 17 years.

NBisiing Nipissing Chief pictures

WAR - MigrationsNbisiing WarriorsWarrior: Jimâganish (bar), Minissino (Bar), Soldier: Jimâganish (Bar), Minssimo (Bar), Migasôwinini (bar), ‘zhmaagan (de gruyter)Coming of Age Ceremony“Every brave carried about his person his Wah-kon in a small bag. This Wah-kon was adopted by the young boy ripening into warrior manhood after aprolonged fast in some lonely retreat in the hills.”

Ceremonial Tribute to a Nbisiing Warrior“When a warrior died, all his hunting, war and fishing gear, his tobacco pouch and pipe were buried with him….They clothed the body in costly furs, lavished on it strings of wampum, silver bracelets, and pendants for nose and ears. They panted the face of the dead man in brilliant colours…. A gorget hung from his neck and rested on his breast, his bow and quiver were by his left arm, his stone tomahawk in his belt, and his pipe was in his mouth. A kettle filled with provisions, a box of vermillion and presents from his friends were at hand to be buried with the warrior.”

TRADE“OTTAWA VALLEY and SAGUENAY TRADE, 1600-1620The Huron began to participate in this trade in 1611, the Nipissing after 1615. All these native traders jealously protected their trade activities against native and French rivals. Frenchmen were tolerated in the interior only as long as they did not trade. When the French took sides in traditional conflicts and participated in raids on the Iroquois in 1609, 1610, and 1615, they earned the Iroquois’s enmity.” Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume 1, From the Beginning to 1800, R. Cole, Edit., Geoffrey J. Mathews, Cart. Design., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987, Plate 35.

“HURON-NIPISSING TRADE, 1620-1640The French goods in highest demand were durable and utilitarian: axes, knives, kettles, and cloth. During the 1620’s the Ottawa valley bands were squeezed out of the carrying trade and turned to toll collecting. The Nipissing conducted their trade as far north as Hudson Bay, while the Huron supplied the natives around Georgian Bay and in Southern Ontario. Firearms and alcohol, forbidden by the French, were traded by the Dutch to the Iroquois. As the demand for fur increased, the traditional raids of the Iroquois became looting expeditions for furs and trade goods.” Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume 1, From the Beginning to 1800, R. Cole, Edit., Geoffrey J. Mathews, Cart. Design., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987, Plate 35.

Although by 1611 European epidemic diseases had taken a fearful toll along the Atlantic Coast, there is no evidence that they reached the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes area before 1634. When they arrived the results were devastating. Out of a pre-epidemic population of 20,000 Hurons and Petun, only 12,000 survived in 1639. A death rate of at least 50% was probably common among all the infected native groups around the Great Lakes. Mortality was highest among the young and elderly. Because the elderly were the leaders of native society, the epidemics undermined social, religious, and political leadership at a time of rapidly growing external pressures.” Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume 1, From the Beginning to 1800, R. Cole, Edit., Geoffrey J. Mathews, Cart. Design., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987, Plate 35.Epidemics

“HURON TRADE AND IROQUOIS DISRUPTIONS, 1640-1648By the early 1640’s epidemics had decimated both the Nipissing and the Huron, the more populous Huron were left in control of the carrying trade between the Great Lakes and the French posts. At the same time Iroquois looting raids became better organized and more frequent. When a brief peace between the natives allied to the French and the Mohawk collapsed in 1646, patterns of warfare altered radically. The eastern Iroquois blocked trade routes, harassed French settlements, and scattered Ottawa valley bands. The western Iroquois began a series of well-organized campaigns to destroy the Huron. From 1640 to 1648 there were only four years of successful trading.” Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume 1, From the Beginning to 1800, R. Cole, Edit., Geoffrey J. Mathews, Cart. Design., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987, Plate 35.

“Sometime around 1646 the Senecas enlisted the support of the Mohawks, who had the most guns, for a massive assault. They attacked Huronia and then turned on the Nipissing and Ottawas…”. One Vast Winter Count, The Native American West before Lewis and Clark, Colin G. Calloway, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1953, Pg. 226.In 1649, the Huron and Nipissing NBisiing were trading partners who had “formed a geographic and commercial link between their Algonkian speaking kindred of the upper Great Lakes and the Iroquoian speaking Huron of the Ontario Peninsula.” Hickerson, pg. 81. Hickerson points out one of the influences of the trade is “The Feast of the Dead, as it was practiced by the Algonkians of the upper Great Lakes, probably had been introduced by the Hurons or their trading partners, the Nipissing. IbidWAR & TRADE

“THE GREAT DISPERSIONS, 1643-1653Co-ordinated planning and the effective use of muskets enabled the Iroquois confederacy to disperse the Huron tribes in 1647-9, the Petun in 1649-50, the Nipissing in 1649-51, and the Neutral in 1651-2. Fearing a similar fate, most of the eastern Great Lakes native groups, together with some Huron, Petun, and Nipissing refugees, fled west and north. Other refugees, mainly Christian converts, settled near Quebec (Huron) and Trois-Rivières (Algonquin and Nipissing). Nipissing genealogy may be found in many Nation territories along its vast trade routes.The bulk of the surviving Huron, Petun and Neutral joined the Iroquois and were gradually absorbed.” Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume 1, From the Beginning to 1800, R. Cole, Edit., Geoffrey J. Mathews, Cart. Design., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987, Plate 35.

The Beaver WarsAlliances with either of the colonial powers of the British or French made for great enemies amongst our Nations. With the depletion of the Five Nations resources to the south and French colonial antagonism on the Trade, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) in attempts to control trade they began their assault on the Huron, Nipissing, Neutrals, Susquehannock’s, Potawatomi’s and Delaware from 1649 to 1664 when peace was achieved. Atlas of North American Indian, Carl Waldman, Facts on File Inc., New York New York, 1985, Pgs. 93 & 94. “The Lakes peoples fought back. In 1662 Ojibwe, Ottawa and Nipissingwarriors inflicted a major defeat on the Iroquois at the southeastern tip of Lake Superior…..The Sioux drove Huron and Ottawa refugees back east to Michilimackinac in 1670.” One Vast Winter Count, The Native American West before Lewis and Clark, Colin G. Calloway, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1953, Pg. 230.

Return to Lake NipissingIt is MY belief that history has shown that not all invaded people leave a territory invaded. Some captured are absorbed into the conqueror society, OTHERS stay and go underground. The vast size of the Nipissing Territory and the Nipissing alliances probably assisted in the re-establishment of the NBisiing Nipissing at the Lake.“The Nipissing, harassed by the Iroquois, and with their middleman status in the fur trade destroyed, by the 1650’s had taken refuge far to the west at Lake Nipigon, north of western Lake Superior (JR 51:63) before returning to Lake Nipissing in the 1670’s(JR 56:99, 105).”

PEACE“By 1700 the Iroquois could no longer sustain the war effort in the West…..Iroquois leaders saw a bleak future if they continued along the paths they had been traveling. They decided on a new course of action and secured through diplomacy some of what they had been unable to win in war. In a long round of negotiations beginning in 1697 and culminating in the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701, they made peace with the western tribes and agreed to remain neutral in the contests between France and England…..In the summer of 1701 a great cavalcade of representatives from the Huron, Ottawas, Potawatomis, Sauks, Foxes, Winnebagos, Menominees, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, Illinois, Nipissings, and others made the long canoe voyage down the Ottawa River to Montreal, where they joined their eastern allies in ratifying the peace with the Iroquois.” One Vast Winter Count, The Native American West before Lewis and Clark, Colin G. Calloway, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1953, Pg. 239.

Nipissing Wampum Belts - VaticanSemo Commanda return to Lake NBisiing around 1832 from Lake of Two MountainsAttributed to Oka, investigation into Nipissing acknowledgement must be future research.“NEGOTIATING BETWEEN SHELL AND PAPER: WAMPUM BELTS AS AGENTS OF RELIGIOUS DIPLOMACY Lise Puyo, A DISSERTATION, 2022”“More unique still, this was the only Christian wampum belt sent across the Atlantic that had solely a human interlocutor, albeit with a particular status. The belt spoke for the three ethnic groups living at the Lake of Two Mountains: Algonquin, Nipissing, and Mohawk, while the other belts only spoke for one community.” Ibid, Pg. 324

Nipissing Clans (Dodems)Paul Kane’s sketch of Shabogeshic stated his name translated to ‘Against the Heavens’ and his dodem was heron and a bird is depicted at bottom of sketch somewhat like signature of bird on following 1848 letter.In an 1848 letter sent to the Government House, Shabogesic stated they were the People of the Deer and his Headmen signed with what appears to be the following dodems:• Moose, • Deer,• Elk, • Fish,• Sturgeon,• Salamander,• Bird.Handbook of North American Indians records the following Dodems for the Nipissing;• Blood• Birch Bark• Heron• Beaver• SquirrelPresent day Clans (Dodems)ELDER’S Choice• Heron• Beaver• Eagle• Mink• Owl• Lynx• Hawk• Fox• Wolf• Red Tail Hawk• Bear

Nipissing Clans (Dodems)Shabogesic’s Petition Letter Month of Flowers, 1848References possible dodems of Nipissing:Bird, moose, deer, fish or sturgeon,marten or mink,

Letter of Flowers, 1848Shabogesic and his principal men said the following;‘We who reside on the Lake called Nipissing…enough land where we could cultivate quietly and where we could reside quietly, without any person who would not be Indian could not reside’.

Nipissing Clans (Dodems)The Dokis Log Book1861-1879References possible dodems of Nipissing:heron, loon, duck, marten of mink, acorn bow and arrow, partridge or grouse, owl muskrat, beaver, squirrel or chipmunk, turtle, snake, fish, birch bark, snake or reptile,

Future for NBisiing Nipissing Heritage  Repository Repatriation Restoration Replication

Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763A little over 257 years ago.King George III issued the proclamation;• Gave definition for "Indian Territories", where First Nations people "should not be molested or disturbed”;• Made a set of protocols and procedures for the purchasing of First Nations land. • Served as basis for treaty making.

Robinson Huron Treaty of 1850 Pre-Confederation Treaty signed before 1867 Chief Michel Shabogesic signed the RH Treaty with his Principal men O’Jeek (Fisher) and Binneshi (Penasse) The Treaty reserved a large tract of land north of Lake Nipissing for their People.Sketch by Artist Paul Kane original Museum of Texas, Orange, Texas; Handbook of North American Indians

Chief Michel ShabogesicShabogesic at time of Treaty signing owned land across from HBC trading Post on Sturgeon River. In this aerial view below the location of Shabogesic Family Burial Site is depicted at bottom of photograph. The background in the photo of Shabogesic shows a creek and a river in the distance. The little creek in the photo appears to match the creek in the aerial below.

Orr described the NIPISSING TERRITORY as follows:“North of Lake Nipissing, they hunted and fished over the present townships of Mulock and Merrick, and on lands touching the forests of the Temagamis and Temiscamings. Eastward and south-east, they roamed over Nipissing Townships, Algonquin Park region, and lands lying immediately to the north-west of the Ottawa River. To the south they claimed the northern townships of Parry Sound district, and, westward, their territory lay on both sides of the French River almost to the shores of the Georgian Bay.” Dr. R. B Orr, in his 1918 Sessional Paper Archaeological Report.

Orr’s 1918 Sessional Report provided the following description of the RESOURCES on these lands;“When Champlain his first visit to the Ottawa Algonquins, the Nipissing land was an immense and gloomy forest through which rivers, streams, and brooklets flowed; where muskegs, swails, and swamps abounded, and in which lakes and lakelets reposed in primitive isolation. Now, when our vast timber lands are being rapidly denuded of their great wealth, it may have an educated value, for our foreign readers, to repeat the names of the trees constituting the forests of this wonderful Nipissing region, when Jean Nicolet, in 1620, visited the tribe. Fortunately much marketable timber yet remain standing”

“Cranberries are a great source of revenue to the Indians of Lake Nipissing;these growing in almost incredible quantities in the great tracts of marshwhich surround the lake, are gathered during the fall of the year, and sold inbarrels to the various traders of Lake Huron, many of whom come purposelyto procure them. This large supply of cranberries, together with furs of allkinds, and birchbark canoes which are acknowledged to be the very best oftheir kind, both in build and material, is broughtfrom Lake Nipissing to LakeHuron,and appears to have given to Indian craft in that remote region animpetus not often seen elsewhere. The people are for the most part tolerablycleanly, healthy, and thriving; and what is as good a mark as any, especiallyamongst Indians, they seem in general to be occupied. Their little huts aretidy and orderly, and have an air of comfort about them which I scarcely havewitnessed amongst Indians anywhere else.”Page 114 W.E. Logan, Murray, ISBN # logan10101 111; years 1853-54-55-56. Printed by order of Legislative Assembly; Toronto: Printed by John Lovell, Yonge Street. 1857.

Borrowing technologies between CulturesThe borrowing of European by the Nipissing and the trade in Nipissing technologiesto the colonizer has impacted Nipissing values, ethics, culture and heritage. Thisborrowing between cultures is historically documented. Nipissing industry that was wellreceived by other Nations and the European. This trade of ideas, technologies and goodswas not a one-way street, where the European had all the technology and knowledge.A better understanding of the trade on technologies between our Nations and the European is better characterized by the writings of Cornelius J. Jaenen, “The French Regime in the Upper Country of Canada During the Seventeenth Century”, Toronto, The Champlain Society in co-operation with the Government of Ontario, 1996. “While traditional historiography has long depicted the Native inhabitants of this vasthinterland as quickly becoming dependent on superior European technology and Frenchtrade, more recent studies have indicated a French reliance on Amerindian knowledge,skills, technology, support and sustenance. There developed a symbiotic relationship ofmutual dependency from which neither party wished, or was able, to disengage itself.…………………………..What appears to have occurred was an accommodation by bothAmerindians and French in the context of trade, missions and military alliances, so thatno culture imposed itself in its entirety on the other, and neither escaped change as aresult if the encounter with “the other”.The melding or impacting to both the Nipissing and the French colonizer didculminate in changes to both cultures. Change was inevitable and it is a part of theNipissing culture. The people who live at Lake Nipissing since first contact began a long-standing relationship with French colonialists and the French influence continues topresent day. The Nipissing are neighbors to the Municipality of West Nipissing Ouest,one of the few bilingual Ontario municipalities with a large francophone population.

Nipissing Ghi Chi Naaknegewin20137 years ago

“Nipissing Ghi chi Naaknegewin” Part 16 – Our Land Laws - Lands and Land Management Nipissing Nation maintains Aboriginal title over its own traditionalterritory, including the lands set aside by the Robinson Huron Treaty of1850 and any other land titles that may be gained in the future for thebenefit of its People.Part 17 - Environment & Natural ResourcesNipissing Nation has exclusive jurisdiction to make laws with respect toenvironmental protection of natural resources. These laws shall be inaccordance with Nipissing Nation cultural practices designed to sustainand maintain our lands, fish, forest, wildlife, water and air and ourheritage for future generations.

Nipissing Traditional TerritoryInformation sourced from various publications corroborated with the traditional territory depicted in the Nipissing Handbook of North American IndiansNipissing requested other Nations to provide their territorial mapping to provide an ability to show ‘shared territories’.

Nipissing Territory & Trade Routes Nipissing Land base 64,388.81 ac (26,057.22 ha) Nipissing Territory 26,530.75 sq. km6,555,892 ac (2,653,075 ha)

Nipissing Land Base Incursions Under the 1850 Treaty Nipissing description the land base for Nipissing was estimated 210,000 acres In 1882 land base was surveyed out 89,000 acres for Nipissing I. R. #10 In 1868 Surrender of Timber 1884-84 Canadian Pacific Railway In 1904 & 1907 surrenders and sales of land by federal government decimated Nipissing Reserve to 19,978.97 acres (8,095.20 ha) 1916 Old Government Trunk Road and Canadian Nation Railway Nipissing today has repatriated to 67.5% of the land base to 64,388.81 acres (26,057.22 ha) Nipissing under the 2013 land claim settlement may purchase up to 109,000 acres and may create 3 more new Nipissing land bases

The Nipissing ClaimHas the capability of owning 3 additional Reserves adding to land base an additional 109,400 acres (44,272.6 ha)

Nipissing Land TenuresAcreage HectaresNipissing I. R. #10 19,978.97 8,085.20Est. Land Under water 325’ Lake Nipissing Shore 866.0 350.45Remaining Unsold Surrendered 567.45 229.63Additions to Reserve Specific Agreement 33,798.0813,677.59ATR Corp Fee Simple Lands Exemption grandfatheredPurchased from Ontario Schedule 'J‘ 958.50 387.89ATR Corp ATR Schedule 'I‘ 1,992.0 806.13Corporate Purchases 107 & 114 On IncPurchases prior '97 Exempt. Ach. ATR & Patterson Ossuary 3,680.21 1,489.32Purchased after '97 No Exempt. ATR 3,148.30 1,274.07Former Railway Lands Not Exempt. 265.30 107.36Pending Corporate purchases Not exempt 325.0 131.52Total Corporate Fee Simple 10,044.31 4,064.77TOTAL NIPISSING LAND HOLDINGS64,388.81 26,057.22

• Request by Chief and Council for control of land (1980)• Land Management Delegation under Indian Act since 1982 (1989) • Chartered Land Act (1988)First Nation Land Management Act (1999)• Nipissing Land Code ratified May 2003, came into effect July 1, 2003

 In 1615 at ‘first contact’ the Nipissing population was 750 In 1850 the Nipissing male population of 47. By the 1871 census reported Nipissing people to number 80, and Europeans numbered 66. By 1891 the 111 Nipissing people compared to the European population of 7,620. In 2017, populations for North Bay and West Nipissing is recorded at 84,736. In 2020, Nipissing Nation total population is 2,897 represents only 3% of the population of the neighboring town and city population statistics. 2023 NBisiing Nipissing population is approximately 3300.

Population Impact on Resource0500001000001500002000002500003000003500004000004500001881 1891 1911 1924 1934 1944 1954 1965 1971 1981 1991 2001 2016 2020Lake Nipissing Harvest - PopulationNipissing Colonizer Walleye Harvest

Nipissing Nation Communities• The Membership of Nipissing reside in reside in the 9communities• 2 other communities are land leasing subdivisions where clients of Nipissing reside

Effects of Colonization on Religion and Education Nipissing since 1618 has been influence by European religions. The Church in the picture to the left was located at Beaucage Point. Three Roman Catholic churches have existed on Nipissing land. Other affiliations Methodist, Jehovah Witness, United and Pentecostal.

The building of schools were solely financed by Nipissing Nation trust funds from sale of timber, The Beaucage school was built in 1877. Nipissing People cited reasons for building a school as: Nearest School was 30 miles away  83 children of which 50 were of school age Nipissing People wanted a more central school then the one previously build in Duchesnay location. Nipissing had schools located in Beaucage and Garden Village.  The Beaucage School closed in early 1930’s and the Garden Village School that was closed in mid 1920’s as Government run Residential Schools came into being. School was closed as funding directed to off reserve schools in nearby towns and/or residential schools. A government action to ensure Indian Monies were utilized to support outside society.

Nipissing Education TODAYNBisiing Education Centre Post secondary education facility for northern Nations Most Nipissing students attend off reserve secondary schoolsGarden Village and Duchesnay Daycare Early education facilities

Nipissing Nation Administration Nipissing employs 170 individuals who are charged with the responsibility and privilege of managing the governmental offices of the Nipissing People Nipissing is an equal opportunity employer and employees are of Nipissing, Other Nations or descendants of colonists, immigrants Finance, Administration, Housing, Economic Development, Health, Library, Land, Resources, Education, Public Works are a few of these areas of governance

References A STAGE 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Nipissing Quartz Quarry Sites CcGv-2&3 Circuit L5H, Commanda Jct x Crystal Falls GS Nipissing First Nation, Commanda Twp. (GEO.), Nipissing District. Archives Canada, Ontario Archives, Royal Proclamation, Treaties, Champlain, demographics. The French Regime in the Upper Country of Canada During the Seventeenth Century”, Toronto, The Champlain Society in co-operation with the Government of Ontario, 1996.  French Regime the Upper Country, Jaenen; (Sieur de Champlain, Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Nouvelle France, depuis l’annee 1615 jusques a la fin de l’annee 1618 (Paris: Claude Collet, M DC XIX), pp. 17-35v.) The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France 1610-1791, Vol. XXXIII, Lower Canada, Of the Algonquin Missions Chapter X. Handbook of Indians of Canada, Geographic Board Canada 1912, C. H. Parmelee, Printer King’s Press 1913. W.E. Logan, Murray, ISBN # logan10101 111; years 1853-54-55-56, Page 114. Printed by order of Legislative Assembly; Toronto: Printed by John Lovell, Yonge Street, 1857. Handbook of North American Indians, Nipissings, Vol 15, Gordon M Day. THE NIPISSINGS, Coming of the White Man, Twenty-Ninth Annual Archaeological Report 1917; by Dr. R.B. Orr. Being part of Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education Ontario. Vol.1,p.110 Where Eagles Fly: An Archaeological Survey of Lake Nipissing, A Thesis. Morris Brizinski, B.A., 1980.

Miigwetch,Merci,Thank you.