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RadfordData Analysis Report November 2024State of the County

2State of the CountyData Analysis ReportTable of ContentsIntroduction .......................................................4Montgomery Matters ................................................................. 4Structure of the Report .............................................................. 6General Demographic Trends ........................8Growth Matters .......................................................................... 8Vulnerable Populations ........................................................... 10Commuting Patterns ................................................................ 12How it Matters ............................................................................ 13Environmental Resources ..............................15Land Preservation Matters ...................................................... 15Clean Resources Matter .......................................................... 17Flood Zones ............................................................................... 22Soil Matters ................................................................................ 23How This Matters ....................................................................... 24Cultural and Historic Resources ....................25Historic Landmarks and Designations .................................... 25Tourism Matters ......................................................................... 28How This Matters ....................................................................... 29Recreation .......................................................30Park Space and Access .......................................................... 30Park Amenities .......................................................................... 31Parks Programming .................................................................. 35How This Matters ....................................................................... 35Land Use .......................................................... 37Development Trends ............................................................... 37Land Use Breakdown ............................................................... 38Rural Preservation .................................................................... 41How This Matters ...................................................................... 43Economic Resources & Development ..........44Industry and Employment Trends ........................................... 44Economic Diversity ................................................................... 45How this Matters ........................................................................ 47Housing ............................................................48General Household Trends ...................................................... 48Home Construction Trends ...................................................... 50Housing Needs .......................................................................... 51How This Matters ........................................................................ 51Education ........................................................53Enrollment Trends ..................................................................... 53Performance Trends ................................................................. 54Educational Facilities ............................................................... 55Library Facilities & Services ....................................................... 56How This Matters ....................................................................... 57

3State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHealth & Human Services ..............................58Health Risk Factors and Behaviors .......................................... 58Quality of Life ............................................................................ 61How This Matters ....................................................................... 66Public Infrastructure .......................................67Public Water and Sewer .......................................................... 67Private Water and Sewer ........................................................ 69Internet and Telecommunications Coverage ...................... 70How This Matters ....................................................................... 73Public Safety & Welfare ..................................74EMS Facilities & Response Times ............................................. 74Courts and Legal Ofces ........................................................ 76Animal Control ......................................................................... 77How This Matters ....................................................................... 78Appendix A: Maps .........................................79

4State of the CountyData Analysis ReportIntroductionThe State of the County Report is a technical appendix to Montgomery Matters. While this report can serve as a standalone document, its purpose is to guide the County’s policies and actions under the Comprehensive Plan. The following chapters follow the same structure of Montgomery Matters but provide additional technical analysis, keeping the Comprehensive Plan as a more concise user-friendly policy document as opposed to being a bulky report. Montgomery Matters Montgomery Matters is the County’s Comprehensive Plan, a state-mandated long-range guide for local growth and development. The plan addresses various topics, including land use, housing, economic development, and transportation. It also contains several Small Area Plans for the County’s Villages. Montgomery Matters establishes a vision for the future of Montgomery and objectives and goals to achieve this vision. Approach The State of the County Report aims to develop a deeper understanding of Montgomery County’s community needs, issues, and trends. Analyzing the data from one angle only reveals part of the picture or an incomplete conclusion. Thus, County staff and their consultants processed data through four types of analysis to gain a “deeper understanding.” ►Historic Trends Analysis: Experts collected data from previous years and projected datapoints to identify community treads. This work showed how demographics, housing, and other conditions have changed over time, helping to predict what might occur in the future. ►Comparative Analysis: This report compares Montgomery County with other similar communities, to gauge how the County is doing among its peers. ► Compositional Analysis: Rather than take data at face value, the analysis work dug deeper, breaking the numbers out into meaningful groups and discovering what the gures mean. ►Associational Analysis: Montgomery also examined relationships between datasets, like comparing income and race, to understand the data further. While data serves as a basis for informed policy making, it is the analysis of data that converts numbers and trends into conclusions.

5State of the CountyData Analysis ReportBenchmark Communities Under the comparative analysis, Montgomery selected similar communities as a benchmark to understand trends and data. In a search for peers, the County looked for jurisdictions with a rural character, comparable geography and size, similar population and density, a major university, analogous governmental structure, and municipalities at their centers. This research led to three peer communities. Community Area Population Municipality Institution Rural CharacterMontgomery County 387 Square Miles101,894 Towns of Blacksburg & ChristiansburgVirginia TechAlbemarle County Albemarle County is in Central Virginia. This peer has a larger population (116,148) and signicantly larger landmass (720 square miles) than Montgomery.720 Square Miles116,148 City of CharlottesvilleUniversity of VirginiaConsists of mountains, farms and rural villages.Rockingham County Rockingham County is in the Central Shenandoah Valley region. Its land mass of 849 square miles is signicantly larger than Montgomery County’s 387 square miles. Also, Rockingham is signicantly less dense, 99 people per square mile versus 258. 849 Sqaure Miles 85,508Cities of Harrisonburg & WaynesboroJames Madison UniversityNatural areas and extensive agricultural uses.Orange County, NC This peer is the only community outside of the state. Orange County, North Carolina, is in the Research Triangle. Its population (150,626) is signicantly larger than Montgomery County, but the two communities share key characteristics.398 Square Miles150,626 City of Chapel HillUniversity of North CarolinaLarge population at Chapel Hill,yet still retains extensive rural areas.

6State of the CountyData Analysis ReportStructure of the Report The State of the County Report follows the Montgomery Matters structure. In developing the Comprehensive Plan, Montgomery County pulled results from the following analysis and from a public engagement report that documented community comments and feedback. While reviewing Montgomery Matters, readers can refer to these sections to learn more about the analysis that led to County policies. General Demographic Trends This section provides general information and trends in Montgomery County. This demographic section overlaps with all other chapters, feeding into most analysis. Outdoors and Culture Matters Montgomery County started their analysis with a list of research questions. This section follows chapters 7 through 9 of Montgomery Matters: ► Environmental Resources ► Cultural and Historic Preservation ► Recreation Community Development Matters Research questions in this section follow chapters 10 through 13 of Montgomery Matters: ► Land Use Vision ► Economic Resources and Development ► Housing ► Transportation Matters Health and Services Matters Analysis in this section corresponds with Chapters 14 through 17 of Montgomery Matters: ► Education ► Health and Human Services ► Public Infrastructure ► Public Safety and Welfare

7State of the CountyData Analysis ReportTable 1.wwTrendsData Sources MatterDemographic Trends ► Weldon-Cooper Institute ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimate ► US Census ACS 5-Year Estimate ► US Census Decennial Census (DEC) ► US Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD)

8State of the CountyData Analysis ReportGeneral Demographic TrendsData Sources MatterPopulation ► Weldon-Cooper Institute (2010-2023) ► ACS 1-Year Estimate (2013 & 2023)Demographic Changes ► ACS 1-Year Estimate (2022)Vulnerable Populations ► ACS 1-Year Estimate (2017-2022) ► ACS 5-Year Estimate (2020)Commuting Patterns ► US Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) (2021)Growth Matters Population According to UVA’s Weldon Cooper Center, Montgomery County’s population increased by 5% from 2013 to 2023, with a current population of 101,894 residents. Figure 1 shows a steady increase in population from 2013 to a population of 101,894 in 2023, leveling off to the present day. Using Montgomery County’s land area, the population density was determined to be 0.4 residents per acre. According to 2022 ACS 1-year data, Montgomery County’s median income was $71,290. Virginia showed an average median income of 85,873 in the same year.Benchmark Community Population Comparison Montgomery County population trends were compared to similar benchmark communities over the last ten years, as shown in the table below. As shown in Table 2, Montgomery’s population growth rate is the lowest of the peer communities and most like Rockingham County, both in population size and growth rate. The two counties with the highest growth rate (Albemarle and Rockingham) have separate city jurisdictions within them (Charlottesville and Harrisonburg, respectively). While Montgomery County and Orange County have towns within them, the growth rate in these communities is less than in counties with separate jurisdiction cities. Compared with peer communities, Montgomery County has a slightly smaller population than Albemarle County. Montgomery CountyVirginiaMedian Income $71,290 $85,873 Table 2. Average Median Income Compared to State (American Community Survey 1-Year Estimate, Income in the Past 12 Months, 2022)

9State of the CountyData Analysis ReportFigure 1. Population Trends in Montgomery County (Weldon Cooper Institute, Population Estimates, 2013 - 2023)Figure 2. Age pyramid(Weldon Cooper Institute, Population Estimates, 2013 - 2023)County 2013 Population 2023 Population Growth Rate Montgomery County 96,771 101,894 5% Albemarle County 103,000 116,148 13% Rockingham County 78,095 85,508 9% Orange County, NC 140,352 150,626 7% Table 3. Comparison of Population to Peer Communities (Weldon Cooper Institute, Population Estimates, 2013 - 2023; ACS 1-Year Estimates, Population Demographics, 20213 - 2023)Demographic Changes Figure 2 displays an age pyramid to show a breakdown of age and sex of County residents. The County’s population pyramid shows that many residents are aged 15 – 19 and 20 -24 due to local universities, namely Virginia Tech. The lack of populations in the subsequent age groups demonstrates that young adults often move to other locations in their mid-to-late twenties. The bubble in population from the population pyramid above is primarily due to the signicant college-age population attending Virginia Tech. The County may consider ways to retain this younger population, such as evaluating housing opportunities and job availability for a younger population with higher education. Current population retention techniques in the County include developing and maintaining technical training opportunities.

10State of the CountyData Analysis ReportVulnerable Populations Vulnerable populations often lack access to resources that improve their quality of life. This section covers vulnerabilities related to a person’s demographic status, including race, age, gender, and income. Many other factors can inuence someone’s level of vulnerability, including, but not limited to, educational attainment, housing, income, English prociency, cognitive and physical abilities, and mental and physical health. AgeOne factor that can affect someone’s level of vulnerablity is age. Figure 3 shows the percentage of the population over 65 during the last ten years. There has been a consistent increase in the number of people aged 65 and older, and the growth rate has increased over the last ten years. As the population over the age of 65 grows there is an increased demand for health and human services. Map 1 shows the percentage of people 25 or older with a high school diploma or less and those whose income over the past 12 months fell below the poverty line. A high density of individuals below the poverty line can be found in and surrounding the Town of Blacksburg. This could also be attributed to the younger populations surrounding Virginia Tech. Additional hotspots include Christiansburg and southeast Montgomery. This falls in line with educational attainment in the area. Census tracts in Blacksburg and southeast Montgomery have the highest percentage of those with a high school diploma or less.Figure 3. Population 65 and Older Trends (ACS 1-Year Estimates, Sex & Age, 2012 - 2022)

11State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPopulation in Dependent Age Groups(>65)Population 65 Years and OverPercent of Population in Dependent AgeGroups (<18 )1 Dot = 5 PeoplePopulation Less Than 18 Years0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 1. Population Density of Dependent Age Groups (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Sex & Age, 2022)Figure 4. Racial Diversity in Montgomery County (ACS 1-Year Estimates, Demographic and Housing Characteristics, 2020)Race & EthnicityRacial diversity is demonstrated in Figure 4. Overalll, 85% of the population identied as White, 4.2% as Black or African American, and 6.6 % as Asian. Population density by race was also analyzed to show a dot density map of different races within the two towns and the County. Again, these dots do not represent the exact location of where individuals live but the density and total number of individuals in a census tract. In Map 2, each dot on this map represents ten people of that race. The most racially diverse area of the County is in Blacksburg, specically the Virginia Tech area. The area west of Christiansburg has the second-highest level of racial diversity. As noted previously, most of the white population is dispersed throughout the County, with the largest concentration in Christiansburg.

12State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesRace1 Dot = 10 People in Census TractBlack or African American aloneAmerican Indian and AlaskaNative aloneAsian aloneHispanic or Latino PopulationWhite alone0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 2. Population Density of Racial Groups (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Sex & Age, 2022)Commuting Patterns Using 2021 LEHD data, an “inow/outow analysis” was used to determine the percentage of the population working in and outside the County. The working population is divided between those who live outside the County and work within, those who live and work within the County, and those who live in but work out of the County. The County has a relatively even split of commuter inow/outow. Figure 5 describes the inow and outow of Montgomery County. 20,354 workers come into the County for work. 18,397 Montgomery County residents work within the County, while 14,395 residents work outside of it. The County analysis includes the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg. Compared to the benchmark communities, Montgomery County is retaining more of the workforce within the County. This signals there are job opportunities within the County, as most people can work within the County where they reside.Additional analysis was conducted to account for the workforce in Charlottesville and Harrisonburg because they are separate study areas from Albemarle and Rockingham Counties, respectively. As shown in Table 3, each city and County they are in show similar inow/outow commuter data. A factor not considered in this analysis is how long commute times are. For instance, we know how many people are traveling outside Montgomery County but do not know how far they drive to get to their job. The same can be said for how far people drive to work within the County. This information could be vital in understanding any job markets in which the County has an advantage or disadvantage and learning more about regional transportation needs to serve those who travel for work. Stakeholders have cited increased travel times to the Towns as most trafc ows in that direction.

13State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHow it Matters ►At the start of the Montgomery Matters planning process, the team identied growth as a topic that needed analysis. The existing Comprehensive Plan, Montgomery 2025, identies growth as something the County will experience in the future and will inform land use-related goals. The County’s population has steadily increased but at the lowest growth rate of 5% compared to peer communities. ►The population of college-age students contributes significantly to the County. As the age analysis demonstrates, Montgomery struggles to retain young adults after they complete their higher education. Those 65 and over have the largest concentration in and between the two towns. ►Jobs are primarily located within the two towns; more than half of the workforce lives and works within the County and its towns. This metric is higher than that of peer communities, which, on average, have 30% of their population living and working within their respective counties. ►Demographic trends will help inform multiple sections of Montgomery Matters, including: ► Future Land Use ► Housing ► Economic Development ► Public Infrastructure ► Health and Human Services ► Education ► Environment ► RecreationMunicipalityLiving in Selection AreaEmployed InsideEmployed OutsideMontgomery County 32,792 56% 44% City of Charlottesville 18,111 37% 63% Albemarle County 45,218 37% 63% City of Harrisonburg 19,917 36% 64% Rockingham County 41,481 31% 69% Orange County, NC 60,382 30% 70% Table 4.Commuting patterns in Montgomery County and Peer Communities (LEHD, Inow.Outow Patterns, 2021)Figure 5. Commuting Patterns in Montgomery County (LEHD, Inow/Outfow Patterns, 2021)

14State of the CountyData Analysis ReportTable 5.````Outdoors & Culture MattersData Sources MatterEnvironmental Resources ► New River Valley Land Trust (NRVLT) ► Nature Conservancy ► Virginia Department of Environmental Quality ► US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ► Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) ► Montgomery County GIS DataCultural & Historic Resources ► VA Department of Historic Resources (DHR) ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► Americans for the ArtsRecreation ► VA Department of Conservation & Recreation ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► Montgomery County Parks & Recreation Department ► Engagement Matters Phase I Report ► Blacksburg Parks & Recreation Department ► Christiansburg Parks & Recreation Department

15State of the CountyData Analysis ReportEnvironmental ResourcesLand Preservation Matters As shown in the Land Use chapter, the densest development is found within Blacksburg and Christiansburg. Development can also be seen along connector roads in the villages and surrounding towns. These were identied as focus areas for the County’s growth in the existing Comprehensive Plan, Montgomery 2025. Growth is also centered in the southwest and expands towards Radford. The eastern portion of the County is currently the least developed area. Map 3 shows resilient areas in Montgomery County. Resilient areas provide a buffer and lessen the negative impacts of storms and other disasters. In Montgomery County, where ooding occurs, these resilient areas help mitigate the impact of hazards on local populations. This map was created by the New River Valley Land Trust (NRVLT) using a resiliency resources and thresholds analysis with data from the Nature Conservancy. According to the NRVLT analysis and Map 3, areas with high resiliency include northern and eastern Montgomery County. The map identies the Washington Jefferson National Forest and land southeast of Shawsville as the most resilient lands. This data helps the Montgomery Matters team understand resilient areas to help manage growth and development. The map additionally shows areas with the most development are considered the least resilient.Map 4 shows the County’s existing conserved and protected areas, including conservation easements, agricultural and forestal districts, and park land. Agricultural and Forestal Districts (AFD) are not permanent, and the landowner and the Board of Supervisors are responsible for renewing them every eight years. Additional information on agricultural land use and districts can be found in the Land Use chapter. Data Sources MatterResilient Areas ► New River Valley Land Trust ► The Nature ConservancyAir Quality ► Virginia Department of Environmental QualityWater Quality ► US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ► Virginia Department of Environmental Quality ► Federal Emergency Management Administration ► US Department of Agriculture

16State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesResiliency AreasNo ResilienceLittle ResilienceSome ResilienceResilientVery Resilient0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesConservation EasementsAgricultural and Forest Districts0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 3. Resilient land identied by NRV Land Trust in Montgomery County. NRV Land Trust (2024).Map 4. Conservation easements and AFDs. Montgomery County GIS Department

17State of the CountyData Analysis ReportClean Resources Matter Air Quality Matters Map 5 is a heat map of the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) Pollution Response Program (PReP), showing where air, water, and waste pollution incidents have been reported. DEQ updates this data point nightly, and the map displays data from 2019 to July 2024.Pollution incident hot spots include the Radford Army Ammunition Plant (RAAP), downtown areas of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, and an area just south of Elliston-Lafayette. Other pollution sites include landlls, industrial manufacturers, quarries, natural gas plants, and agricultural suppliers. Certain businesses, such as dry cleaners and gas stations, are considered contributors to pollution, according to the DEQ. Pollution incident locations are mostly isolated to four or ve areas in the County, primarily within more developed and urban areas. Overall, the rural and agricultural areas of the County show a sparse amount of pollution. While point-source pollution has an identiable source, the effects of this pollution can be much wider including the County and regionThe Virginia DEQ maintains an inventory of pollutant emitters and their total emission rates throughout the state. These sources include human-made and natural sources. Within the County, only human-made emitters were identied. Table 4 shows the annual emissions for Montgomery County in 2023. Pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Lead (PB), Particulate matter broken down by micrometers (PM, PM 2.5, and PM 10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Each chemical has hazardous effects on human health and the environment. The highest gases emitted include VOC and, to a lesser degree, NOX. Some VOCs are carcinogenic and can enter the atmosphere through gasoline and diesel emissions, wood burning, and industrial emissions. VOC emissions are falling; since 2015 emissions have decreased by 89.42%. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesReported Pollution IncidentsDenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 5. Heat map of reported pollution incidents. Pollution Response Program (PReP), VA DEQ (2024)

18State of the CountyData Analysis ReportPollutant Emissions in TonsSourceFederal ClassicationCO NH3 NOX PB PM PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 VOCMoog Inc - N Main St True Minor 0.39 0.01 0.46 - 0.03 0.01 0.03 - 0.05Federal Mogul Corporation Synthetic Minor 0.82 0.03 0.97 0.08 3.79 3.76 3.79 0.01 5.94Acco Stone Quarry Synthetic Minor 0.00 - 0.00 - 2.73 0.20 1.08 0.00 0.00Big Spring Mills True Minor 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01Hubbell Lighting Inc True Minor - - - - 0.08 0.08 0.08 - -Montgomery Regional Hospital True Minor 2.42 0.06 3.42 0.00 0.18 0.12 0.22 0.23 0.17Sisson and Ryan Quarry True Minor 0.00 - 0.00 - 3.00 1.39 1.39 0.00 0.00Chandler Concrete Co Inc - ChristiansburgSynthetic Minor - - - - 2.19 0.73 0.73 - -Rockingham Redi-Mix - Blacksburg FacilityTrue Minor - - - - 1.19 0.40 0.40 - -Carilion New River Valley Medical CenterTrue Minor 2.51 0.09 3.83 0.00 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.04 0.18Adams Construction Co - B’bg Aztec Drum PlantSynthetic Minor 3.84 - 2.06 0.00 0.96 0.31 0.31 0.23 3.50Rowe Fine Furniture Inc - Elliston Synthetic Minor 0.37 0.01 0.44 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 9.52McCoy Funeral Home True Minor 0.02 - 0.05 - 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.05Horne Funeral Service Incorporated True Minor 0.00 - 0.12 - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00Alliant Techsystems Operations LLC (MCA)True Minor - - - - - - - - 0.05Table 6. Montgomery County annual emissions.VA DEQ, 2023

19State of the CountyData Analysis ReportPollutant Emissions in TonsSourceFederal ClassicationCO NH3 NOX PB PM PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 VOC10 Tons or moreVirginia TechMajor/Potential Major45.21 0.13 37.00 2.51 4.07 0.33 3.08 0.00 2.66Corning Inc Blacksburg Synthetic Minor 12.94 0.01 26.93 16.32 16.32 3.99 15.28 0.00 16.37Wolverine Advanced Materials - Cedar RunMajor/Potential Major5.18 0.20 6.17 0.47 0.47 0.04 17.63 0.00 0.47Alliant Techsystems Operations LLCMajor/Potential Major- - - 24.16 24.16 - 49.61 0.00 24.16100 Tons or MoreUS Army - RAAPMajor/Potential Major62.32 0.72 89.84 13.20 13.21 1.87 612.64 0.41 4.86The County’s largest polluters include the Radford Army Ammunition Plant (RAAP), which emitted 799.07 tons of pollutants in 2023. This is followed by Alliant Technical Operating Systems and Corning Inc in Blacksburg at 122.1 tons and 108.16 tons, respectively. Both RAAP and Alliant have been identied as Major or Potentially Major polluters in the County. Corning Inc is considered a synthetic minor polluter as its emissions are below mandated thresholds. Water Quality Matters Table 5 describes the status and health of non-drinkable waterways in the County. The primary pollutants in the County’s waterways are bacteria, PCBs (“forever chemicals”), and benthic macroinvertebrates. Common causes of bacteria impairments include pet waste, livestock, private septic systems, and public sanitary sewer systems. Chemical pollutants can come from trash, fertilizers, major roadways, and auto repair. Benthic macroinvertebrates are small animals that live in our waterways, and the lack of them in water samples can indicate benthic impairment. Benthic invertebrates are most sensitive to sediment changes and pollutants from improper soil retention management on construction sites, erosion, and storm runoff. Additional sources of pollution to waterways include agricultural land and

20State of the CountyData Analysis Reportlivestock as non-point polluters and the condition and state of private septic systems and public sanitary sewer systems. Finally, potential waterway pollutants could come from improper soil retention on construction sites. Polluted stormwater runoff is considered the largest source of waterway impairment by the EPA; close to 40% of all impaired waterways can be traced back to polluted runoff. Map 7 displays stormwater permits that run into impaired waterways (red) and unimpaired waterways (green). Areas with a high number of permits include the developed areas of Blacksburg and Christiansburg. Additionally, the more impervious surfaces in an area can create more runoff because there are fewer places where water can seep into the ground. This creates a higher concentration of pollution because the water is redirected to specic areas. For example, a completely paved parking lot that redirects all of the rain water into a storm drain that discharges into a nearby pond is moving all of the pollutants from the parking lot into the pond. The pond will have higher concentrations of pollution because that is where all of the parking lot runoff goes. Waterway Status Pollutants OtherBradshaw Creek Impaired PCBS, E coli Temperature Back Creek Impaired Benthic impairment, E coli Bottom Creek Impaired Temperature Claytor Lake (New River) Impaired PCBs Dissolved Oxygen Connellys Run Impaired E coli Craig Creek Impaired E coli Little River Impaired E coli, Fecal coliform Little River Reservoir Impaired E coli New River Impaired PCBs, E coli Crab Creek Impaired Benthic impairment, E coli Meadow Creek Impaired E coli Mill Creek Impaired E coli, fecal coliform North Fork of Roanoke River Good South Fork of Roanoke River Impaired E coli Temperature Plum Creek Good Toms Creek Impaired E coli Temperature Wilson Creek Impaired E coli Table 7. Montgomery County’s impaired waterways. How’s My Waterway? Explorer Tool. USEPA (2023)

21State of the CountyData Analysis ReportFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesImpaired WaterwaysAll Waterways0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 6. Major waterways identied as impaired. How’s My Waterway? Explorer Tool, USEPA (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesStorm Water Permits | Impaired WaterwaysTotal Acres Disturbed151050100Storm Water Permits | Nonimpaired WaterwaysTotal Acres Disturbed1510500 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 7. Stormwater permits releasing into impaired waterways. How’s My Waterway? Explorer Tool, USEPA (2024) & Stormwater Permits, VA DEQ (2024)

22State of the CountyData Analysis ReportFlood Zones Signicant rainfall and ooding leave ood zones at risk of damage, the loss of homes and structures, and in some cases the loss of life. The severe rainfall and ooding from Hurricane Helene in 2024 dealt considerable damage to homes and buildings within oodplains. Map 8 denotes the 100-year ood zones throughout the County. About 1,040 structures in the County are within the 100-year Flood Zone. The ood zones primarily follow the County’s topography and waterway system. It is important to note that Elliston-Lafayette and Shawsville havesignicant ood hazards throughout their village areas. In these villages, 18 percent of buildings are within the 100-year ood zone.North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodies100-Year Flood Zone No Base Elevations100-Year Flood Zone0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 8. 100-Year Flood Zones. FEMA (2024)

23State of the CountyData Analysis ReportSoil Matters Montgomery County is situated in the New River Valley which means most of the terrain is rolling or mountainous. Rolling and mountainous terrain is often associated with erosion issues. The USDA’s Soil Report states that most of Montgomery County’s land is at a very severe (43.2%) or moderate (41.4%) erosion risk. The data in Table 6 shows the total land in each erosion category in the County. The severity rating is based off of soil type and slopes. Rating Acres PercentVery Severe 110,220.6 43%Severe 18,893.1 7.4%Moderate 105,735.5 41.4%Slight 15,477.1 6%Null or Not Related 4,922.1 2%Total Area 255,248.8 100%Map 9 shows areas with steep slopes at a rise of 25 or greater. These areas are highly likely to experience erosion, as forceful water ow can disrupt plant life and cause topsoil loss. Steep slopes can also deter or limit development, as additional site planning and management are needed. Table 8. Erodible land in Montgomery County by severity rating. USDA Soil Report. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesSteep Slopes0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 9. Slopes equal to or greater than 25 feet. Soil Report, USDA (2023)

24State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHow This Matters ►This chapter reviewed land conservation and preservation, water quality and major polluters, ooding, and erosion. ►These factors not only contribute to how we look at the natural environment in the County, but also what these natural features mean for land use, economic development, and County residents’ quality of life. ►The most resilient areas of the County include its northern and eastern regions, specically the Washington Jefferson National Forest and the area surrounding Shawsville. ►The County has several impaired waterways and concentrated polluters. ►Flooding is of great concern, especially along the South Fork of the Roanoke River through the villages of Shawsville and Elliston-Lafayette. The villages include about 1,040 structures within the 100-year Flood Zone. The McCoy community along the New River is also a major area of ood risk, as evidenced by recent hurricane impacts.

25State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHistoric Landmarks and Designations Historic landmarks include the Catawba Valley Historic District, historic districts within the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, and the historic districts in the villages designated by the Department of Historic Resources. Additionally, dozens of structures throughout the County have been designated as historic on the Virginia Landmarks Registry and National Register of Historic Places. Currently, historic sites are given a designation through the Department of Historic Resources (DHR). Table 7, which begins on the following page, shows all DHR registered sites in Montgomery County. This designation does not provide signicant protection from future alterations to the site or preservation of the areas around these sites. Protecting historic sites has implications for their surrounding environments, giving context and a sense of place for these resources. Other landmarks and resources include Historic Smitheld, the Moss Arts Center, and the Montgomery Museum of Art & History. These locations are shown in Map 10. The County is host to many natural resources, including the national forest, which creates a draw to the area. Quantifying the number of visitors to these sites will assist the County in determining how they may best serve visitors and steward these sites. Cultural and Historic ResourcesData Sources MatterHistoric Landmarks and Designations ► VA Department of Historic Resources (DHR) ► Montgomery County GIS DepartmentNon-Prot & Cultural Spending ► Americans for the Arts

26State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesHistoric DistrictsLibrariesVirginia Tech Newman LibraryMontgomery-Floyd RegionalLibrariesMuseums0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 10.Historic and cultural sites and districts. Montgomery County GIS.Site Name Locality Public?Adam Wall House Blacksburg NoAlleghany Springs Springhouse Shawsville NoAmiss-Palmer House Blacksburg NoBarnett House Elliston NoLane Hall, Virginia Tech Blacksburg YesBig Spring Baptist Church Elliston YesBishop House Graysontown NoBlacksburg Historic District Blacksburg YesBlacksburg Motor Company, Inc Blacksburg YesBlankenship Farm Ellett NoBowstring Truss Bridge Ironto YesBowyer-Trollinger Farm Childress NoPratt Truss Bridge Ironto NoCambria Freight Station Christiansburg NoCambria Historic District Christiansburg YesChristiansburg Downtown Historic DistrictChristiansburg YesChristiansburg Post Ofce Christiansburg YesChristiansburg Presbyterian Church Christiansburg YesCrockett Springs Cottage Piedmont NoCromer House Childress NoCurrie House Blacksburg NoEarhart House Ellett No

27State of the CountyData Analysis ReportSite Name Locality Public?East Main Street Historic District Christiansburg YesE A Long Building Christiansburg YesEdgemont Church Christiansburg YesElijah Murdock Farm Yellow Sulphur NoEvans House No 2 Prices Fork NoFort Vause Shawsville NoFotheringay Elliston NoFrank Lawrence House Basham NoGeorge Earhart House Ellett NoGrayson-Gravely House Graysontown NoGaysontown Methodist Church Graysontown YesGuerrant House Pilot NoHarrison-Hancock Hardware Company BuildingChristiansburg YesHornbarger Store Christiansburg NoHoward-Bell-Feather House Riner NoJames Charlton Farm Christiansburg NoJohn Grayson House Graysontown NoJoseph McDonald Farm Blacksburg NoKeister House Blacksburg NoKentland Farm Historic and Archaeological DistrictBlacksburg YesLafayette Historic District Lafayette YesSite Name Locality Public?Linkous-Kipps House Merrimac NoMadison Farm Historic and Achaeological DistrictShawsville YesMichael Kinzer House Blacksburg NoMiller-Southside Residential Historical DistrictBlacksburg YesMontgomery Primitive Baptist ChurchMerrimac NoMontgomery White Sulphur Springs CottageChristiansburg NoNealy Gordon Farm Brush Harbor NoNorth Fork Valley Rural Historic DistrictBlacksburg NoOdd Fellows Hall Blacksburg YesOld Christiansburg Industrial InstituteChristiansburg YesPhillips-Ronald House Blacksburg NoPhlegar Building Christiansburg NoPiedmont Camp Meeting Grounds Historic DistrictPiedmont YesPilot School Pilot NoPompey Callaway House Elliston NoPrehistoric and Historic Resources of Montgomery County MPDNoPreston House Smyth NoPrices Fork Historic District Prices Fork YesRife House Shawsville No

28State of the CountyData Analysis ReportSite Name Locality Public?Riner Historic District Riner YesShawsville Historic District Shawsville YesSlusser-Ryan Farm Blacksburg NoSmitheld Blacksburg YesSolitude Blacksburg YesSouth Franklin Street Historic District Christiansburg YesStroubles Creek Site Prices Fork YesSurface House Christiansburg NoThe Oaks Kents Store YesThomas Hall House Childress NoThomas-Conner House Blacksburg NoTrinity United Methodist Church Ellett YesVirginia Railway Underpass Ellett YesWalnut Grove Farm Shawsville NoWalnut Spring Kanodes Mill YesWhitethorn Blacksburg NoWilliam Barnett House Alleghany Springs NoYellow Sulphur Spring Christiansburg NoTable 9. Historic Sites recognized by VA Department of Historical Resources. VA Landmark Registers, VA DHR (2024)Tourism Matters College sporting events at Virginia Tech and Radford University attract tourists which encourages patrons to stores and lodging options in Blacksburg, Christiansburg, and throughout the County. Recreational attractions like George Washington and Jefferson National Forest also draw tourists to the County. According to the Arts and Economic Prosperity 6 Report, 224,862 people attended arts and culture events in the 2022 scal year (Table 9). The Montgomery Matters team analyzed the spending habits of local and non-local attendees for nonprot arts and cultural events. Table 8 shows the spending habits followed by the categories of event-related expenditures comparing local and non-local attendees. With a large majority of attendees of arts and culture events in 2022 were local, nonlocal attendees, on average, spent nearly twice as much as local attendees. Event-Related ExpenditureLocal AttendeesNonlocal AttendeesAll AttendeesFood and Drink $8.31 $13.35 $9.79Retail Shopping $5.76 $8.52 $6.57Overnight Lodging (One night only)$0.97 $7.62 $2.93Local Transportation $1.93 $4.39 $2.66Clothing and Accessories $1.44 $2.16 $1.65Groceries and Supplies $3.24 $3.18 $3.22Child Care $0.36 $0.73 $0.46Other/Miscellaneous $1.55 $2.11 $1.72Overall Average Per Person,Per Event$23.56 $42.06 $29.00Table 10. Average event related expenses in Montgomery. Arts and Economic Prosperity 6 Report, Americans for The Arts (2022)

29State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHow This Matters ►Montgomery County hosts many cultural and natural attractions, such as college sports, recreational attractions like the George Washington and Jefferson National Forest, and historic districts and landmarks. ►Protecting historic sites has implications for their surrounding environments, giving context and a sense of place for these resources. ► Historic resources are well documented and contribute to the County’s character. However, there is a lack of protection for these resources to ensure their longevity. ►Montgomery attracts a regional draw through successful non-prot arts and cultural events within Blacksburg and Christiansburg, providing signicant revenue to the local economy.Local Nonlocal AllTotal Attendees 537,382 224,862 762,244Percent of Attendees 70.5% 29.5% 100%Average Dollars Spent $23.56 $42.06 $29.00Total Event-Related Spending$12,660,720 $9,457,695 $22,118,415Table 11. Event related spending at non-prot arts and culture audiences. Arts and Economic Prosperity 6 Report, Americans for The Arts (2022)

30State of the CountyData Analysis ReportRecreationPark Space and Access CapacityAs the County grows, park space and access are key for understanding recreational opportunities throughout the County. According to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s (DCR) Park Planning Guidelines, a minimum of 10 acres per 1,000 people is recommended. The County’s total population is 101,894 people, according to estimates by the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Services for 2023. Using parcel data from Montgomery, the total area for parks and recreation is about 2,000 acres. This averages about 19 acres per 1,000 residents, exceeding DCR’s recommended park space. Another major recreational resource is the George Washington and Jefferson National Forest in northern Montgomery. Map 11 shows the County’s recreational opportunities and multimodal infrastructure in these areas. Multiple parks are located near or in Christiansburg and Blacksburg, the County’s population density centers. The County has many trail systems, including the Huckleberry Trail, which connects both towns. AccessParks in the towns enjoy greater multimodal access due to the sidewalk networks in the towns. These sidewalk networks are not always complete, however, which may render some destinations inaccessible to pedestrian travel. Parks and recreation opportunities in unincorporated areas may be less accessible for residents without reliable transportation or ADA considerations. Additionally, Belview and Prices Fork villages do not currently have park space. Parks and Recreation capital improvement projects include a new park in the Riner Village, which will add another 35 acres to the total park space in the County upon its anticipated completion in 2025. Data Sources MatterPark Space and Access ► VA Department of Conservation And Recreation ► Weldon-Cooper Institute ► Montgomery County GISPark Amenities ► Montgomery County Parks and Recreation Department ► Blacksburg Parks and Recreation Department ► Christiansburg Parks and Recreation Department ► Engagement Matters Phase I ReportPark Programs ► Montgomery County Parks and Recreation Department

31State of the CountyData Analysis ReportPark Amenities Multiple parks are located near or in Christiansburg and Blacksburg. By contrast, Belview and Prices Fork villages do not currently have park space. Table 10 shows park locations, jurisdictions, amenities, and status. Upcoming parks include Riner Park, which is currently under construction. This park is designed to include sports elds, restroom facilities, shelters, playground space, and walking trails.From the Comprehensive Plan’s public engagement, stakeholders and residents alike were interested in additional park facilities, including a river park with camping amenities and an indoor recreation facility within the County. Further improvements were requested to make the Huckleberry Trail a loop with restroom facilities to improve its functionality. Residents and stakeholders also identied the need for increased stafng and funds for new resources.North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesParksRecreationUnnamed TrailsHuckleberry TrailBikeway76Recreational LandSidewalks0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 11. County and Town parks. Montgomery County GIS.

32State of the CountyData Analysis ReportName Location Jurisdiction Status AmenitiesRiner Park RinerMontgomery CountyUnder ConstructionFour baseball/softball elds; two multipurpose elds; restroom facilities; picnic shelters; playgrounds; and walking trailsEastern Montgomery ParkElliston-LafayetteMontgomery CountyOpenPlayground, picnic shelter, volleyball net, open green space, a trail along the river, and an aireld for the Montgomery County Model Airplane Club, canoe and kayak launchCreed Fields Park ShawsvilleMontgomery CountyOpenPlayground, picnic shelter, grill, restrooms, three baseball/softball elds, and a multipurpose eldCoal Mining Heritage Park BlacksburgMontgomery CountyOpen1.5 mile loop trail, mining artifacts, open green space, and six distinct biozonesMid County ParkBetween Blacksburg and ChristiansburgMontgomery CountyOpenFrog Pond Pool, Mid-County activity center, Golden Hills Disc Golf Course, outdoor basketball court, nature trails, playground, three picnic shelters, grills, and restroomsHuckleberry TrailJefferson National Forest to Christiansburg Recreation CenterMontgomery CountyOpen Walking trails, biking trailsMcCoy Park McCoyMontgomery CountyOpenPicnic shelter, small and large playground, walking path, youth baseball/softball eld, and open green spaceMotor Mile ParkSouth of Plum CreekMontgomery CountyOpenBabe Ruth League regulation baseball/softball eld with dugouts and a multi-purpose practice eld Plum Creek Park Plum CreekMontgomery CountyOpenA youth competition level baseball/softball eld, walking track, playground, picnic shelter, open green space, and restroomsWhitethorne Public Boat LaunchNew River in the McCoy areaMontgomery CountyOpen - Ongoing UpdateBoat launchRotary Mountain Skills Bike ParkBlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpen Parking, shelters, walking and biking trailsBrookeld Village Park BlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpenBenches, picnic tables, playground, shelter, walking and biking trails

33State of the CountyData Analysis ReportName Location Jurisdiction Status AmenitiesDeereld Trail BlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpen Benches, walking trails, biking trailsEllett Valley Recreational AreaBlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpen Walking trails, biking trailsGateway Park BlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpen Walking trails, biking trailsHeritage Community Park and Natural AreaBlacksburgTown of BlacksburgBenches, parking, picnic tables, shelters, walking and biking trailsMarcia's Park BlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpen Benches, picnic tables, shelter, walking and biking trailsNellies Cave BlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpenBaseball/softball elds, basketball courts, benches, bike racks, picnic table, playground, restrooms, shelters, arboretum, walking and biking trails, wheelchair accessibleShenandoah Bike Trail and ParkBlacksburgTown of BlacksburgOpenBenches, picnic tables, playground, soccer elds, walking and biking trailsBrush Mountain Park BlacksburgNew River Land TrustUnder ConstructionWalking trails, biking trailsCircle Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpenPlayground equipment, swings, a picnic area and a half-court basketball courtDepot Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpen - Ongoing Stream RestorationPlayground equipment, basketball courts, soccer eld, walking pathDowntown Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpenPlayground equipment, swings, horseshoe pits, a full basketball court, and a pavilion shelter John Lemley Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpen Playground equipment, picnic areaKiwanis Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpenLighted multipurpose baseball / softball elds, a picnic shelter, playground equipment, picnic shelterSkate Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpen Street-style skate park, shelter

34State of the CountyData Analysis ReportName Location Jurisdiction Status AmenitiesTown and Country Park (Summit Ridge)ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpen Playground equipment, swings, and a picnic areaWall Street Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpenPlayground equipment, one half-size basketball court, and a shaded picnic area.Wayside Park ChristiansburgTown of ChristiansburgOpen Picnic tablesTable 12. Park inventory and amenities. County, Blacksburg, & Christiansburg Parks and Recreation Departments.

35State of the CountyData Analysis ReportParks Programming Parks and Recreation currently administers various popular programs for County residents. Table 11 describes these programs, team counts (if applicable), and participant counts from Fiscal Year 2024. How This Matters ►Montgomery County has many parks averaging 19 acres per 1,000 residents. ►Montgomery’s mountains, forests, rivers, and trails make outdoor recreation a key experince for many of its residents and visitors. The County offers numerous parks and programs to support these activities, but many people still express interest in expandinf public parks and outdooor access. ►The George Washington and Jefferson National Forest is a major resource for the County, including many trails. The Huckleberry Trail, connecting the two towns and the National Forest is another well-used asset. ► Many parks are located within the two towns with the largest population density; however, park facilities are not as prevalent in the County’s villages and rural areas.Program Team Count ParticipantsSpring Baseball 30 328Winter basketball 32 285Swim Lessons N/A 110Frog Hoppers Summer CampsN/A 251Rowdy Dog Mountain Bike RaceN/A 103Adult Programs 124 1324Senior games N/A 554Table 13. Montgomery County Parks and Recreation administered programs. Annual Report, County Parks and Recreation (2024).

36State of the CountyData Analysis ReportCommunity Development MattersData Sources MatterLand Use Vision ► Montgomery County Building Permits ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► National Agriculutral Imagery Program ► New River Valley (NRV) Land Trust GIS Data ► USDA Web Soil Survey ► Agricultural CensusEconomic Resources & Development ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimate ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimate ► Data USA ► Montgomery County Economic Development ► US Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD)Housing ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimate ► US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Data Portal ► Weldon Cooper Institute

37State of the CountyData Analysis ReportLand UseDevelopment Trends From 2020 to October 2024, the Village of Prices Fork was the location of the greatest amount of new development in Montgomoery County. The construction of two new neighborhoods in 2024 created this hotspot. Other development hotspots include Christiansburg, Blacksburg, and areas directly east of Blacksburg. After Prices Fork, Riner and Elliston-Lafayette are the villages with the most building permits issued. See the Housing chapter to review housing needs projections for 2045 and beyond. Map 12 shows hotspots of building permits in unincorporated areas. In keeping with the County’s growth strategy of densifying villages and towns, there is little growth outside these expansion areas.Data Sources MatterDevelopment Trends ► Montgomery County Planning Department (2020 - October 2024)Land Use Breakdown ► Montgomery County GIS DataLand Use Needs ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► NAIP GIS DataRural Preservation ► NRV Land Trust GIS Data ► USDA Soil Report (2023) ► Agricultural Census (2007 - 2022)Map 12. Development Patterns for New Residential Units in Unincorporated Montgomery (Montgomery County, Building Permit Data, 2020 - October 2024)

38State of the CountyData Analysis ReportLand Use Breakdown Existing land use practices have reserved most land for farming and low-density residential uses. Single-family suburban use is the next most common land use, with a fairly even distribution across the County. The areas with the most housing developments are focused along the towns’ boundaries and within the Prices Fork and Plum Creek villages. Otherwise, no signicant housing or commercial use is concentrated around the villages. Note that a considerable portion (15%) of the County’s land is designated Exempt due to the National Forest and other government and non-prot owned land. 81% of the County total land area is comprised of rural land use including Resource Stewardship, dened as having high resource value or environmental sensitivity, Rural Agricultural, and Rural Residential Land.AGRICULTURAL62%SINGLE FAMILY SUB-URBAN23%EXEMPT15%MINERAL LAND0.09%COMMON AREA0.2%COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL0.95%MULTI-FAMILY APT/TOWNHOUSES0.06%SINGLE FAMILY URBAN0.01% Figure 6. Percent of Montgomery County by Current Existing Land Uses (Montgomery County GIS Data, Existing Land Use, 2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesExisting Land UseAgricultural (undeveloped) 20-99 acres;Agricultural (undeveloped) over 99acresCommercial & IndustrialCommon AreaExemptMineral LandMulti-Family Apt/TownhousesSingle Family Sub-UrbanSingle Family Urban0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 13. Current Existing Land Use (Montgomery County GIS Data, Existing Land Use, 2022)

39State of the CountyData Analysis ReportLand Use Needs Montgomery County is projected to continue to grow into 2050. This creates a need for additional infrastructure, homes, businesses, and other resources. Utility service areas also play a big part in development. Growth areas currently align with the County’s service areas. See the Public Infrastructure chapter for more details on the service areas. The County’s current Future Land Use map includes growth areas for incorporated and unincorporated Montgomery. Map 14 below shows the County’s vision for future land use. Growth in the County is targeted within the urban development area, the urban and village expansion areas, and the residential transition areas around the two towns in the existing Comprehensive Plan. The future land use map prioritizes growth and development within these areas and designates the rest of the County as rural or under resource stewardship. RESIDENTIALTRANSITION,5%RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP, 65%RURAL, 16%UDA,0.3% URBANEXPANSION,2% VILLAGEVILLAGEEXPANSION, 3% EXPANSION, 3% VILLAGEVILLAGEEXPANSION, 3% EXPANSION, 3% VILLAGEEXPANSION, 3% URBANEXPANSION,2%Figure 7. Percent of Montgomery County by Current Future Land Uses (Montgomery County GIS Data, Future Land Use, 2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFuture Land UseRESIDENTIAL TRANSITIONRESOURCE STEWARDSHIPRURALUDA BoundaryURBAN EXPANSIONVILLAGE EXPANSION0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 14. Current Future Land Use (Montgomery County GIS Data, Future Land Use, 2022)

40State of the CountyData Analysis ReportThe County can encourage future development by investing in the appropriate infrastructure like roads, water, sewer, and other services to invite and accommodate anticipated development. Growth can also occur by providing infrastructure to existing and ongoing development by targeting areas where growth occurs and providing the appropriate services. These two approaches to growth are common in other cities and counties.Development can be measured using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This technique uses satellite imagery to measure the amount of infra-red and red light emitted. Plants absorb red light and emit infrared light. Areas with high infrared light mean that vegetation is dense and healthy. Map 15 shows the NDVI for Montgomery County from the National Agriculture Imagery Program. The high density of development lowers the NDVI total score, shown in red. NDVI scores are lowest in Blacksburg and Christiansburg as well as western Montgomery County towards Radford. Eastern Montgomery has primarily higher NDVI scores. Map 15. Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (National Agricultural Imagery Program, NDVI, 2022)

41State of the CountyData Analysis ReportRural Preservation Rural prservation efforts are commonly used to direct development away from sensitive natural areas or prime farmland. Prime farmland is identied in part by soil quality. The USDA catalogs soil in Montgomery County through its Web Soil Survey. This inventory lists data on soil types, applicable uses, health, and environmental data such as slopes and hazards. Soil is not the only concern when looking for farmland. Slope also determines site eligibility. The NRV Land Trust created a prime farmland dataset combining soil and slope data to determine productive and relatively at land. See additional NRV Land Trust maps documenting resilient areas in the Environment Matters Chapter. These sites are also prime for agriculture and development because the ground is relatively level. As seen in Map 16, large areas of western Montgomery have prime soil. Soil richness but low vegetative health points to development or other outside factors affecting vegetation quality. Other locations with rich soil include Elliston-Lafayette and areas around McCoy. Figure 8. Soil Total Acreages by Applicable Uses (US Department of Agriculture, Web Soil Survey, 2023)NorthFork RdCraigCreek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPrime Farmland0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 16. Prime Soil for Farmland (New River Valley Land Trust, Prime Farmland)

42State of the CountyData Analysis ReportFigure 8 includes data from the USDA Soil Report, showing the County’s total acreages and applicable uses. Montgomery County has around 76,600 acres of soil prime for farming. Around 68% of this area is within resource stewardship and rural future land use categories in the existing Comprehensive Plan.Montgomery’s Agricultural and Forestal Districts (AFDs) protect lands that produce agricultural products. See the Environmental chapter’s Conserved Land Map for all AFDs. Currently, the County has 456 properties within an AFD, comprising 65,595 acres of land dedicated to farm production. Agriculture is a crucial feature of Montgomery County’s economy; see Figure 10. These sites provide crops and contribute to agritourism in the County. Over the last 15 years, Montgomery County’s farmland has taken up between 34% and 43% of the County’s total area (Agricultural Census). This falls in line with other benchmark communities in Virginia. Production trends in Montgomery County have uctuated over the years. While farmland decreased in 2017, income from farm production went up 105%. This agricultural boom was short-lived; in the next agricultural census, production dropped by 83%. Unseasonable weather patterns, including droughts and oversaturation of farmland, heavily impact agricultural use. Weather patterns and trends should be analyzed to protect and maintain the County’s large amount of agricultural use. One metric to gauge a change in weather patterns is observing a farm’s outlying income from farming sources over the years. Further analysis could be conducted to understand and support farms in the County in the best way. Determining the number of family-owned farms and how this has changed over time can provide greater detail about agricultural land. Furthermore, research to determine if farms follow sustainable practices can help assess environmental impact.Figure 9. Percent of Agricultural Land in Montgomery County (Montgomery County GIS Data, Existing Land Use, 2022)Figure 10. Total Income by Farming Sources (Agricultural Census, Income from Farming Sources, 2007 - 2022)

43State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHow This Matters ►Current development trends are in-line with County growth areas. Low-density, rural land uses comprise about 81% of the County’s total land area. This is accomplished through Resource Stewardship, rural-agriculture, and single-family suburban land uses. ► The County has prioritized directing new residentail and commerical developments into the Urban Development Areas and Villages. ►Rural area efciency can be measured through tools like the Agricultural and Forestal Districts and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, which tracks the health of farmland use in the County. These tools help ensure rural preservation and should be maintained and reinforced. ►Prime Farmland is more abundant in Western Montgomery though vegetation health is higher in the east. This may be due to a higher number of development areas in the west.

44State of the CountyData Analysis ReportEconomic Resources & DevelopmentIndustry and Employment Trends The share of the top major industries for Montgomery County was compared to the state of Virginia, and Table12 shows the difference between the two. Montgomery County’s leading economic industries are educational services, manufacturing, and retail trade. The educational services industry comprises a large portion of the economy due to institutions, including Virginia Tech and Montgomery County Public Schools. Other shares of industries in Montgomery are comparable to the state and show a wide range of job opportunities.Data Sources MatterIndustry and Employment Trends ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimate (2022)Economic Diversity ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimate (2022) ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimate (2022) ► Data USA (2017 -2022) ► Montgomery County Economic Development (2017) ► US Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) (2021)IndustryMontgomery CountyVirginia DifferenceEducational Services 27% 9% +15%Manufacturing 12% 8% +4%Retail Trade 11% 8% +3%Finance and Insurance, Real Estate and Rental10% 18% -3%Health Care and Soical Assistance9% 12% -3%Proffessional, Scientic, and Techical Services7% 14% -8%Accommodations and Food Services6% 3% +3%Construction 4% 7% -3%Public Administration 3% 11% -8%Table 14.Share of Employment Industries Compared to State Averages (American Community Survey 1-Year Estimate, Selected Economic Industries, 2022)

45State of the CountyData Analysis ReportEconomic Diversity In Montgomery County, educational attainment plays a signicant role in household income. There is a wide range of median earnings, with a difference of $40,432 between professional degrees and high school graduates. Figure 11 describes median earnings by educational attainment in Montgomery County for 2022. Learning more about people’s jobs and their relation to their household income can help inform the County on how to create or update goals in the comprehensive plan to bridge the gap and support its socioeconomically diverse communities. Mapping the level of education and the number of people living below the federal poverty level highlights some key areas. As demonstrated in Map 17, areas east and west of the County have a high percentage of people aged over 25 with a high school degree or less. These areas do not have a large concentration of people with an income below the federal poverty line. Christiansburg and the area immediately north have the highest concentration of people whose income is below the federal poverty line and who have a high school education or below. Most of Blacksburg has a large concentration of people with an income below the federal poverty line but a low portion with a high school degree or less. It is important to note the high level of college-age population in and around Blacksburg who have not yet completed a higher-education program, and may not be working or who may be working part-time. Figure 11. Median Earnings by Educational Attainment (US Census American Community Survey 1-Year Estimate, Median Income in the Past 12 Months, 2022)

46State of the CountyData Analysis ReportMap 17. Percent of Population with a High School Diploma or Less and Population Under Poverty Line (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Educational Attainment and Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, 2022)The top employers in Montgomery County include Virginia Tech, the Montgomery County Public Schools, and Moog Inc. The majority of jobs in the County are in the Educational Services, Health Care and Social Services, and Manufacturing sectors. Table13 describes the major employers in the County according to Montgomery County Economic Development data (2017).Employer NAICS Classication Number of Employees Virginia Tech Educational Services 5,000 or more Montgomery County School Board Educational Services 1,000 or more Moog Inc Manufacturing 1,000 or more Montgomery Regional Hospital Health Care & Social Services 500 to 999 Lexington Rowe Furniture Inc Manufacturing 500 to 999 Carilion New River Valley Medical Center Health Care & Social Services 500 to 999 Table 15. Top Employers in Montgomery County (Montgomery County Economic Development, Top Employers, 2017)Table 14 shows the leading industries and how they have changed over the last ve years. While Educational services is one of the leading industries in the County, this industry has seen the most signicant decrease in employment over ve years. Manufacturing is a growing industry with 12% growth over ve years. A dip in 2020 and 2021 could be related to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Retail trade is also increasing in Montgomery, as the County’s population grows increased demand for services will likely occur. Outside of Educational Services, there are realtively even spread of employees for leading job industries. This points to strong economic diversity in the County.

47State of the CountyData Analysis ReportIndustry 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 DifferenceHealth Care and Social Services4,307 4,313 4,608 4,365 4,333 4,120 -5% Educational Services 14,333 13,892 13,274 13,562 12,205 12,642 -13% Retail Trade 4,480 4,322 4,336 4,296 4,586 4,678 4% Accommodations and Food Services5,143 4,872 4,573 4,445 4,415 4,657 -10% Manufacturing 3,868 3,963 4,166 4,372 4,652 4,395 12% Table 16. Leading Industries Trends (Data USA, Montgomery County Employee Workforce, 2017 - 2022)Map 18 shows LEHD job density in 2021 for the County and two towns. The towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg have the highest number of jobs and, therefore, the highest need for a strong workforce.How this Matters ► The County has vital industries in Healthcare and Social Services, Educational Services, and Manufacturing. These industries are leading employers in the County, and each overperforms the state average. Of these leading industries, employment in education, healthcare, and social services has decreased in the last ve years. ►As Montgomery County anticipates an increasing population of people over 65, there could be increasing strain on health service stafng and facilities. ► Areas of low educational attainment and living below the federal poverty line include western Montgomery County and north of Christiansburg. These areas may be at the most risk of uctuations in the job industries. Jobs are primarily located within and around the two towns.Map 18. Job Density Locations (LEHD, Job Density in Montgomery County, 2021)

48State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHousingGeneral Household Trends Using ACS 5-Year Survey data, Montgomery County’s home values were compared to other benchmark communities, shown in Figure 12. Home values in Montgomery County rose 21% from 2018 to 2022, the lowest among peer communities, followed by Rockingham County at 27%. While the number of homes in Montgomery County is lower than in other peer communities, home value follows the same trajectory over time. An increase in home value will benet homeowners. However, it may produce a discrepancy in wealth between homeowners and renters. The upward trend in value may also pose a challenge for rst-time home buyers who do not have equity in their home value from their previous home. A household is considered cost-burdened if more than 30% of total income goes to housing costs. This includes not only rent but the average cost of utilities. Renters are often the most at-risk group for being cost-burdened. Data Sources MatterGeneral Household Trends ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimate (2022) ► Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Data Portal (2024)Home Construction Trends ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimate (2022) ► Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Data Portal (2024)Housing Need ► US Census American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimate (2022) ► Weldon Cooper InstitueFigure 12. Median Home Value for Owner Occupied Units (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Selected Home Characteristics, 2022)

49State of the CountyData Analysis ReportFigure 13 demonstrates cost-burdened percentages among peer communities for owners and renters while Figure 14 displays the percentage trends of those cost-burdened in Montgomery County. It is important to note this data is taken from both home owners and renters.Montgomery County is like the rural peer community Rockingham, though the frequency of cost-burdened renters is higher and more comparable to urbanized communities like Albemarle and Orange, NC. Cities within these jurisdictions are not included in these cost-burdened totals. The ratio of cost-burdened renters is signicantly higher in Montgomery County and across all peer communities.This trend highlights a common trend in all communities: renting has become more challenging. Multiple factors affect the cost of rent, including the price of utilities, location, type of housing, and availability of housing. Seen in Figure 14 the overall trend of cost-burdened households is declining in Montgomery County. Figure 13. Percent of Households who are Cost-Burdened (HUD Data Portal, 2016-2020)Figure 14. Percent of Households who are Cost-Burdened (HUD Data Portal, 2016-2020)

50State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHome Construction Trends The US Census ACS 5-Year Survey determined that the County’s average housing stock is around 30 years old. Figure 15 shows housing stock by construction year across Montgomery and peer communities. Montgomery has seen the lowest home construction compared to peer communities since 2020. The County may face challenges with aging housing stock as many homes are 40 years old or older. The lack of homes built since 2000 could create a housing shortage, particularly if there has been a lack of variety of housing types constructed. This shortage in housing can cause home values to rise based on the lack of housing. Furthermore, the available housing may be dated and need signicant repair, depending on how the homes have been maintained.Figure 15. Occupied Housing Units by Construction Year (ACS 5-Year Estimates, Characteristics of Occupied Units, 2022)YearBlacksburg ChristiansburgUnincorporated MontgomerySingle-Family UnitsMulti-Family UnitsSingle-Family UnitsMulti-Family UnitsSingle- Family UnitsMulti-Family Units2013 50 123 75 0 51 0 2014 65 52 71 0 45 0 2015 231 22 98 0 45 0 2016 132 84 167 0 39 0 2017 98 0 97 168 87 140 2018 58 0 146 0 98 127 2019 45 239 115 4 100 140 2020 42 1191 107 2 126 157 2021 73 24 102 4 94 0 2022 93 53 45 70 109 0 2023 73 8 97 0 196 0 Table 17. New Units Constructed by Residential Type (HUD Data Portal, 2013-2023)Building trends vary by area. Table 15 shows building permit trends from the HUD User Portal. The town of Blacksburg experiences the most growth. In the previous 10 years, Blacksburg has issued 2,262 total residential building permits. Montgomery County follows this with 1,554 building permits. Lastly, Christiansburg issued 1,368 permits. Most Blacksburg building permits were for multifamily dwellings, while single-family dwellings were more common in Christiansburg and Montgomery County. Single-family dwellings are promoted under current policy in unincorporated areas to maintain the County’s rural character.

51State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHousing Needs Population projections for 2030, 2040, and 2050 come from the Weldon Cooper Center. The average household size and total housing units were pulled from the most recent US Census ACS 5-Year data (2022) to determine housing needs, as seen in Figure 16. Given the current number of housing units, 6,110 new units would need to be constructed in the County by 2050 to meet anticipated needs. Figure 16. Estimated Housing Need Projected to 2050 (ACS 5-Year Estimates, Selected Housing Characteristics, 2022; Weldon Cooper Institue, Population Projections, 2030 - 2050)How This Matters ►Median home value has increased in Montgomery County by 21% from 2018 to 2022, the lowest among other peer communities. ►Most building permits issued in the last 10 years have been in Blacksburg, and most are multifamily dwellings. Single-family homes are more prevalent in unincorporated parts of the County. This follows the County’s projected development patterns. ►The housing stock is aging, with most homes built before 2000. The County’s older housing stock, coupled with expected growth, raises concerns about housing availability. Lack of affordable housing for residents can lead to population decline. ► Based on population projections for 2050, Montgomery County should anticipate a need to construct 6,110 additional units.

52State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHealth & Services MatterData Sources MatterEducation ► Montgomery County Public Schools ► VA Department of Education ► Montgomery-Floyd LibrariesHealth & Human Services ► Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) ► County Health Rankings and Roadmap ► New River Valley Health District ► New River Community Action ► American Community Survey (ACS) ► Feeding America ► NICRAPublic Infrastructure ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► NRV Regional Water Authority ► Federal Communications Commission (FCC)Public Safety & Welfare ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ► Animal Care and Adoption Center (ACAC)

53State of the CountyData Analysis ReportEducationEnrollment Trends Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) provided the data for gures 17 and 18. The data includes school enrollment trends and the most recent school year’s enrollment and capacity. Enrollment numbers across elementary, middle, and high schools show that school’s are at 73% to 80% of total capacity for the current school year. High schools have the lowest capacity for additional students. Data Sources MatterEnrollment Trends ► Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS)Performance Trends ► VA Department of EducationEducational Facilities ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► ACS 5-Year EstimateLibrary Facilities & Services ► Montgomery-Floyd LibrariesFigure 17. MCPS enrollment numbers by school level. MCPS (2021-2024)Figure 18. MCPS enrollment and capacity by school level. MCPS (2024)

54State of the CountyData Analysis ReportMontgomery County Public Schools are currently meeting pupil-to-teacher ratios. The Virginia Board of Education sets these ratios to maintain quality education. Lower student-to-teacher ratios allow for more individual time with teachers and greatly benet test scores. While class size may vary at each school, the number of total students to teacher for grades Kindergarten through 7 is 10.93 students to one teacher, and for students in grades 8 through 12, the ratio is 12.66 students to one teacher.Enrollment needs for 2030, 2040, and 2050 were projected based on growth rates from previous enrollment years and school aged children percentage of the total population. This analysis is compared to the 2023-2024 school year’s capacity shown in Table 16. School capacity springs from multiple factors like mandated class sizes, specialized facilities, supplies, and stafng. The age of schools and any maintenance or improvements to facilities also contribute to the overall capacity of a school.Performance Trends The Virginia Department of Education releases standardized test passing percentages in Reading, Math, and Science for grades K-12. Table 17 shows passing rates among these different demographics. The County sees various pass rates based on other demographic features. Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) sets long-term goals for pass rates. The long-term reading goal is 88%, and the long-term mathematics goal is 85%. Breaking ESSA numbers down by demographics shows a wide range of scores between different demographic factors. Students with disabilities have the lowest test scores, which could be due to differing curricula, lack of accommodations during testing, and behavior factors. Economically disadvantaged students also see lower pass rates than their peers. This achievement gap is noted nationally and begins at the earliest stages of education. The Virginia Department of Education also releases passing rates by school. Passing rates vary at each school between the lowest 49% and the highest 93%. Figure 19 shows average passing rates by grade and school location for the County. The average passing rate for all Montgomery Public schools, including schools within the towns and the unincorporated Start of School Year Estimated Student Population2030 9,8252040 10,4332050 11,196Current School Capacity 12,497Table 18. MCPS Projected enrollment. MCPS (2024).Factors Reading Mathematics ScienceAll Students 76% 74% 66%Asian 92% 96% 89%Black 58% 48% 43%Hispanic 64% 66% 52%White 77% 75% 68%More than One Race/Ethnicity76% 76% 67%Economically Disadvantaged58% 55% 46%English Learners 59% 71% 51%Students with Disabilities35% 32% 25%Table 19. MCPS Projected enrollment. MCPS (2024).

55State of the CountyData Analysis Reportareas, was 75%. Middle schools have the lowest scores for both towns and unincorporated areas. Variation can also be seen between total scores for the town compared to unincorporated areas. Towns have a higher passing rate at all school levels.Educational Facilities Map 19 shows school locations relative to the percentage of the population under 18 years old. Montgomery County Public Schools and Virginia Tech are the County’s education facilities. Montgomery County Public Schools includes 11 elementary schools, four middle schools, and four high schools. Current facilities are in towns and villages, including Blacksburg, Christiansburg, Belview, Elliston-Lafayette, Prices Fork, Riner, and Shawsville. As shown in Map 19, Montgomery County schools are located and centralized around areas where the population of those 18 or younger is highest. School facilities are also present in current growth and future growth areas. Figure 19. MCPS passing rates by school level. Standardized Testing Scores,VA Department of Education (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdCatawba RdBradshaw RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesSchoolsLibrariesVirginia Tech Newman LibraryMontgomery-Floyd Regional LibrariesPercent of Population in Dependent Age Groups(<18 )1 Dot = 5 PeoplePopulation Less Than 18 Years0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 19. MCPS School location and under 18 population density. Montgomery County GIS & ACS 5-Year Estimate (2022)

56State of the CountyData Analysis ReportLibrary Facilities & ServicesLibraries are also great community gathering places for education. The size and physical conditions of the County and Towns’ public libraries are shown in Table 18. Libraries provide a wide array of social and educational services and free resources. These services make them critical community and learning spaces for residents of all ages. Population density surrounding library branches and shifting population trends may create increased library trafc and dependency. Capital improvement projects are planned for 2024, and the development of a new strategic plan will begin in 2025. The Christiansburg Library Branch has an upcoming expansion Branch Size Year Built Programs (2023-2024)Blacksburg Library16,000 sq ftRenovated in 1996Lunch and Learn, English Learning classes, Community Swaps, Candidate Debates, Sensory Museum, and Healthy Kids DayChristiansburg Library15,100 sq ft1986 - Upcoming Expansion Project in 2026Hosted tours, Learning opportunities, and a Local History DisplayMeadowbrook Public Library12,000 sq ft2006GED Classes, Summer Meal Boxes, Free Fridge, Seasonal events including: Spring Tea, Fall Harvest, and the Bubble BrigadeTotal sq ft43,100 sq ftTable 20. Montgomery County Libraries capacity and programs. Montgomery-Floyd Libraries (2024)Figure 20. Total pounds of food distributed from Montgomery-Floyd libraries. Montgomery-Floyd Libraries (2024).and renovation project from 2025 to 2026. Other improvement projects include expanding resources and programs in villages, expanding programs for those with disabilities, and updating stafng structures to staff the libraries efciently.The library system provides a wide variety of programs that benet the County’s residents. These programs include educational resources, social services, food access program, and a mobile library. An inventory of programs offered in 2023 and 2024 by branch is listed in Table 18.The Montgomery-Floyd Libraries have a Food Bank Program. Figure 20 shows the total amount of food given throughout the 2024 scal year. This service can help lessen food insecurity and

57State of the CountyData Analysis Reportthe meal gap, which is discussed further in the Health chapter. Library food distribution went up in scal year 2024. The total number of pounds distributed in 2024 was 29,708, and 16,734 in 2023. This 78% increase in food distribution may be attributed to the number of residents struggling to provide for themselves and their families. As noted in the Health chapter, vulnerable populations are increasing throughout the County, following a nationwide trend.How This Matters ►Student needs are being met by current school capacity and are projected to continue to meet this need into 2045. Additional factors play a role in school capacity, such as class sizes, resources available, and stafng. ► As noted in the Economic Development and Resources chapter, educational jobs are decreasing in the County. However, Montgomery County Public Schools have not identied a stafng shortage. ►Performance trends vary by school level and demographics. Schools in unincorporated areas have lower passing rates at all levels. ►Montgomery libraries provide key educational and social services for both children and adults.

58State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHealth & Human ServicesHealth Risk Factors and Behaviors Obesity Obesity is a health concern that can lead to severe physical and mental health risks, shortening overall lifespans. Obesity is characterized by those having a BMI over 30, and it is a leading cause (or complication) leading to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the County. Data is sourced from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and the methodology for data collection is state-based. Figure 21 describes the obesity rate in the County in 2021 compared to peer communities, and Figure 22 describes the obesity trends in the County from 2011 to 2016. 32% of the County’s residents were obese in 2021. Compared to peer communities, Montgomery County has similar obesity rates with a population difference of 3-5%. However, it should be noted that Orange County data was collected using a differing methodology and may not necessarily give a 1:1 comparison. The New River Valley Health District compared previous years of data to state trends. From 2011 to 2016, obesity rates plateaued at 29% and substantially decreased through 2016. Comparing this to the previous chart for rates in 2021, obesity has spiked once again. While Montgomery County is below state averages, this number has risen dramatically since 2016.Obesity can be caused by genetics or environmental reasons. Nationally, obesity is seen at varying rates across different demographic groups and is highest among low-income and under-served populations. Access to recreational opportunities and nutritious foods lessen rates of obesity within communities. See the Food Security section below for additional information on food insecurity and access to food, which varies around the County. Data Sources MatterObesity ► Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) ► New River Valley Health District ► County Health Ranking and RoadmapTobacco Use ► County Health Ranking and Roadmap ► New River Valley Health DistrictSubstance Use Disorder ► New River Community Action ► County Health Ranking and RoadmapQuality of Life ► County Health Ranking and Roadmap ► ACS 2022 ► Feeding America ► Montgomery County GIS Data ► New River Community Action

59State of the CountyData Analysis ReportTobacco Use Tobacco use has been linked to increased health risks and is one of the nation’s leading causes of preventable deaths. Through national campaigns, use rates have declined nationally. Tobacco use data is sourced from the BRFSS by Health District; annual trends of adult smokers include the entirety of the New River Valley Health District. Figure 24 displays the percentage of adult smokers compared to the County’s benchmark communities and Figure 23 shows tobacco use in the New River Valley Health District. Montgomery has the highest smoking rate among the benchmark communities, along with Rockingham County (16%). This is also 3% higher than the state (13%).In recent years, e-cigarettes have gained popularity. While the percentage of tobacco use in the New River Valley Health District has gone down from 2018 to 2022, e-cigarette usage Figure 21. Obesity trends in Montgomery County over time. Obesity Rates, BFRSS (2021). Figure 22. Obesity trends in Montgomery County over time. Obesity Trends Montgomery and State, County Health Ranking and Roadmap (2011-2016)Figure 23. Tobacco use trends in the New River Valley Health district. Tobacco Dashboard, New River Valley Health District (2016-2022)Figure 24. Percent of Adult smokers comparied to benchmark communities. County Health Ranking and Roadmap, (2011-2016)

60State of the CountyData Analysis Reportis increasing. Behavioral risk factors are often seen at different rates throughout communities due to disparities in educational materials, resources for treatment, and access to infrastructure to improve health. Substance Use Disorder Substance use disorder is not only an individual problem. Loss of life, the strain on families, the strain on infrastructure, and the strain on resources affect everyone in the County. Different substance uses produce a wide variety of adverse health effects, the most serious being untimely deaths. Figure 25 and Map 20 display overdose deaths and binge drinking behaviors throughout the County, respectively. In 2023, the death rate from drug overdose deaths was at a rate of 12.2 per 100,000 people. Overdose deaths spiked in 2020 and continued to inate into 2022 but have seen a decline in 2023. Opioids are a primary contributor to overdose deaths.Alcoholism is another substance use disorder that prevails in the County. Noted in the County Health Assessment, Virginia Tech Figure 25. Overdose deaths per 1,000 residents comparison between all drugs and opioids. County Health and Rankings Roadmap (2018-2023)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPercentage of Adult Population BingeDrinkingUnder 14.1%14.1% - 17%17.1% - 20%Over 20%0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 20. Binge-drinking behaviors in the County. 2021 Community Health Needs Assessment, Community Action (2021)

61State of the CountyData Analysis Reportstudents contribute to binge drinking rates, with the highest frequency within Blacksburg experiencing episodes of binge drinking. Census tracts near Virginia Tech experience rates are nearly as high as 25%.Quality of Life Cause of Death and Life Expectancy According to County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, cardiovascular disease was identied as the leading cause of untimely deaths in the County. Most causes of heart disease are tied to behavioral risk factors such as inactivity or smoking. Socio-demographic factors also contribute to a person’s likelihood of getting cardiovascular disease, including educational attainment, race, and income. In Montgomery, White and Black men are the most likely demographic groups to die from heart disease. According to the Virginia Department of Health, White men are 29% more likely to die of heart disease, Figure 26. Average life expectancy compared across benchmark communities. County Health Ranking and Roadmap (2022). Cause of DeathAverage Annual CountRecent Trend (2018-2022)Cardiovascular Disease 145 ConsistentCancer 134 LoweringAccidents 43 ConsistentCerebrovascular Diseases 43 ConsistentChronic Lower Respiratory Diseases40 ConsistentDiabetes 20 ConsistentKidney Disease 16 ConsistentAlzheimer’s 15 ConsistentPneumonia 15 No data availableSuicide 14 No data availableChronic Liver Disease 12 No data availableSepticemia 8 No data availableHomicide ≤ 3 No data availableInuenza ≤ 3 No data availablewhile Black men are 26% more likely than average. Table 19 shows recent trend data for the leading causes of death in the County. Other leading causes of death include cancer, though this number declined in recent years.Figure 26 shows Montgomery County’s life expectancy compared to the state average and peer communities, according to County Health Rankings and Roadmaps average Table 21. Leading causes of untimely deaths in the County. County Health Ranking and Roadmap (2018-2022).

62State of the CountyData Analysis Reportlife expectancy data from 2019 to 2021. The County’s average life expectancy is 79.4 years old. This number is above state and national averages. Among peer communities, Montgomery has a similar life expectancy to Rockingham County. Montgomery’s life expectancy is 2 to nearly 3 years lower than Orange County, NC, and Albemarle County. Life expectancies range between different demographic groups. In Montgomery County, Asian residents have the highest life expectancy at 92.3 years, while Black residents have the lowest expectancy at 74.2. This difference highlights a need to target resources by need and vulnerability to these different groups.Health Coverage The percentage of the population with and without health insurance by age group is shown in Figure 27 above. This shows the most at-risk populations for lacking healthcare are young adults and those aged 26-34. Montgomery County is in-line with national trends for demographic groups who are largely Figure 27. Health insurance coverage by age group. ACS (2022). Figure 28. Estiamted percentage of food insecure households. Map the Meal Gap, Feeding America (2023). uninsured. This number slowly decreases as the population ages. The higher rate of uninsured 26- to 34-year-olds may be attributed to dependents being removed from parental health insurance at the age of 26.Food Security Many factors contribute to food insecurity, including access to grocery stores and the ability to pay for fresh and healthy food. Figure 28 displays Feeding America’s analysis of the percentage of households that are food insecure in the County and compares this to the benchmark communities.According to Feeding America’s 2024 report, 13.5% of households in Montgomery are food insecure. 82% of these families are SNAP eligible, though SNAP enrollment in the County is low. 12.3% of all children face food insecurity. Montgomery County has the highest food insecurity rate compared to peer communities, though this may be due to jurisdictional lines.

63State of the CountyData Analysis ReportMontgomery County’s food insecurity rates include the more urbanized areas of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, while cities such as Charlottesville and Harrisonburg are left out of the peer community percentages. USDA posits that the total annual food budget shortfall for all families in Montgomery is over $11 million. Food insecurity creates health risks that can create lifelong problems. Youth who experience food insecurity often face developmental issues and chronic illnesses. Food insecurity can also lead to obesity through a lack of healthy options and malnutrition. Map 21 shows the service areas of food sellers by a 15-minute drive. These include rural areas in eastern and northern areas of the County, who often face additional challenges to have food access. The Education chapter includes information on the Food Bank Programs run by the Montgomery-Floyd Regional Libraries.North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFood Opportunities10-minute Driveshed0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 21. 10 minute driveshed to grocery stores in the County. Montgomery GIS Data (2024).

64State of the CountyData Analysis ReportAccess to Care Map 22 shows hospitals, mental health treatment facilities, and substance abuse treatment facilities in the County. Reliable and easy access to care increases life expectancies and improves residents’ overall quality of life and happiness. Through community engagement, NICRA noted a signicant need for mental health resources for low-income individuals. The cost of care is seen as a signicant barrier. The Community Health Center of the New River Valley’s headquarters is located in Christiansburg. This group provides sliding-scale payment options for health services for uninsured individuals using Medicaid or Medicare or those who are underinsured. Additional barriers include distance to services, which can be lessened through wireless technology and telecommunication. However, telecommunication reliability varies throughout the County. See the Public Infrastructure chapter for more information on access to broadband and cellular services. Figure 29 shows physician access over time in Montgomery County compared to the state and nation. This graph demonstrates the physician-to-client ratio and shows the total number of clients one doctor sees yearly. This analysis was completed using County Health Rankings & Roadmaps data. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesHospitalsTreatment Facilities0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 22. Hospitals, mental health treatment facilities, and substance abuse treatment facilities in the County. Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).Figure 29. Access to primary physicians in the County. County Health Ranking and Roadmap (2023).

65State of the CountyData Analysis ReportThe County has seen an increase in physician availability over the years. In 2021, the County’s physician-to-client ratio was 1390:1, which improved from 2011 at 1660:1. The State and national averages are 1330:1 and 1340:1, respectively.Unhoused PopulationThe County is served by New River Community Action (NRCA), a group dedicated to assisting and empowering every person and community in the New River Valley. NRCA works to build programs that strengthen community bonds and allow for a support system to be established. NRCA also provides shelter for homeless populations around the region. NRCA releases an annual headcount for the New River Region at all its shelters during the winter when many of its programs are available. Table 20 shows count of the unhoused population in the New River Region Low-Income Needs Assessment from 2024. This data shows an increase in unhoused populations from 2021 to 2024.Disabilities Disabilities can be isolating for individuals who have them. Physical and cognitive abilities can determine many different opportunities for an individual and may impact their quality of life. Physical disabilities can affect an individual’s ability to get from place to place, access to resources and community, and other quality of life factors. Cognitive disabilities can be invisible disabilities. These can impact educational attainment, employment opportunities, access to resources and community, and other cognitive obstacles. Figure 30 compares different abilities over time throughout the County. Compared to the last ve years of census data to historical trends, ambulatory disabilities are most common among County citizens. 2021 2022 2023 2024Unhoused Population60 58 78 98Table 22. New River Community Action count of the unhoused population in the New River region. New River Community Action (2021-2024).Figure 30. Types of disabilities over time. ACS (2021-2022)Figure 31. Percent of age group with a disability. ACS (2022).

66State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPopulation in Dependent Age Groups (>65)Population 65 Years and OverDisability Status VariablesPercent of Population with a Disability4.1-6.76.7-9.29.2-12.612.6-17.917.9-21.30 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 23. Percent of population with a disability and population density of those 65 years and older. ACS (2022).Figure 31 shows the percentage of each age group with a disability. The highest frequency of disabilities can be seen in aging populations, with 42.07% of the population experiencing disability. Map 23 shows areas of concentration of those with disabilities. How This Matters ► Health risk factors such as binge drinking can be seen at high levels in areas where there is a high population of young adults. ►Life expectancy is higher than the state average. However, some racial demographic groups are at higher risk than others. ► Food insecurity is high in the County, and homelessness is rising.

67State of the CountyData Analysis ReportPublic InfrastructurePublic Water and Sewer Map 24 shows the total service area for both water and sewer in Montgomery County. While not all buildings within the service areas currently have the infrastructure to support public water services, the connection can be completed with additional fees. The Towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg have their own private water services. Currently, Montgomery County residents use 800,000 gallons of water per day. This water is sourced from the NRV Regional Water Authority. The Authority’s water comes from surface water sourced from the New River. Annual water testing and consumer reports are created for public viewing to maintain local and federal standards. The New River is a source for water authorities in rural and urban areas of the County. Montgomery Public Service Authority (PSA) users currently pay a at rate of $14 per 1,000 gallons of water. The PSA also charges $10.55 per 1,000 gallons used for sewer. County residents located outside, but adjacent to, the Town limits of Christiansburg have the option to join their network at a premium cost.There are ve wastewater treatment facilities in the County and one regional facility in the City of Radford as shown in Map 25. These include the regional Pepper’s Ferry facility, Blacksburg’s VPI Facility, Christiansburg’s Facility, and village facilities in Riner, Elliston-Lafayette, and Shawsville. New connections to public services are required for parcel rezoning and the subdivision of parcels within 200 feet of existing systems. A new agreement with the NRV Regional Water Authority states that all localities receiving water from this organization must use it as their sole provider. Current water needs in the County are well within the total capacity of the NRV system. The average growth rate for water usage in the County is 1.19%.As the County grows, it will continue to rely on the NRV system for its public water needs. Data Sources MatterPublic Water and Sewer ► Montgomery County GIS DataPrivate Water and Sewer ► NRV Regional Water AuthorityBroadband and Telecommunications ► Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

68State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPSA Sewer Service AreasPSA Water Service Areas0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 24. The total service area for both water and sewer in Montgomery County. . Montgomery County GIS Data (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesWastewater Treatment Facilities0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 25. Location of wastewater treatment facilities. Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).

69State of the CountyData Analysis ReportPrivate Water and Sewer Well and septic systems are considered private water systems if they serve under 15 connections. The total number of well and septic systems currently in use cannot be accurately stated. The New River Health District has been tracking private water and sewer systems since the 1930’s. These records have been digitized from the 2000’s onward. System maintenance and retirement can be tracked through permits for construction or replacement; however, these documents are separate, and an inventory of working systems has not been established. Well and septic systems require permits for construction and operation to ensure the proper environmental and health measures are in place. Proper system maintenance extends the longevity of a system. Septic systems often last around 30 years, but this is dependent on maintenance. Lack of proper care can also adversely impact the environment and residents. Environmental impacts include soil degradation and groundwater contamination. Building Permit data from the County, shows the total number of new homes connected to the PSA, town services, and private systems. Within unincorporated areas, growth is encouraged to occur in villages and Urban Development Areas (UDAs), per the existing Comprehensive Plan. Public water and sewer are centered in these locations. However, infrastructure does not cover 100% of these areas and some may lack connection opportunities. Map 26 shows hotspots of building permits that apply for private water and sewer systems. Most of these homes are in rural parts of the County and are not covered by PSA provided water and/or sewer services. A hotspot of private wells and septic systems surrounds Blacksburg and to the south of Riner. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesUnincorporated Montgomery - Building Permitswith Private Water and Sewer SystemsDenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 26. Hot spots of building permits applied for private water and sewer systems. Montgomery County Permit Data (2024).

70State of the CountyData Analysis ReportInternet and Telecommunications Coverage Broadband & Internet Access Broadband increases connectivity and access to reliable online services. Increasing internet speeds in rural areas of the County is imperative for connectivity. Megabits per second is the standard measure for internet speed and bandwidth nationally. Broadband is considered high-speed internet access over 25 megabits per second per the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Minimum speeds for viewing high-denition content and real-time responses are 50 -100 Mbps. These speeds are consistent in central Montgomery, but slower speeds are typical along the outskirts the County. Map 27 shows locations in Montgomery County that the FCC notes as not served or underserved by broadband. Broadband coverage is high in central Montgomery and in the towns. The areas in the northern and southern regions of the County have limited broadband. This pattern of slow internet speeds and lack of locations served highlighted a signicant need for infrastructure. In 2021 and 2022, Montgomery County was awarded two Virginia Telecommunications Initiative Grants. It will partner with Appalachian Power and GigaBeam to expand broadband service to all areas of the community and residents. As of September 2024, GigaBeam has begun customer installations in Eastern Montgomery, which residents can sign up for through GigaBeam services. The County’s planned broadband expansion will extend services to rural areas that need increased services. Other private companies, such as Starlink, provide satellite internet services in rural areas. However, the prices of these services are often a barrier for residents. By investing in broadband, the County is working to provide more affordable options to connect the community. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesUnderserved and Unserved Locations byBroadbandNumber of Underserved Locations by CensusBoundary0750 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 27. Broadband level of service. FCC (2024).

71State of the CountyData Analysis ReportTelecommunications Cellphone coverage varies widely by provider in Montgomery County. Maps 28-31 show the coverage of each cellphone service provider in the area and Table 21 shows the percentage of land covered by each cell provider in the area. Verizon Wireless has the highest land coverage in the County, followed by AT&T. All cell providers cover central Montgomery County, meaning connectivity is highest here. Areas with less coverage include southeast Montgomery and northern areas. This coverage coincides with areas lacking broadband coverage, leading to a serious need for communication infrastructure. Not all villages are covered by each provider, though T- Mobile and Verizon have the highest coverage in villages and towns. Notably, both AT&T and US Cellular lack coverage in central Elliston-Lafayette.As technology advances, older forms of telecommunication are being phased out. Landline phones are still in service in the County due to their reliability in rural areas and ease of use. As telecommunication providers focus more on ber optics and new technologies, phone carriers have pushed to phase out landline phones. In 2017, the FCC released New Technology Transition Rules, which state carriers who dismantle old services must provide new services that are equitable to the previous one and educational materials to ease the transition into new technologies. Provider AcreagePercentage of CountyAT&T 163,122 63%T-Mobile 139,369 55%US Cellular 66,804 26%Verizon Wireless 223,934 88%Table 23. Cell provider cell coverage. FCC (2024).NorthFork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesAT&T Mobility 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 28. Coverage of AT&T cell service. FCC (2024).

72State of the CountyData Analysis ReportNorthFork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesT Mobile 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 29. Coverage of T-Mobile cell service. FCC (2024).NorthFork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesUS Cellular 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 30. Coverage of US Cellular cell service. FCC (2024).

73State of the CountyData Analysis ReportHow This Matters ►The New River is the source of water for the NRV Regional Water Authority. As the sole provider for the County should prioritize protecting and conserving this resource. ► Modern technology decreases geographic barriers as remote work and the internet become more relied on. As the shifts towards more resources and services being online, people rely on the internet and access to it more. The coverage of wireless and cellular communication is expanding in the County as projects addressing broadband needs are currently underway, however there are still large areas in the County without sufcient access. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesVerizon Wireless 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 31. Coverage of Verizon cell service. FCC (2024).

74State of the CountyData Analysis ReportPublic Safety & WelfareEMS Facilities & Response Times There are eight re, EMS, and rescue stations in the County. Virginia Tech’s Rescue Squad Program also aids County facilities. County facilities have career and volunteer staff and work to serve all residents of Montgomery County. Blacksburg and Christiansburg have facilities serving their towns and surrounding areas. The villages of Elliston-Lafayette and Riner have one and two stations, respectively. There is also a re station in McCoy to the northwest. There are ve police stations in the County, all within Blacksburg and Christiansburg. These facilities include Virginia Tech’s Police Department. This facility is key to serving those on- campus but does not work outside of Virginia Tech’s property. Police and Fire-EMS have multiple facilities in Christiansburg and Blacksburg but lack facilities in rural areas of the County. This creates a disparity between access to facilities and response times during emergencies. Facility locations are shown on the drive shed maps. Maps 32 and 33 also show hotspots from the Sheriff’s Ofce’s Reported Incident data for criminal, re, and medical reports. Using ESRI’s network analyst, drive shed maps were created using the locations of facilities and the street network with a 5-, 10- and 15-minute response time buffer (Maps 32 & 33). The National Fire Protection Agency sets a goal response time for Fire and Rescue squads of just under 10 minutes. For Fire and Rescue services, 17% of buildings in Montgomery are outside this 10-minute drive shed and do not meet this response goal. When dealing with Fire and EMS services, residents in the northeast and southeast face response times that are over 15 minutes. From the last 12 months of reported incidents, hotspots of medical calls fall within the 15-minute service area. This is imperative for quick and effective responses to life-threatening situations. Data Sources MatterEMS Facilities & Response Times ► Montgomery County GIS DataIncident Trends ► Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)Animal Control ► Animal Care and Adoption Center (ACAC)

75State of the CountyData Analysis ReportThe drive sheds for police departments are focused on the central part of Montgomery County, as there are no facilities in unincorporated areas. Notably, Shawsville and Elliston-Lafayette, two villages, lack coverage within a 15-minute window. These villages see slower response times to incidents due to their locationService can be further delayed due to stafng shortages, lack of equipment, turnout times, and call center delays. Noted in the Public Engagement Report, rst responders and the 911 Authority cited a need for additional stafng and resources to serve the County’s growing population. Additionally, stakeholders cited a long commute time for workers. Geographic barriers can increase stafng shortages due to an inability to get transportation to and from the stations.Responses may depend on the municipality. Additionally, certain services may be required in different areas of the County and within the towns. Rural and town populations have differing call frequencies and needs. Facilities serving town populations may require more stafng, resources, and different equipment than rural populations.Incident Trends From 2019 to 2023, the frequency of all crimes in the County ranges from 36% to 41%. Though most crimes happen in unincorporated Montgomery, this jurisdiction takes up most of the total land. Normalizing the crime rate by the total land area of each jurisdiction means more crimes per square foot in the towns. Christiansburg has the highest number of crimes per square foot. Figure 32 shows the total number of crimes by jurisdiction from 2019 to 2023. This data was sourced from FBI criminal reports. From data provided by the Sheriff’s Ofce, additional analysis was conducted on reported incidents in the past 12 months. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFirst RespondersFireRescue15-minute DriveshedReported Incidents Fire and Medical Calls (Summer 2023- Summer 2024)DenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 32. EMS and Fire Response 15 minute driveshet, incident calls density, and facility locations.Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).

76State of the CountyData Analysis ReportCrime hotspots are centered around the two towns, with a lower density of calls in the villages. Calls for Fire and Rescue are more sporadic. Calls are densest in growth and urban areas. Call density can be seen in more rural areas of the County where natural habitats is less disrupted by development. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFirst RespondersPolice15-minute DriveshedReported Incidents Crimes (Summer 2023 - Summer 2024)DenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 33. Police 15 minute driveshed and reported incidents.Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).Courts and Legal Ofces Courts and court facilities are all within a block, close to other government buildings in the County. The facilities are all located in the Town of Christiansburg. The circuit, trafc, and juvenile courts are in the same building at 55 East Main Street, Christiansburg. The magistrate and circuit court clerk are situated to the east as well as the Courthouse facility. A new Magistrate and Court Services ofce is being constructued adjacent to the Courthouse . Figure 32. Reported incidents by jurisdiction over a 5-year period. FBI Crime Reports (2023).

77State of the CountyData Analysis ReportAnimal Control Several animal control ofces and shelters are centered in or around Christiansburg. The County’s facilities are located on Cinnabar Road between Blacksburg and Christiansburg. Map 34 shows the location of Animal Control, the County’s Animal Care and Adoption facility, and private humane societies. These facilities are all located in central Montgomery. Montgomery’s Animal Care and Adoption Center (ACAC) serves the County by providing care for stray animals and animal adoption. ACAC expanded to its current facility in May of 2017. The current facility has 16,300 square feet, nine times the size of the ACAC’s previous facility. Table 24 shows the growth and capacity of the new and previous ACAC facilities. ACAC is run by hired staff as well as volunteers who provide support and contributions. ACAC’s new facility is currently staffed by 12 kennel and ofce members and four animal control ofcers. While this staff does meet current needs, as the population continues to grow, animal control and care needs will grow and more staff and space may be required. Current ACAC expansion and improvement projects include creating space for stray and surrendered livestock and poultry. The shelter is also often at or near the total capacity of dogs it can shelter. The current facility includes expansion space, which ACAC is working to convert into workable kennels. North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesAnimal Control and CareReported Incidents Animal Assistance (Summer2023 - Summer 2024)DenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25MilesMap 34. Animal Control and shelter locations and density of reported animal assitance incidents. Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).Square FootageAnimal CapacityDogs Cats1970 1,600 sq ft 36 02017 16,300 sq ft 68 64Table 24. ACAC facility capacity from 1970 to 2017. ACAC (2017).

78State of the CountyData Analysis ReportSpaying and neutering animals is an important step for responsible pet owners. Spaying and neutering can help reduce overpopulation and improve a pet’s overall health and behavior. The ACAC spays and neuters all adoptable pets to help with population control. Stafng and accessibility are important factors to consider to understand how the ACAC can best serve the community. With these facilities located in the center of the County, further analysis should be conducted to determine if areas further away from the towns are being adequately serviced. Animal Control works to answer County residents’ calls for animal assistance. The Animal Control Ofce is located in the Animal Care and Adoption Center. Map 34 shows the last 12 months of reported animal assistance incidents and animal care facilities. Animal service calls are predominant in central and western Montgomery County and the villages of Elliston-Lafayette and Shawsville. Christiansburg also receives a high number of calls. How This Matters ►Through data analysis, reported incidents and driveshed buffers a potential need for facilities and services outside central area of Montgomery and the two towns emerged. ►The County’s continued projected growth also indicates a need for new facilities as growth places pressure on staff and facilities. ►As Montgomery is a rural and agricultural community, ACAC noted a need for facilities to hold large animals and livestock.

Map 1: Population Density of Dependent Age Groups (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Sex& Age, 2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPopulation in Dependent Age Groups(>65)Population 65 Years and OverPercent of Population in Dependent AgeGroups (<18 )1 Dot = 5 PeoplePopulation Less Than 18 Years0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 2: Population Density of Racial Groups (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Sex & Age,2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesRace1 Dot = 10 People in Census TractBlack or African American aloneAmerican Indian and AlaskaNative aloneAsian aloneHispanic or Latino PopulationWhite alone0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 3: Resilient land identied by NRV Land Trust in Montgomery County. NRVLand Trust (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesResiliency AreasNo ResilienceLittle ResilienceSome ResilienceResilientVery Resilient0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 4: Conservation easements and AFDs. Montgomery County GISDepartmentNorth Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesConservation EasementsAgricultural and Forest Districts0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 5: Heat map of reported pollution incidents. Pollution Response Program(PReP), VA DEQ (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesReported Pollution IncidentsDenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 6: Major waterways identied as impaired. How’s My Waterway? ExplorerTool, USEPA (2024)FloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesImpaired WaterwaysAll Waterways0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 7: Stormwater permits releasing into impaired waterways. How’s MyWaterway? Explorer Tool, USEPA (2024) & Stormwater Permits, VA DEQ (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesStorm Water Permits | Impaired WaterwaysTotal Acres Disturbed151050100Storm Water Permits | Nonimpaired WaterwaysTotal Acres Disturbed1510500 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 8: 100-Year Flood Zones. FEMA (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodies100-Year Flood Zone No Base Elevations100-Year Flood Zone0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 9: Slopes equal to or greater than 25 feet. Soil Report, USDA (2023)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesSteep Slopes0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 10: Historic and cultural sites and districts. Montgomery County GIS.North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesHistoric DistrictsLibrariesVirginia Tech Newman LibraryMontgomery-Floyd RegionalLibrariesMuseums0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 11: County and Town parks. Montgomery County GIS.North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesParksRecreationUnnamed TrailsHuckleberry TrailBikeway76Recreational LandSidewalks0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 12: Development Patterns for New Residential Units in UnincorporatedMontgomery (Montgomery County, Building Permit Data, 2020 - October 2024)

Map 13: Current Existing Land Use (Montgomery County GIS Data, Existing LandUse, 2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesExisting Land UseAgricultural (undeveloped) 20-99 acres;Agricultural (undeveloped) over 99acresCommercial & IndustrialCommon AreaExemptMineral LandMulti-Family Apt/TownhousesSingle Family Sub-UrbanSingle Family Urban0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 14: Current Future Land Use (Montgomery County GIS Data, Future LandUse, 2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFuture Land UseRESIDENTIAL TRANSITIONRESOURCE STEWARDSHIPRURALUDA BoundaryURBAN EXPANSIONVILLAGE EXPANSION0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 15: Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (National Agricultural ImageryProgram, NDVI, 2022)

Map 16: Prime Soil for Farmland (New River Valley Land Trust, Prime Farmland)NorthFork RdCraigCreek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPrime Farmland0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 17: Percent of Population with a High School Diploma or Less andPopulation Under Poverty Line (ACS 5-Year Estimate, Educational Attainment andPoverty Status in the Past 12 Months, 2022)

Map 18: Job Density Locations (LEHD, Job Density in Montgomery County, 2021)

Map 19: MCPS School location and under 18 population density. MontgomeryCounty GIS & ACS 5-Year Estimate (2022)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdCatawba RdBradshaw RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesSchoolsLibrariesVirginia Tech Newman LibraryMontgomery-Floyd Regional LibrariesPercent of Population in Dependent Age Groups(<18 )1 Dot = 5 PeoplePopulation Less Than 18 Years0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 20: Binge-drinking behaviors in the County. 2021 Community Health NeedsAssessment, Community Action (2021)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPercentage of Adult Population BingeDrinkingUnder 14.1%14.1% - 17%17.1% - 20%Over 20%0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 21: 10 minute driveshed to grocery stores in the County. Montgomery GISData (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFood Opportunities10-minute Driveshed0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 22: Hospitals, mental health treatment facilities, and substance abusetreatment facilities in the County. Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesHospitalsTreatment Facilities0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 23: Percent of population with a disability and population density of those65 years and older. ACS (2022).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPopulation in Dependent Age Groups (>65)Population 65 Years and OverDisability Status VariablesPercent of Population with a Disability4.1-6.76.7-9.29.2-12.612.6-17.917.9-21.30 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 24: The total service area for both water and sewer in Montgomery County.. Montgomery County GIS Data (2024)North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesPSA Sewer Service AreasPSA Water Service Areas0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 25: Location of wastewater treatment facilities. Montgomery County GISData (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesWastewater Treatment Facilities0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 26: Hot spots of building permits applied for private water and sewersystems. Montgomery County Permit Data (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesUnincorporated Montgomery - Building Permitswith Private Water and Sewer SystemsDenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 27: Broadband level of service. FCC (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesUnderserved and Unserved Locations byBroadbandNumber of Underserved Locations by CensusBoundary0750 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 28: Coverage of AT&T cell service. FCC (2024).NorthFork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesAT&T Mobility 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 29: Coverage of T-Mobile cell service. FCC (2024).NorthFork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesT Mobile 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 30: Coverage of US Cellular cell service. FCC (2024).NorthFork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesUS Cellular 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 31: Coverage of Verizon cell service. FCC (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppersFerry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesVerizon Wireless 4G Cell Coverage0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 32: EMS and Fire Response 15 minute driveshet, incident calls density, andfacility locations.Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFirst RespondersFireRescue15-minute DriveshedReported Incidents Fire and Medical Calls (Summer 2023- Summer 2024)DenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 33: Police 15 minute driveshed and reported incidents.Montgomery CountyGIS Data (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesFirst RespondersPolice15-minute DriveshedReported Incidents Crimes (Summer 2023 - Summer 2024)DenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles

Map 34: Animal Control and shelter locations and density of reported animalassitance incidents. Montgomery County GIS Data (2024).North Fork RdCraig Creek RdRiner RdPeppers Ferry RdBradshaw RdCatawba RdPandapasPond RdFloydCraigRoanokeGilesPulaskiRadfordLegendTown BoundariesVillage BoundariesMontgomery CountySurrounding CountiesRoad CenterlineWaterbodiesAnimal Control and CareReported Incidents Animal Assistance (Summer2023 - Summer 2024)DenseSparse0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25Miles