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MOBILE APPLICATION WALKTHROUGH VERSION 2 0

Table of Contents Automotive Applications and beyond 5 Curien Hub Explanations Automotive Applications For N2 Neuron 17 19 Parasitic Draw 27 Battery Testing 43 Starter System Testing 48 Ignition Testing 54 Charing System 58 Sensor Testing Voltage Drop Testing 71 Temperature Testing 80 Power Tests 84 Notes 87 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub Walk Throughs Curien Hub System Tests Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Home Page When you install and open the app for the first time you will see these 4 icons Sync Meter Premium Access Settings 6 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Sync Screen No need to manually pair N2 with your phone tablet or computer As long as the bluetooth is on N2 has batteries installed correctly and you said Yes to all the prompts when installing the app N2 will show up in the Sync window automatically If N2 does not show up automatically tap the scan button When connected the N2 will automatically pop into the Meter mode 7 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Meter Mode The Meter Mode will show you all the meter measurements Data Intelligence options sample rate data ranging data and logging options all in one place The N2 is 2 Channel so the top Channel and Bottom channel are always measuring You can Turn off or hide the measurements you are not using on N2 by tapping on the measurement type and selecting off Any measurement selected on this screen will automatically transfer to the graphing area and logging data 8 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Top Channel The Meter Mode will show you all the meter measurements Data Intelligence options sample rate data ranging data and logging options all in one place The N2 is 2 Channel so the top Channel and Bottom channel are always measuring You can Turn off or hide the measurements you are not using on N2 by tapping on the measurement type and selecting off Any measurement selected on this screen will automatically transfer to the graphing area and logging data 9 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Bottom Channel The Bottom Channel will show you what measurement types can be used on the bottom channel You can Turn off or hide the measurements on this channel by tapping on the measurement type and selecting off Any measurement selected on this screen will automatically transfer to the graphing area and logging data 10 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Settings The Settings area from the meter mode allow you to Rename the unit Change the logging interval Change Display to landscape or Portrait Update display color Select Auto connect Or reboot the unit These settings allow you to customize your experience with the N2 Neuron 11 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Sample window and speed The Sample window and speed are how you and the tool determine what information will be used to display the readings The smaller the capture window 32 smpl and the smaller the dataset you are using to get the reading or waveform The larger the capture window 256 smpl the more data points are being used for the reading or waveform Within the capture windows you can choose the speed you want to have the tool measure at for optimal testing and noise All System and Component Tests are automatically ranged and speed adjusted for the testing but you can choose to manually adjust the speed yourself 12 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Data Intelligence Menu The Data Intelligence menu allows you to test by automotive system and subsequent components or factors of those systems for your automotive testing needs Systems currently included in the menu are Parasitic Draw Tests Sensor Tests Battery System Charging System Ignition System Temperature Tests Voltage Drops Power Test Within these menus you will find specific component or factor tests to help you diagnose your automotive problems 13 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Data Logging The Data logging area allows you to set the speed at which you want to log data The available logs are shown in the menu You can share share the logs from the app Logs are output in csv file format with a UTC data format inside Logging can be turned on and off in this menu 14 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Graphing The Graphing window allows you to display data from the meter mode The graphing window will allow you to graph calculated data such as ohms law Thermocouple and more You can enable waveform capture pause and play the live stream data and change the sample rates and capture windows all from this screen 15 Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Graphing Config Menu You can turn off the TRMS Functionality here to watch wave forms Range data and more Change the channels ranging manually Change background and trace colors Enable the diagnostic menu Increase or Decrease the points on Screen or viewing window of data samples you want to see at any given time 16 Curiosity Engaged

Test Set ups Curien Hub Automotive System Tests Curiosity Engaged

Curien Hub 2 2 1 Updates Automotive Applications The Diagnostic Menu is driven by automotive systems and power factors that are required for testing those systems Although the order of tests may change this menu will continue to grow in both systems and tests within each system Subsequent hardware iterations and improvements to physical measurement technologies will enable this app to provide more and more diagnostic intelligence and data for you and the application to assist you with your testing needs We are always open to new ideas and help and appreciate any suggestions you may have to these systems tests or factors that enable them to provide answers and parameters on good or bad results Throughout the following pages you will see jumps between the iOS and Android versions of the application to show that although there may be some slight differences in the appearance the data and information is all the same 18 Curiosity Engaged

Parasitic Draw Automotive Applications Curiosity Engaged

Parasitic Draw Testing Automotive Applications The parasitic draw tests are designed to help you find where a draw could be in a fuse block and then determine how much amperage is being drawn on each circuit that has amperage on it This is done by Fuse Type and Size Currently supported fuses are Cartridge Standard Maxi Mini Note that the different fuse types and sizes enable us to have a very good idea of the resistance of fuse at which point we are able to provide an ohms law calculation based on voltage drop across the fuses to provide an estimate of the amperage draw through the fuses This test does not require the amperage meter and therefore you can test as high of an amperage as the fuse is rated for There is an accessory coming out soon that will allow for 100 amps continuous to be read through a jump cable utilizing this test method As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 20 Curiosity Engaged

Amp Find Testing Automotive Applications Test Purpose The Amp Find mode allows you to Identify Amperage on a circuit This feature is watching for a stabilized voltage reading over a certain threshold If amperage is flowing through a fuse and the voltage drop is high enough the application will provide the Amps Found notification If the None notification is showing the tool show no consistent voltage drop reading Test Setup Sample rates 256 32 Bottom Channel Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Use Probe Tips Set the Data Intelligence menu to Amp Find Put Probe Tips across the terminal tops of a single Fuse Ensure probe tips are securely on top of fuse terminals for accurate reading Any voltage reading Amps Found This setting is highly sensitive so ghost voltage will identify as amps found Once reading stabilize on circuit reading will be accurate 21 Curiosity Engaged

Amp Find Testing Automotive Applications Recommendations Any draw over 30mA can kill battery over time If Amp Find Finds Amps shows it is suggested to verify the amperage reading is in alignment with what is expected For example if a dome light is on ensure the amperage draw is as expected Once a circuit is found with amps found you can verify circuit has amp draw by testing with fuse test By selecting the fuse type and the fuse size Once amperage is found that is abnormal or not expected you should confirm the circuit and components on that circuit using the vehicle fuse chart and a wiring diagram Identify components systems on associated circuit check wiring diagrams If Amp draw is not expected or higher than anticipated then begin diagnosing those components systems to see what is staying shorted or drawing more than intended If you are unable to keep probes on fuses you can attach voltmeter to battery while diagnosing enter graphing mode and watch the voltage rise or drop as you unplug and diagnose components 22 Curiosity Engaged

Cartridge Fuse Automotive Applications Cartridge fuses readable by Curien Hub App today are 20 amp 100 amp Test Setup Sample rates 256 32 Bottom Channel Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Use Probe Tips Set the Data Intelligence menu to Cart Fuse Select the desired Cartridge fuse size and color Put Probe Tips across the terminal tops of a single Fuse Ensure probe tips are securely on top of fuse terminals for accurate reading Note reading may be off by as much as 5 15 mA as this is a calculated amperage reading For amperage readings blow 10 amps to be accurate use in series amp meter Also using Auxiliary DC Voltmeter for this test instead of voltage DC will present a more accurate reading 23 Curiosity Engaged

Standard Fuse Automotive Applications Standard fuses readable by Curien Hub App today are 1 amp 40 amp Test Setup Sample rates 256 32 Bottom Channel Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Use Probe Tips Set the Data Intelligence menu to Std Fuse Select the desired Standard fuse size and color Put Probe Tips across the terminal tops of a single Fuse Ensure probe tips are securely on top of fuse terminals for accurate reading Note reading may be off by as much as 5 15 mA as this is a calculated amperage reading For amperage readings blow 10 amps to be accurate use in series amp meter Also using Auxiliary DC Voltmeter for this test instead of voltage DC will present a more accurate reading 24 Curiosity Engaged

Maxi Fuse Automotive Applications Maxi fuses readable by Curien Hub App today are 20 amp 80 amp Test Setup Sample rates 256 32 Bottom Channel Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Use Probe Tips Set the Data Intelligence menu to Maxi Fuse Select the desired Maxi fuse size and color Put Probe Tips across the terminal tops of a single Fuse Ensure probe tips are securely on top of fuse terminals for accurate reading Note reading may be off by as much as 5 15 mA as this is a calculated amperage reading For amperage readings blow 10 amps to be accurate use in series amp meter Also using Auxiliary DC Voltmeter for this test instead of voltage DC will present a more accurate reading 25 Curiosity Engaged

Mini Fuse Automotive Applications Mini fuses readable by Curien Hub App today are 1 amp 30 amp Test Setup Sample rates 256 32 Bottom Channel Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC or Auxiliary Voltage DC Use Probe Tips Set the Data Intelligence menu to Mini Fuse Select the desired Mini fuse size and color Put Probe Tips across the terminal tops of a single Fuse Ensure probe tips are securely on top of fuse terminals for accurate reading Note reading may be off by as much as 5 15 mA as this is a calculated amperage reading For amperage readings blow 10 amps to be accurate use in series amp meter Also using Auxiliary DC Voltmeter for this test instead of voltage DC will present a more accurate reading 26 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Testing App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Battery Tests Automotive Applications The Battery Testing features built into the application are designed to help you in your diagnostic process and provide enough information to determine if the vehicles battery can be the root cause of your electrical issues or if you can continue testing into the systems that are being affected by the current electrical gremlins All of these tests only require the voltmeter on the N2 Neuron The current test feature in the application for the battery systems are Surface Discharge Battery State of Charge Battery Cranking Battery Terminals Battery Cable Loaded Cable The battery tests on this version of the application are meant for 12V systems however 24V and 48V systems will be released shortly As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 28 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Discharge Automotive Applications Test Purpose The test checks for a low current discharge across the battery case Dirt moisture corrosion are typical causes of surface discharge Surface Discharge on the vehicles battery can cause the battery to discharge its self over time Depending on the severity of the discharge this can kill a battery over course of a weekend or over weeks of inactivity The surface discharge test is looking for a reading of more than 0 5V between the battery terminals and the battery casing Anything over 1 2 volt indicates excessive surface discharge Test Setup Sample rates 256 32 Bottom Channel Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads Set the Data Intelligence menu to Surface Discharge under the battery system keeping in mind Negative to Negative and Positive to Positive Place the ground probe on the ground post and the positive probe on the battery casing or the positive probe on the positive post and the ground probe on the battery casing The Detected notification will show with a yellow background when voltage of more than 5 volts is found on the surface of the battery 29 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Discharge Automotive Applications Recommendations It is important to complete a battery service if the battery has visible corrosion and build up on the surface and terminals Also a visual inspection is key prior to cleaning to ensure there is no bloating cracks leakage or other visible damage to the battery If surface discharge is found on the battery clean the battery and terminals using a battery cleaning solution or a home made solution Once a service and or cleaning has been performed it is important to retest the battery and check for surface discharge once dried If surface discharge is gone after these procedures then continue on your battery testing and further diagnostics If surface discharge remains re clean the battery and search for cracks leakage or other overspray on the battery casing If issue surface discharge remains after last step a possible battery replacement may be necessary 30 Curiosity Engaged

Battery State of Charge Automotive Applications Test Purpose The test is to determine the state of charge of the vehicles battery A battery with an improper or low state of charge can be the cause of many electrical issues down the chain of the electrical system Although a low state of charge can be caused by many different issues including bad cells parasitic draw no low recharging from the alternator temperature over draw from aftermarket components to an incorrect battery in the system or other issues it may not be the definitive indicator of the battery state of health but still an important factor to be aware of while testing The test will provide you a notification of the state of charge in color form a notification on whether or not the battery is in a good enough state to load test on and the percentage of present charge The tool needs to have the bottom channel setup in the following configuration Test Setup Sample rates 64MS 256 4000Hz 256 smpl Bottom Channel Voltage DC Top Channel N A Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or Alligator Clamps Set the Data Intelligence menu to Battery S O C under the battery system Connect the positive probe or clamp to the battery positive terminal Connect the common probe or clamp to the battery negative terminal The app will present the State of Charge result in the data intelligence menu 31 Curiosity Engaged

Battery State of Charge Automotive Applications The test for 12 V automotive systems provides the following range for state of charge 12 V STATE OF CHARGE RANGE 12 45 12 66 OK to LOAD TEST 12 86V 12 45V GREEN OK TO TEST 12 16 12 30V ORANGE RECHARGE BAT 9 8 12 15 RED BAD RECHARGE BAT The Percentage of Charge for the 12 V automotive battery system is as follows 12 60V or greater 100 12 45V 75 12 30V 50 12 15V 25 Please note that 24V and 48V system updates are coming and will be ranged correctly as well 32 Curiosity Engaged

Battery State of Charge Automotive Applications Recommendations Check the battery case for signs of physical damage such as warping bloating cracks or other issues If no damage continue For a fast recharge turn over the engine and let the alternator recharge the battery You can keep tool connected to monitor the voltage and state of charge Although this will quickly get the battery voltage back to a higher state of charge this may not be enough to return a truly drained battery If the issue remains after the alternator recharge continue with a dedicated charger Remove the battery from the vehicle OR disconnect the cables from the vehicle If you want to keep the vehicles memory alive be sure to use a keep alive jump pack on the system Before charging with a dedicated charging system be sure that the ratings and settings are correct for the type of battery you are using and that you connect the charger to the battery before turning it on Recharge Battery using dedicated charger and a slow recharge cycle If these steps resolve the State of Charge issue continue with your diagnostic process If it does not read below If the battery system does not hold a charge at the OK TO LOAD TEST level after these steps and excessive load is not on the system and the battery installed on the vehicle is of the correct capacity and CCA it is possible a replacement battery is needed test with a dedicated carbon pile tester and continue 33 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cranking Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is to watch the voltage drop of the battery in a cranking situation for 15 seconds where the fuel pump relay is removed allowing for a high enough load on the battery to give an indication of battery health The battery cranking test takes into account both the temperature and the curve of the battery drain to make a determination on whether or not the vehicle s battery is in good standing or needs to be replaced Although this is not a definitive replacement for your carbon pile load tester this is sufficient to provide you with a high probability of certainty on a good battery and Bad battery allowing you to save time and money on doing expensive load tests on the battery Please note that you will need to remove the fuel pump relay for this test and that some vehicles may show the check engine light after this relay is removed Once the Battery Cranking test is selected the application will automatically set up the tool and range it for this test Tool Setup Top Chanel set to internal temperature Bottom Channel set to Voltage DC ranged at 60V Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Please note that the tool is monitoring the ambient temperature in conjunction with the voltage drop of the battery and the characteristics of the drop in order to make a determination on the battery status On the next page you will see the general guidelines for the battery test results 34 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cranking Automotive Applications Test Procedure Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or Alligator Clamps Connect the positive probe or clamp to the battery positive terminal Connect the common probe or clamp to the battery negative terminal The app will present the Bat Cranking result in the data intelligence menu Disable the Fuel Pump by removing the fuel pump relay This is so that you can crank the engine for 15 seconds and monitor the voltage drop and the voltage characteristics Set the min max reading to Min Crank over the vehicle to remove any fuel left in the system the engine may turn over momentarily Once the engine cuts out re crank the engine for 15 seconds Allow the tool to monitor the results and provide a live status A battery minimum reading of less than 9 40V at 60 F 16 C indicates a weak battery Battery Air Temperature guide 10 0V 90 F 33 C 9 8V 80 F 27 C 9 6V 70 F 21 C 9 4V 60 F 16 C 9 2V 50 F 10 C 9 0V 40 F 4 C 8 8V 30 F 1 C 8 6V 20 F 7 C 35 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cranking Automotive Applications Recommendations Check the battery case for signs of physical damage such as warping bloating cracks or other issues If no damage continue Recharge battery For a fast recharge turn over the engine and let the alternator recharge the battery You can keep tool connected to monitor the voltage and state of charge Although this will quickly get the battery voltage back to a higher state of charge this may not be enough to return a truly drained battery Retest If the issue remains after the alternator recharge continue with a dedicated charger Remove the battery from the vehicle OR disconnect the cables from the vehicle If you want to keep the vehicles memory alive be sure to use a keep alive jump pack on the system Before charging with a dedicated charging system be sure that the ratings and settings are correct for the type of battery you are using and that you connect the charger to the battery before turning it on Recharge Battery using dedicated charger and a slow recharge cycle Re Test If the issue is resolved continue on your diagnostic process If not continue If the weak battery notification is returned and the minimum voltage drops below the suggested level as related to temperature use a dedicated load test or smart battery tester to confirm readings If the battery is inoperable a replacement battery may be necessary 36 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Terminal Test Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to determine if the terminal connector has high voltage drop on it and can be the cause of your electrical gremlins Please note that you will want to have as many high loads on when performing this test in order to have a sufficient Voltage drop test from the battery post to the battery terminal The tool is looking for voltage drops of less than or more than 200mV from the battery post to the terminals Once the Battery Terminals test is selected the application will automatically set up the tool and range it for this test Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Turn on head lamps and any other high loads Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads For the Ground Terminal Press the ground probe on battery ground post Press the positive probe on the Battery Terminal connector Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad For the Positive Terminal Press the positive probe on battery positive post Press the ground probe on the Battery Terminal connector Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad 37 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Terminal Test Automotive Applications Recommendations If Battery Terminals are found to be Bad this voltage drop can be caused by corrosion rust crust oxidation and other materials introduced between the battery post and the terminal The first recommendation is to clean the battery posts Once cleaned Retest the battery terminals If the terminal voltage drop is gone continue testing procedure If Voltage Drop remains uninstall and reinstall the terminals and use dielectric grease at the posts and terminals and ensure a tight fit Ensure there is no debris or object between the battery posts and the terminal If second cleaning does not resolve issue expect to replace the battery terminals Discuss with the customer 38 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cables Test Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you determine if the power feed cables have voltage drop on them in a loaded environment By testing for voltage drop with load on the cables such as a crank over or other high draw loads this test allows us to look at the amount of drop on the cable over a given period of time Any voltage drop above 500mV on the power feeds or battery cables can cause problems down the electrical chain of custody and can possibly cause electrical gremlins to plague the rest of the systems on board Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads For the Ground Terminal Press the ground probe on battery terminal post Press the positive probe on the Vehicle chassis or motor Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad For the Positive Terminal Press the positive probe on battery positive terminal post Press the ground probe on the starter output connector Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad Clear Min Max and set to Max Turn on head lamps and any other high loads or Crank Over 39 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cables Test Automotive Applications Recommendations If a bad result if found it is important to Inspect your power feed cable connectors for loose connections corrosion breaks and other issues Also checking the wire integrity is important as friction other technicians or mother nature may have caused a break in the cable shielding and allowed moisture to enter the cable causing rust or corrosion After inspecting the power feed connections and cable for visible damage if any is found this must be addressed by either proper repair replacement for readjustment If the connectors have no visible damage inspect cable closer and begin the wiggle test along the whole wire to ensure there are no breaks along the body inside the insulation and shielding If the cable has no visible damage clean and readjust the connectors and retest If the issue is resolved continue on your diagnostic process and confirm your original issues have gone away although a high or higher than expected voltage drop on the cables can cause issues along the electrical chain of custody other issues may still exist If the bad notification remains you may need to completely before replacing it Remove the power feed to inspect closer and either repair or replace 40 Curiosity Engaged

Loaded Cables Test Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you determine if the any feed cables have voltage drop on them in a loaded environment By testing for voltage drop with load on the cables such as a crank over or other high draw loads this test allows us to look at the amount of drop on the cable over a given period of time Any voltage drop above 500mV on the power feeds or battery cables can cause problems down the electrical chain of custody and can possibly cause electrical gremlins to plague the rest of the systems on board Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Press or clamp the ground probe on one side of cable Press or clamp the positive probe on other side of cable Clear Min Max and set to Max Turn on head lamps and any other high loads or Crank Over Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad 41 Curiosity Engaged

Loaded Cables Test Automotive Applications Recommendations If a bad result if found it is important to Inspect your power feed cable connectors for loose connections corrosion breaks and other issues Also checking the wire integrity is important as friction other technicians or mother nature may have caused a break in the cable shielding and allowed moisture to enter the cable causing rust or corrosion After inspecting the power feed connections and cable for visible damage if any is found this must be addressed by either proper repair replacement for readjustment If the connectors have no visible damage inspect cable closer and begin the wiggle test along the whole wire to ensure there are no breaks along the body inside the insulation and shielding If the cable has no visible damage clean and readjust the connectors and retest If the issue is resolved continue on your diagnostic process and confirm your original issues have gone away although a high or higher than expected voltage drop on the cables can cause issues along the electrical chain of custody other issues may still exist If the bad notification remains you may need to completely before replacing it Remove the power feed to inspect closer and either repair or replace 42 Curiosity Engaged

Starter System Tests App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Starter System Automotive Applications The starter system test are designed to help you diagnose and identify the health status of the physical components and circuits of the starter system With the starter system tests you can determine if these components are operating within the manufacturers specification or the cause of failure These tests will require either the voltmeter or the ohmmeter The current test feature in the application for the Starter system are Starter Solenoid Starter Circuit Solenoid Switches Although these tests are what is present today the list of component types is growing and will continue to be updated Amperage readings will be included in the next set of updates on these tests and as the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 44 Curiosity Engaged

Starter Solenoid Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to provide feedback on voltage drop testing across the starter solenoid positive connector to battery post positive and can be used from the starter solenoid negative post to the starter motor We should expect to see no more than 200mV of voltage drop across this circuit The starter motor demands high amperage draw from the vehicles battery and any resistance in the circuit that can cause voltage drop can cause the starter to turn slowly and even become inoperable Testing this system can be useful in a no start condition Because we are testing the starter the ignition system will need to be disabled Remove the fuel pump relay or fuse for this test Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Disable ignition so engine cannot crank over remove fuel pump relay or fuse Crank over engine to exhaust fuel left in the system Once fuel is gone continue Place Leads on tool to Volts and Common Use Probe Tips or clamps on leads Place positive probe tip on battery post positive Place negative probe tip on Starter solenoid positive terminal Set min max to max Crank engine for 5 7 seconds allowing the system to monitor the voltage drop The data intelligence window will show green if the voltage drop was 200 mV and below or red if the voltage drop was above 200mV Note this test can be repeated from the starter solenoid negative to the starter motor positive terminals 45 Curiosity Engaged

Starter Circuit Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to provide feedback on voltage drop testing across the starter circuit as a whole from the positive connector of the starter motor to battery post positive We should expect to see no more than 700mV 7V of voltage drop across this circuit The starter motor demands high amperage draw from the vehicles battery and any resistance in the circuit that can cause voltage drop can cause the starter to turn slowly and even become inoperable Testing this system can be useful in a no start condition Because we are testing the starter the ignition system will need to be disabled Remove the fuel pump relay or fuse for this test Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Disable ignition so engine cannot crank over remove fuel pump relay or fuse Crank over engine to exhaust fuel left in the system Once fuel is gone continue Place Leads on tool to Volts and Common Use Probe Tips or clamps on leads Place positive probe tip on battery post positive Place negative probe tip on Starter motor positive terminal Set min max to max Crank engine for 5 7 seconds allowing the system to monitor the voltage drop The data intelligence window will show green if the voltage drop was 700 mV and below or red if the voltage drop was above 700mV 46 Curiosity Engaged

Solenoid Switches Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to provide feedback on voltage drop testing across the starter solenoid Although we can test the circuit as a whole and the feeds to and from the solenoid if we have a faulty starter circuit it is important to diagnose the solenoid switch under load We should expect to see no more than 100mV 1V of voltage drop across this switch The starter motor demands high amperage draw from the vehicles battery and any resistance in the circuit that can cause voltage drop can cause the starter to turn slowly and even become inoperable Testing this system can be useful in a no start condition Because we are testing the starter the ignition system will need to be disabled Remove the fuel pump relay or fuse for this test Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Disable ignition so engine cannot crank over remove fuel pump relay or fuse Crank over engine to exhaust fuel left in the system Once fuel is gone continue Place Leads on tool to Volts and Common Use Probe Tips or clamps on leads Place positive probe tip on positive post of starter solenoid Place negative probe tip on ground post of starter solenoid Set min max to max Crank engine for 5 7 seconds allowing the system to monitor the voltage drop The data intelligence window will show green if the voltage drop was 100 mV and below or red if the voltage drop was above 100mV 47 Curiosity Engaged

Ignition System Tests App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Ignition System Automotive Applications The ignition system test are designed to help you diagnose and identify the health status of the physical components and circuits of the ignition system With the ignition system tests you can determine if the ignition system is the cause of failure or operating within the manufacturers specification These tests will require either the voltmeter or the ohmmeter The current test feature in the application for the ignition system are Spark Plug Wire Primary Winding Secondary Winding Condensor Leak Although these tests are what is present today the list of component types is growing and will continue to be updated As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 49 Curiosity Engaged

Spark Plug Wire Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you determine if the spark plug wires have the optimal amount of resistance by foot length Too much or too little resistance on the spark plug wire can wreak havoc on the engine performance In general we want to see no more than 10 000 12 000 ohms per 1 foot of cable This test will provide feedback if the measurement is within 1 000 ohms of the optimal amount of ohms per foot based on feet Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Resistance Auto Ranged Speed 256MS 32 or 125 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to ohms and Common Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Connect the positive probe tip or clamp to the one end of the wire Connect the ground probe tip or clamp to the other end of the wire Enter the length of wire in feet on the data intelligence menu The result will populate to the left of the feet The test will either result in a Good green results screen a Low Yellow screen or a High red screen deepening on the value of ohms per feet 50 Curiosity Engaged

Primary Windings Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to determine if the amount of resistance of the primary windings of conventional distributor less ignition coils are correct and are within optimal range Primary windings or coils connect the vehicles battery and ignition switch to the secondary windings Normal operating range is within 2 to 1 5 Any readings below 2 are considered low and any readings above 1 5 are considered high Low Readings will be presented with a yellow back ground high readings will be presented with a red background and optimal or ok readings will be with a green background Readings should be completed both when the coil is hot and when it is cold to ensure the values do not change drastically It is always important to confirm the manufacturers specification for the specific coils and windings Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Resistance Auto Ranged Speed 256MS 32 or 125 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to ohms and Common Use Probe Tips on leads Identify the common and positive or switching pins for the coil pack primary winding Connect the ground probe tip to the coil pack common pin primary windings common pin Connect the positive probe tip to each switching pin for each primary windings coil pin The resistance value will indicate a result in the data intelligence window Note that it is still important to test each winding under load for spark Depending on the coil pack there can be can be multiple positive pins switching pins on a coil pack as each pair of cylinders on waste spark systems shares a coil It is important to check between the common and each pin and confirm test results For pencil coils there should only be one common and one positive pin It is also important to check for constant power and switching signal at the connector to the vehicle in diagnosing a no spark condition 51 Curiosity Engaged

Secondary Windings Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to determine if the amount of resistance of the secondary windings of conventional distributor less ignition coils are correct and are within optimal range Secondary windings or coils connect the primary windings to the spark plugs Normal operating range is within 6 k to 20 K Any readings below 6K are considered low and any readings above 20K are considered high Low Readings will be presented with a yellow back ground high readings will be presented with a red background and optimal or ok readings will be with a green background Readings should be completed both when the coil is hot and when it is cold to ensure the values do not change drastically It is always important to confirm the manufacturers specification for the specific coils and windings Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Resistance Auto Ranged Speed 256MS 32 or 125 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to ohms and Common Use Probe Tips on leads Identify the common and primary positive terminal or switching pins for the coil pack Connect the ground probe tip to the high voltage secondary output pin of the coil pack Connect the positive probe tip to each switching pin for each primary windings coil pin The resistance value will indicate a result in the data intelligence window for each switching pin Note that it is still important to test each winding under load for spark 52 Curiosity Engaged

Condensor Leak Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to determine if an automotive condenser capacitor is able to receive and hold a charge without using a specific capacitance meter Capacitors will receive and store farads energy for releasing energy quickly Because resistance meters or ohmmeters apply a known voltage across the test leads they can charge condensers capacitors and as the condenser is charged by the leads we can watch the resistance increase to infinity Any other behavior indicates that the condenser should be replaced Please note that once a condenser is charged it should stay at infinity indefinitely until discharged This test will ask you to watch the video to see the test procedure in practice Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Resistance Auto Ranged Speed 256MS 32 or 125 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to ohms and Common Use Probe Tips or clamps on leads Identify the common pin and positive pin of the Condenser Capacitor Connect the positive probe or clamp to the positive pin Connect the ground probe or clamp to the common pin Watch for a resistance reading As the resistance reading increases it will eventually move to out of range Note capacitors discharge their stored energy quickly Use caution and safety 53 Curiosity Engaged

Charging System Automotive Applications Curiosity Engaged

Charging Systems Automotive Applications The charging systems testing features built into the application are designed to help you in your diagnostic process and provide enough information to determine if the vehicles charging system can be the root cause of your electrical issues or if you can continue testing into the systems that are being affected by the current electrical gremlins Although the current tests are related to voltage drop soon there will be updates that include amperage draw and the use of amp clamps as well These tests only require the voltmeter on the N2 Neuron The current test feature in the application for the battery systems are Alternator Voltage Alternator Feeds The alternator tests are currently only looking for voltage drop across the power feed cable or the ground As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 55 Curiosity Engaged

Alternator Voltage Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you determine if the power feed cable to the alternator has any voltage drop on it in a loaded environment By testing for voltage drop with load on the cable such as with high draw loads this test allows us to look at the amount of drop on the feed over a given period of time with draw on it Any voltage drop above 500mV on the power feeds or battery cables can cause problems down the electrical chain of custody and can possibly cause electrical gremlins to plague the rest of the systems on board Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Press or clamp the ground probe on Battery positive Terminal Press or clamp the positive probe on the Alternator output terminal Clear Min Max and set to Max Turn over the engine and turn on as many loads as possible headlamps radio Air conditioner etc Rev the engine to 2 000 rpm and hold until battery volt drops and the alternator kicks over During the alternator kick over monitor the data intelligence menu The results will be provided as Good or Bad 56 Curiosity Engaged

Alternator Feed Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you determine if the ground feed cable to the alternator has any voltage drop on it in a loaded environment By testing for voltage drop with load on the cable such as with high draw loads this test allows us to look at the amount of drop on the feed over a given period of time with draw on it Any voltage drop above 200mV on the power feeds or battery cables can cause problems down the electrical chain of custody and can possibly cause electrical gremlins to plague the rest of the systems on board Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Press or clamp the positive probe on Battery Ground Terminal Press or clamp the positive probe on the Alternator body or ground connector Clear Min Max and set to Max Turn over the engine and turn on as many loads as possible headlamps radio Air conditioner etc Rev the engine to 2 000 rpm and hold until battery volt drops and the alternator kicks over During the alternator kick over monitor the data intelligence menu The results will be provided as Good or Bad 57 Curiosity Engaged

Sensor Tests App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Sensor Tests Automotive Applications The sensor tests are designed to help you diagnose whether or not a sensor is operating correctly or at least within known behavior of these types of tests Although the data intelligence menu will not provide a Good or Bad result today it will provide a fast video on how to test the given sensor the types of results to be expected and how that might look in the application whether as a reading or as a graphed value These tests will require either the voltmeter or the ohmmeter The current test feature in the application for the sensor tests are Hall effect sensor Test Thermistor Voltage Test Thermistor Ohms Test 3 Wire Sensor Ohm Test 3 Wire Voltage Test 02 Sensor Test Although these tests are what is present today the list of sensor types is growing and will continue to be updated As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 59 Curiosity Engaged

HALL EFFECT Sensor Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to monitor a hall effect sensor Hall effect sensors measure and monitor the change in magnetic field due to a reluctor wheel rotating through the sensors test area and will provide a waveform output in relation to the metal teeth passing through the test field The hall effect sensor will typically shift between between 0 and 5 volts in a square wave pattern as the teeth on a reluctor wheel pass through sensor and change the magnetic field Testing the sensor can be done with a voltmeter and values can be monitored however a graph of the values over time will allow you to see if there are teeth missing on the reluctor wheel or if voltages are not consistent at each tooth passing through the system Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Insert a T Pin at the back of the hall effect output terminal Insert a T Pin at the back of the hall effect ground terminal Set the Meter Mode to Graph Set the Graph to Waveforms Ensure the system is on and 5v reference is available either through battery or jumper Begin rotating the reluctor wheel rotate shaft or wheel Watch the graphing screen for the 5v reference turning on and off creating a Square wave pattern 60 Curiosity Engaged

Thermistor Voltage Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to monitor the voltage of the thermistor and determine if it is within range of the operating specifications Thermistors are either NTC or PTC type and their resistance values are variable depending on the temperature that they are sensing A thermistor can either be open shorted or operating correctly or incorrectly In this test we are looking to determine if the resistance change in the thermistor is smooth and consistent over the increase and decrease in temperature Although this test is not a definitive pass fail or green light red light the tool is automatically set up for a fast voltage capture with stable readings and ranged correctly Once connected to a thermistor the graphing screen will be the way to monitor output Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Connect the positive probe tip or clamp to the positive output of the thermistor Connector the ground probe tip or clamp to the ground of the thermistor Look for out of range 0 Volts or a voltage reading Set the Meter Mode to Graph Begin to heat up the thermistor Watch the characteristics of the reading for a gradual change in the voltage 61 Curiosity Engaged

Thermistor Voltage Automotive Applications Recommendations A thermistor is not actively powering itself but rather creating a voltage drop across itself based on temperature A faulty thermistor reading on the vehicle may be the cause of the thermistor the thermistor circuit or the computer monitoring the thermistor value Diagnosis of a thermistor should be broken into the 3 categories of component circuit and computer Diagnosing the thermistor A thermistor can either be open shorted operating correctly or incorrectly If the thermistor is open the reading will be out of range or a the tool will see ghost voltage a fluctuation of voltage randomly from the air and other electronics around us If the thermistor is shorted it will either see 0 volts on the screen or at least a voltage reading that does not change due to the nature of how voltmeters work If the thermistor is operating incorrectly the changes in its internal resistance values will change sharply as consistent temperature is applied to the element and the readings will appear to jump or drop significantly as element is being heated and monitored Diagnosing the circuit If the thermistor is found to be operational or operating as expected but the issue still exists the next step is to diagnose the thermistor circuit Begin with the connectors then the feeds or cables and end with the grounds Visually inspect and wiggle test the circuits Use the loaded cable or cable tests from the voltage drop menu to verify there is no undue voltage drop on the system If possible and safe a loaded test of the cables disconnected from any computer circuits would be preferable If the problem still exists attempt to diagnose the monitoring system of the thermistor using a wiring diagram to identify what is monitoring the thermistor value 62 Curiosity Engaged

Thermistor Resistance Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to monitor the resistance value of the thermistor and determine if it is within range of the operating specifications Thermistors are either NTC or PTC type and their resistance values are variable depending on the temperature that they are sensing A thermistor can either be open shorted or operating correctly or incorrectly In this test we are looking to determine if the resistance change in the thermistor is smooth and consistent over the increase and decrease in temperature Although this test is not a definitive pass fail or green light red light the tool is automatically set up for a fast resistance capture with stable readings and ranged correctly Once connected to a thermistor the graphing screen will be the way to monitor output Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Resistance Ranged to 10M Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Ohms and Common Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Remove the thermistor from a power source Connect the positive probe tip or clamp to the positive output of the thermistor Connector the ground probe tip or clamp to the ground of the thermistor Look for out of range a stuck value or a slightly fluctuating reading Set the Meter Mode to Graph Begin to heat up the thermistor Watch the characteristics of the reading for a gradual change in the resistance or reading 63 Curiosity Engaged

Thermistor Resistance Automotive Applications Recommendations A thermistor is not actively powering itself but rather creating a voltage drop across itself based on temperature A faulty thermistor reading on the vehicle may be the cause of the thermistor the thermistor circuit or the computer monitoring the thermistor value Diagnosis of a thermistor should be broken into the 3 categories of component circuit and computer Diagnosing the thermistor A thermistor can either be open shorted operating correctly or incorrectly If the thermistor is open the reading will be out of range or a the tool will see fluctuating resistance values due to ghost voltage a fluctuation of voltage randomly from the air and other electronics around us If the thermistor is shorted it will either see an Ohms value on the screen that fluctuates but does not intentionally increase or decrease or at least an ohms value reading that does not change due to the nature of how ohmmeters work If the thermistor is operating incorrectly the changes in its internal resistance values will change sharply as consistent temperature is applied to the element and the readings will appear to jump or drop significantly as element is being heated and monitored Diagnosing the circuit If the thermistor is found to be operational or operating as expected but the issue still exists the next step is to diagnose the thermistor circuit Begin with the connectors then the feeds or cables and end with the grounds Visually inspect and wiggle test the circuits Use the loaded cable or cable tests from the voltage drop menu to verify there is no undue voltage drop on the system If possible and safe a loaded test of the cables disconnected from any computer circuits would be preferable If the problem still exists attempt to diagnose the monitoring system of the thermistor using a wiring diagram to identify what is monitoring the thermistor value 64 Curiosity Engaged

3 Wire Resistance Automotive Applications Test purpose The 3 wire test is designed to identify if a potentiometer is operating correctly or at least behaving in a normal manner Because there are many behaviors of a potentiometer value that can be monitored this test will not provide a green light red light or pass fail but it will allow you to monitor the behavior of the sensor and determine if it is behaving as it should in it s given application It is important to note that the resistance values of the potentiometer can value greatly from make model and purpose so the auto range functionality must be left on Three Wire potentiometer or position sensors will have a reference voltage pin ground pin and output pin In a 3 wire potentiometer sensor the output pin or signal reference pin is providing a voltage reading proportional to the movement of the system being monitored by the sensor typically within a 5 volt range typically 0 5 volts The output pin is effectively a voltmeter and provides a voltage reading based on the physical movement of the arm internally that is touching the resistor that is powered by the reference voltage and providing an output voltage value based on where the physical position of that arm is In an off vehicle test the potentiometer will act as a rheostat when no voltage reference is provided or present and produce a variable resistance value Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Resistance Auto Ranged Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures off vehicle Place Leads on tool to Ohms and Common Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Connect the positive probe tip or clamp to the positive output of the potentiometer Connector the ground probe tip or clamp to the ground of the potentiometer Look for out of range a stuck value or a slightly fluctuating reading Set the Meter Mode to Graph Begin to move the shaft or component blade arm or crank being measured or component Watch the characteristics of the reading for a proportional change in the resistance or reading to the movement you are creating 65 Curiosity Engaged

3 Wire Resistance Automotive Applications Recommendations A potentiometer is actively powered by a 5V reference Internally the resistor is consuming voltage relative to the position of the arm being moved Depending on the position of the arm the resistor can consume all of the voltage none of the voltage or somewhere in between The output of the voltage value is proportional and relative to the position of the arm on the resistor In a potentiometer resistance value check the potentiometer must be removed from the power source and a voltage drop across itself is created based on location of the sensing arm on the resistor A faulty potentiometer or position reading on the vehicle may be the cause of the sensor the sensor circuit ground Vref or output or the computer monitoring the sensor value Diagnosis of a potentiometer should be broken into the 4 categories of sensor circuit computer and Component being sensed or monitored by the sensor Diagnosing the sensor A potentiometer can either be open shorted operating correctly or incorrectly If the potentiometer is open the reading will be out of range or the tool will see fluctuating resistance values due to ghost voltage if no reference voltage is present If the resistor inside is open the Vref pin and Ground pin will show out of range If the sensing arm and ground are open the output pin and ground will show out of range If the potentiometer is shorted on the ground pin and output voltage pin it will either see an ohms value on the screen that fluctuates slightly or and ohms value that does not move with the arm shaft or component being measured If the potentiometer is operating incorrectly the changes in its internal resistance values will change sharply as movement is applied to the component and the readings will appear to jump or drop significantly as sensor arm or blade is moved Diagnosing the circuit If the potentiometer is found to be operational or operating as expected but the issue still exists the next step is to diagnose the potentiometer circuit Begin with the connectors then the feeds or cables and end with the grounds Visually inspect and wiggle test the circuits Use the loaded cable or cable tests from the voltage drop menu to verify there is no undue voltage drop on the system If possible and safe use a loaded test of the cables disconnected from any computer or srs circuits Diagnosing the component being monitored After confirming the potentiometer has good reference voltage and ground monitor the output voltage and activate or manually engage the position component being monitored to confirm the component is operating as expected If operating as expected diagnose the monitoring system 66 Curiosity Engaged

3 Wire Voltage Automotive Applications Test purpose The 3 wire test is designed to identify if a potentiometer is operating correctly or at least behaving in a normal manner Because there are many behaviors of a potentiometer value that can be monitored this test will not provide a green light red light or pass fail but it will allow you to monitor the behavior of the sensor and determine if it is behaving as it should in it s given application It is important to note that the resistance values of the potentiometer can value greatly from make model and purpose so the auto range functionality must be left on Three Wire potentiometer or position sensors will have a reference voltage pin ground pin and output pin In a 3 wire potentiometer sensor the output pin or signal reference pin is providing a voltage reading proportional to the movement of the system being monitored by the sensor typically within a 5 volt range typically 0 5 volts The output pin is effectively a voltmeter and provides a voltage reading based on the physical movement of the arm internally that is touching the resistor that is powered by the reference voltage and providing an output voltage value based on where the physical position of that arm is In an off vehicle test the potentiometer will act as a rheostat when no voltage reference is provided or present and produce a variable resistance value Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures on vehicle or powered with 5V ref Place Leads on tool to Volts DC and Common Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Connect the positive probe tip or clamp to the positive output of the potentiometer Connector the ground probe tip or clamp to the ground of the potentiometer Look for stuck voltage reading 0 voltage reading or a fluctuating V microvolt reading Set the Meter Mode to Graph Begin to move the shaft or component blade arm or crank being measured or component Watch the characteristics of the reading for a proportional change in the voltage or V to the movement you are creating 67 Curiosity Engaged

3 Wire Voltage Automotive Applications Recommendations A potentiometer is actively powered by a 5V reference Internally the resistor is consuming voltage relative to the position of the arm being moved Depending on the position of the arm the resistor can consume all of the voltage none of the voltage or somewhere in between The output of the voltage value is proportional and relative to the position of the arm on the resistor In a potentiometer resistance value check the potentiometer must be removed from the power source and a voltage drop across itself is created based on location of the sensing arm on the resistor A faulty potentiometer or position reading on the vehicle may be the cause of the sensor the sensor circuit ground Vref or output or the computer monitoring the sensor value Diagnosis of a potentiometer should be broken into the 4 categories of sensor circuit computer and Component being sensed or monitored by the sensor Diagnosing the sensor A potentiometer can either be open shorted operating correctly or incorrectly If the potentiometer is open the reading will be 0 Volts or the tool will see fluctuating voltage values due to ghost voltage If no reference voltage is present this will also occur If the resistor inside is open the Vref pin and Ground pin will show 0 Volts or ghost voltage If the sensing arm and ground are open the output pin and ground will show 0 Volts or ghost voltage If the potentiometer is shorted on the ground pin and output voltage pin it will either see 0 Volts value or a stuck voltage value If the potentiometer is operable but operating incorrectly the changes in its internal resistance values will change sharply as movement is applied to the component and the readings will appear to jump or drop significantly as sensor arm or blade is moved Diagnosing the circuit If the potentiometer is found to be operational or operating as expected but the issue still exists the next step is to diagnose the potentiometer circuit Confirm Reference Voltage and Ground are present Begin with the connectors then the feeds or cables and end with the grounds Visually inspect and wiggle test the circuits Use the loaded cable or cable tests from the voltage drop menu to verify there is no undue voltage drop on the system If possible and safe use a loaded test of the cables disconnected from any computer or srs circuits Diagnosing the component being monitored After confirming the potentiometer has good reference voltage and ground monitor the output voltage and activate or manually engage the position component being monitored to confirm the component is operating as expected If operating as expected diagnose the monitoring system 68 Curiosity Engaged

02 Sensor Lambda Sensor Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you identify if the O2 sensors lambda sensors are operating correctly Because O2 sensors are measuring oxygen levels in engine exhaust they are exposed to high heat and depending the manufacturer they can be in areas that can be damaged by road debris Faulty O2 Sensors can cause poor engine performance high exhaust emissions and high fuel consumption O2 Sensors typically output a voltage in reference to the lean and rich state of the fuel mixture higher or lower oxygen levels in the exhaust and will generate a voltage between 1V and 9V for upstream O2 sensors as the engine fuel air mixture alternates between rich and lean If the upstream O2 sensor and emissions control system are doing their job correctly the downstream O2 sensor should stay at approximately 45V as it is past the catalytic converter This test will allow you to monitor the output of the O2 sensor voltage in a graphed view to either see the alternation of rich to lean states or the post catalytic converter leveled oxygen level Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Volts DC and Common Use Probe Tips on leads or clamps Connect the positive probe tip or clamp to the positive output of the 02 sensor Connector the ground probe tip or clamp to the ground of the 02 Sensor Set the Meter Mode to Graph Turn over engine and set revs to 2500 RPM Upstream O2 Sensor Watch the characteristics of the reading to change from 1V 9V Downstream 02 Sensor watch the characteristics of the reading stabilize to approx 45V to 5V 450 mV to 500mV 69 Curiosity Engaged

02 Sensor Lambda Sensor Automotive Applications Recommendations O2 Sensors can become inoperable or damaged for many reasons from circuit issues to deposits physical damage or chemical damage from the use of additives or wrong fuels and O2 sensor must be physically inspected before resigning to failure After a visual inspection of the O2 sensor mounting housing condition heating element connectors ground power and signal wires if no visible damage or lose connectors are evident it is important to try and diagnose if the problem exists with The sensor itself deposits housing mounting The heating element internal resistance of 2 14 ohms yes this test will be added later O2 sensor Circuit power ground signal wire The emissions control unit monitoring the sensors Deposits on the sensor from soot large or small spot deposits burning marks and incorrect mounting can all effect the voltage output of the sensor Check to make sure the outer housing protective tube exposed to the exhaust is clean and not covered Because these can be caused by leaded fuel and fuel additives it is important to advise the customer to use the manufacturer recommended fuel and services There is no safe way to clean an O2 sensor and if deposits soot or other contaminants are found on the housing cover a replacement will be necessary Also if the O2 sensor was improperly mounted and the threads are damaged it is important to replace the sensor as an improper seal can also cause the sensor to operate incorrectly Checking the the heating element of the sensor is also important the heating element should have anywhere from 2 14 ohms and can be checked on 3 and 4 wire sensors Sometimes the housing is used as the ground for the sensor so be sure to check the manufacturers specifications for pin locations and diagram Diagnosing the circuit If the Sensor is found to be operational or operating as expected but the issue still exists the next step is to diagnose the sensor circuit Begin with the connectors then the feeds or cables and end with the grounds Visually inspect and wiggle test the circuits Use the loaded cable or cable tests from the voltage drop menu to verify there is no undue voltage drop on the system If possible and safe use a loaded test of the cables disconnected from any computer or sensitive circuits Diagnosing the component being monitored After confirming the sensor has good operation and circuits are operating within specification it is time to diagnose the monitoring system 70 Curiosity Engaged

Voltage Drop Tests App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Voltage Drop Tests Automotive Applications The voltage drop tests are used to provide a general testing guideline and basis if the manufacturer specifications are not available to compare voltage drops against Voltage drop testing with a loaded circuit is the best way to determine if a component on an electrical is in a good operating health With the circuit under load the voltage drop tells us if there is too much or too little resistance on the circuit or component The following tests are meant to be tested under their normal operating loads on vehicle They can be removed from the vehicle however the test loads will need to be simulated The current test features in the application for the voltage drops are Magnetic Switches Solenoid Switches Connections Battery Terminals Battery Cables Although these tests are what is present today the list of component types is growing and will continue to be updated As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 72 Curiosity Engaged

Magnetic Switches Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you find the optimal voltage drop across magnetic switches in the vehicle Magnetic switches can be found in window circuits sun roof circuits fuel systems and more Although it is always optimal to know the manufacturer specification for magnetic switch voltage drop a good rule of thumb is no more than 100mV or 1 V of voltage drop when the circuit is powered Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Auxiliary Voltage DC OR Voltage DC Auto Ranged Set Min Max to Max Speed 256MS 32 or 115 Hz 32 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on Tool Please probe tips or clamps on leads Place positive probe tip or clamp on switch positive terminal Place common probe tip or clamp on switch ground terminal Set Min Max to Max Activate and load circuit in normal operation The data intelligence menu will show green for acceptable or Ok Voltage drop and red for high voltage drop or Bad 73 Curiosity Engaged

Solenoid Switches Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to provide feedback on voltage drop testing across a solenoid switch Although we can test the circuit as a whole and the feeds to and from the solenoid if we have a faulty solenoid switch it is important to diagnose it under load We should expect to see no more than 90mV 09V of voltage drop across this switch If you do not have the manufacturer specification for voltage drop of the solenoid switch you want to test this is a good rule of thumb test Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on Tool Please probe tips or clamps on leads Place positive probe tip or clamp on switch positive terminal Place common probe tip or clamp on switch ground terminal Set Min Max to Max Activate and load circuit in normal operation The data intelligence window will show green if the voltage drop was 90 mV and below or red if the voltage drop was above 90mV 74 Curiosity Engaged

Connectors Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to provide feedback on voltage drop testing across connections and connections for any circuit If you do not have the manufacturer specification for voltage drop for the particular connector or connection you want to test this is a good rule of thumb test and will lean on the conservative side of more voltage drop bad This test will require you to place the connector under normal operating load and will be looking for a voltage drop of 90mV 09V to make the determination of good or Bad Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on Tool Please probe tips or clamps on leads Place positive probe tip or clamp on connector positive side Place common probe tip or clamp on connector negative side Set Min Max to Max Activate and load circuit in normal operation The data intelligence window will show green if the voltage drop was 90 mV and below or red if the voltage drop was above 90mV 75 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Terminal Test Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to determine if the terminal connector has high voltage drop on it and can be the cause of your electrical gremlins Please note that you will want to have as many high loads on when performing this test in order to have a sufficient Voltage drop test from the battery post to the battery terminal The tool is looking for voltage drops of less than or more than 200mV from the battery post to the terminals Once the Battery Terminals test is selected the application will automatically set up the tool and range it for this test Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Turn on head lamps and any other high loads Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads For the Ground Terminal Press the ground probe on battery ground post Press the positive probe on the Battery Terminal connector Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad For the Positive Terminal Press the positive probe on battery positive post Press the ground probe on the Battery Terminal connector Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad 76 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Terminal Test Automotive Applications Recommendations If Battery Terminals are found to be Bad this voltage drop can be caused by corrosion rust crust oxidation and other materials introduced between the battery post and the terminal The first recommendation is to clean the battery posts Once cleaned Retest the battery terminals If the terminal voltage drop is gone continue testing procedure If Voltage Drop remains uninstall and reinstall the terminals and use dielectric grease at the posts and terminals and ensure a tight fit Ensure there is no debris or object between the battery posts and the terminal If second cleaning does not resolve issue expect to replace the battery terminals Discuss with the customer 77 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cables Test Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you determine if the power feed cables have voltage drop on them in a loaded environment By testing for voltage drop with load on the cables such as a crank over or other high draw loads this test allows us to look at the amount of drop on the cable over a given period of time Any voltage drop above 500mV on the power feeds or battery cables can cause problems down the electrical chain of custody and can possibly cause electrical gremlins to plague the rest of the systems on board Tool Setup Top Chanel N A Bottom Channel Voltage DC ranged at 60V Set Min Max to Max Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures Place Leads on tool to Voltage DC Use Probe Tips on leads For the Ground Terminal Press the ground probe on battery terminal post Press the positive probe on the Vehicle chassis or motor Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad For the Positive Terminal Press the positive probe on battery positive terminal post Press the ground probe on the starter output connector Data intelligence menu will present Good or Bad Clear Min Max and set to Max Turn on head lamps and any other high loads or Crank Over 78 Curiosity Engaged

Battery Cables Test Automotive Applications Recommendations If a bad result if found it is important to Inspect your power feed cable connectors for loose connections corrosion breaks and other issues Also checking the wire integrity is important as friction other technicians or mother nature may have caused a break in the cable shielding and allowed moisture to enter the cable causing rust or corrosion After inspecting the power feed connections and cable for visible damage if any is found this must be addressed by either proper repair replacement for readjustment If the connectors have no visible damage inspect cable closer and begin the wiggle test along the whole wire to ensure there are no breaks along the body inside the insulation and shielding If the cable has no visible damage clean and readjust the connectors and retest If the issue is resolved continue on your diagnostic process and confirm your original issues have gone away although a high or higher than expected voltage drop on the cables can cause issues along the electrical chain of custody other issues may still exist If the bad notification remains you may need to completely before replacing it Remove the power feed to inspect closer and either repair or replace 79 Curiosity Engaged

Temperature System Tests App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Temperature Tests Automotive Applications The temperature tests allow you to take the internal temperature measurement on the N2 Neuron and compare it against the thermocouple probe temperature Because the Thermocouples are cold junction meaning they require the internal temperature reading to calculate temperature of the k type thermal probe both the auxiliary voltage DC Channels and internal temperature channels are used in the testing These tests will require the Auxiliary Voltage DC Meter and Internal Temperature channel displayed in a particular order Auxiliary Voltage DC on top channel and Internal Temp on bottom channel The system tests are designed to help you determine the temperature of the environment around you The current test feature in the application for the temperature system are Air Conditioner Recharge K Type Thermal Probe Although these tests are what is present today the list of component types is growing and will continue to be updated As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 81 Curiosity Engaged

Air Conditioner Recharge Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to provide a comparison between the internal temperature channel of the N2 Neuron and the k Type thermocouple probe tip Because there are more complex factors such as humidity and ambient temperature differential locations the rule of thumb of 30 F difference between ambient and thermocouple are being used as the Good and Bad results The application will not only show you the different temperatures but show the difference between them as well Tool Setup Thermocouple required Top Chanel Auxiliary Voltage DC Auto Ranged Bottom Channel Internal Temp Auto Ranged Speed 256MS 32 or 115 Hz 32 SMPL Test Procedures Place thermocouple black probe on common Place thermocouple red probe on Ohms Place N2 on windshield or external to the vehicle out of direct sunlight via shade or other covering Extend 5 Foot long thermocouple to inside of vehicle insert into 38 78F 30F DIFF right center vent of console Turnover Engine and set Air Conditioner to max cold or as low as possible Monitor the temperature difference If the temperature difference meets or exceeds a 30 F the window will turn green otherwise it will be red 82 Curiosity Engaged

K Type Thermocouple Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to let you test temperature using a type thermocouple with the N2 Neuron The K type thermocouple is a cold junction probe that requires the use of the internal temperature measurement and the auxiliary voltage dc measurement at the same time The thermocouple reading can be viewed numerically or graphed in the graphing screen The measurement from the K Type Thermocouple probe can be viewed in the data intelligence window to the left of menu The internal temperature measurement is coming from an onboard temperature sensor to the N2 The internal temperature measurement of the N2 will affect the thermocouple reading so it is important that the Internal temperature reading be as close to ambient as possible Do not leave the N2 in direct sunlight or on hot surfaces when doing temperature testing cover the N2 in shade if in sunlight to ensure temperatures in the housing do not rise above ambient Tool Setup Thermocouple required Top Chanel Auxiliary Voltage DC Auto Ranged Bottom Channel Internal Temp Auto Ranged Speed 256MS 32 or 115 Hz 32 SMPL Test Procedures Place thermocouple black probe on common Place thermocouple red probe on Ohms Place Thermocouple bead on surface of anything you wish to measure 83 Curiosity Engaged

Power Tests App Explanations Curiosity Engaged

Power Tests Automotive Applications The Power Tests are designed to help you identify different characteristics of power calculations or create power calculations to either diagnose a component circuit or understand a system Each power test has its own requirements and depending on the test can be for DC voltage only or AC and DC Voltage The current test features in the application for the Power Tests are Ohms Law V IR Real Power Apparent Power Power Factor Although these tests are what is present today the list of component types is growing and will continue to be updated As the system tests and training materials increase they will be updated on the virtual portion of this text 85 Curiosity Engaged

Ohms Law V IR Automotive Applications Test purpose This test is designed to help you calculate the resistance of a circuit without you needing to do the math on your own With the Current DC or Amp Clamp Conversion current on top channel and Voltage on Boot Channel the tool will do the ohms law calculations for you Although voltage drop is the preferred way to check for high resistance in a circuit this quick test shows if you are trailing just below noticeable thresholds that would not be blatantly obvious with voltage drop testing Tool Setup Top Chanel Amperage your choice of Current DC or amp clamp conversion Bottom Channel Voltage DC Auto Ranged Speed 64MS 256 or 4000 Hz 256 SMPL Test Procedures for Current DC Place Positive lead on tool to Voltage DC Place Auxiliary lead on Amperage Place Common lead on Common Use Probe Tips or clamps on leads Place the positive lead on the positive side of the circuit Place the common lead on the ground side of the circuit Place the Auxiliary lead on the ground side of the circuit component to be powered no more than 10 amps through the tool Test Procedures for Auxiliary Voltage DC 1a 100mV or 1a 10mV Place Positive lead on tool to Voltage DC Place Common lead on Amperage Place Amp Clamp Common on Common Place Amp Clamp Positive lead on Ohms Place positive lead on positive side of circuit Place common lead on ground side of circuit Place amp clamp around cable that feeds the component being tested The calculated resistance value will be in the Data Intelligence menu below 86 Curiosity Engaged

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