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designMind is an established 1-person boutique graphic design shop in Washington, DC. Capabilities include developing creative solutions and designs for publications, reports, infographics, issue briefs, and all varieties of marketing collateral in print and digital formats. Extensive experience collaborating with project managers, writers, and communications and marketing directors, combined with a clean and compelling aesthetic, will yield great results for your clients. Marianne Michalakis (aka designMind!) looks forward to working with you.Great design to help you:•inform•promote•educate•influence•invoke changePhotographs of Mexican festivals by GeorgeO. Jackson de Llano reflect the diversity, creativity, and blending of cultural traditions inMexico’s many Indigenous communities.These communities organize their festivals into annual cycles to celebrate religious holidays and key moments in their agricultural year. Combining special foods, costumes, and ceremonies, they are occasions for both devotion and merriment.[Above] Huastecan Nahua boys from northeastern Mexico paint themselves to celebrate Carnival. Las fotografías de los festivales mexicanos deGeorge O. Jackson de Llano reflejan la diversidad,creatividad y fusión de tradiciones culturales que existen en las varias comunidades indígenas de México.Estas comunidades organizan sus festivales en ciclosanuales con el fin de celebrar los días festivos religiosos así como los momentos claves del añoagrícola. Estos festejos son ocasiones de devoción y alegría que combinan extraordinarias comidas, costumbres y ceremonias.Los jóvenes Nahuas de la Huasteca en el noreste de México se pintan para celebrar el Carnaval. February/febrero 1993Understanding Referral Mechanisms in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization That Lead to Terrorism Navigating Challenges and Protecting Human Rights A Guidebook for South-Eastern EuropeCHAPTER TWOe Justice System27 ENGAGING COMMUNITIES: ESSAY IBUILDING RESILIENCE to Violent ExtremismBY GEORGIA HOLMERWhat makes a young man or woman vulnerable to joining a violent extremist group? In the same way that a malnourished, exhausted, neglected, or traumatized body is more susceptible to disease or infection, a person who lacks resources, opportunity, and support is more vulnerable to engaging in violent extremism. Community engagement in countering violent extremism (CVE) can be understood as an effort by civil society to inoculate youth from violent extremism, by building their resilience and strengthening their ability to reject or resist the inﬂuence and recruitment efforts of terrorist groups. Radicalization, or the process by which an individual becomes involved in violent extremism, is often best explained through an exploration of the unique set of push and pull factors that inﬂuence trajectories to terrorist violence. Pull factors include the messages, relationships, and recruitment campaigns that lure individuals into participation in extremist activities. Push factors are what make an individual vulnerable or open to the “pull,” and might include the absence of a support network of friends and family, or a lack of resources or opportunities to thrive, work, and have a family. Push factors can also include a shortage of self-conﬁdence to face adversity or limited knowledge, skills, and practice in making good judgments. Other factors include unhealed trauma and exposure to cycles or generations of violence. Another key vulnerability is the absence of a perceived connection or belonging to a group – a sense of identity that embeds an individual within a community. A focus on the push factorsWith this push-pull framework in mind, a natural division of practice emerges in CVE strategy. CHAPTER 2 | THE JUSTICE SYSTEM94e reality in most countries is that there is not just one legal system being used by the population to resolve disputes. ere may be multiple systems that overlap, intersect, or, at times, conict and compete with one another. ese systems may include:• Formal state law• Customary and/or traditional practices and law• Justice systems that developed out of a conict (e.g., rebel/militia justice systems)• Religious legal systems• International lawA country’s legal framework, therefore, may contain many subsystems that encompass the legal and social, the formal and informal, the written and unwritten norms, as depicted in gure 2.9. e various legal systems may have dierent conceptions of per-missible actions and of procedures for dealing with conict and diering conceptions of justice. e systems often cannot be neatly classied into tidy and consistent parts. is state of aairs is referred to as “legal pluralism,” a term that describes the multiple forms law takes within a particular community, region, or state.1 Chapter 3, Part 2: An Overview of International Law FIGURE 2.9Legal pluralismCUSTOM/TRADITIONOTHERS?INTERNATIONAL LAWRELIGIOUS LAWSSTATE LAWCONFLICT INSPIREDCUSTOM/TRADITIONOTHERS?INTERNATIONAL LAWRELIGIOUS LAWSSTATE LAWCONFLICT-INSPIRED“Iam a scientist, an educator, and a mountaineer who fell in love with wildness at 17. A day after my high school graduation, I ﬂ ew to Alaska for a summer job in the wild. Since that time, I have spent nearly every summer there. I have had run-ins with grizzlies, seen the startling fangs of wolverine and wolves, watched whales breech, paddled through glacial debris, sheltered through frigid nights, seen the inside of more than one crevasse, and eaten blueberries until I thought I might turn blue myself. I have been lucky. I try to explain Alaska to my friends and family and all I can say is this: Alaska has taught me how to think — how to be in this world. It is my context and my source of grace and humility. The wildness of Alaska has shown me how to be bold; to expect uncertainty; to tolerate adversity; to move forward when I am not sure what comes next.”—Bonnie Kreps“We are owners of a local sea kayaking business in Gustavus, Southeast Alaska. We have the good fortune to share with travelers the abundant wildlife, spectacular vistas, and solitude of the old-growth rainforests that make up the Tongass National Forest. We offer visitors the opportunity to experience what is becoming increasingly rare in America and around the world — access to truly wild places. Protected lands are not only vital to the health of our business, they also support the streams that give us the ﬁ sh we eat and whales we watch, the wolves and bears that awe and inspire us, and the quiet of pristine forests that soothe our spirits. Whether we’re guiding a trip, picking berries or going for a hike in the wild places of our Tongass, this wondrous place enriches our lives and the lives of our many visitors.”—Jai Crapella and Stephen VanderhoffOwners and Operators of Spirit Walker Expeditions…an ecological wonder.

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LET’S GET TO WORKdesignMindPhotographs of Mexican festivals by GeorgeO. Jackson de Llano reflect the diversity, creativity, and blending of cultural traditions inMexico’s many Indigenous communities.These communities organize their festivals into annual cycles to celebrate religious holidays and key moments in their agricultural year. Combining special foods, costumes, and ceremonies, they are occasions for both devotion and merriment.[Above] Huastecan Nahua boys from northeastern Mexico paint themselves to celebrate Carnival. Las fotografías de los festivales mexicanos deGeorge O. Jackson de Llano reflejan la diversidad,creatividad y fusión de tradiciones culturales que existen en las varias comunidades indígenas de México.Estas comunidades organizan sus festivales en ciclosanuales con el fin de celebrar los días festivos religiosos así como los momentos claves del añoagrícola. Estos festejos son ocasiones de devoción y alegría que combinan extraordinarias comidas, costumbres y ceremonias.Los jóvenes Nahuas de la Huasteca en el noreste de México se pintan para celebrar el Carnaval. February/febrero 1993CHAPTER TWOe Justice System27 ENGAGING COMMUNITIES: ESSAY IBUILDING RESILIENCE to Violent ExtremismBY GEORGIA HOLMERWhat makes a young man or woman vulnerable to joining a violent extremist group? In the same way that a malnourished, exhausted, neglected, or traumatized body is more susceptible to disease or infection, a person who lacks resources, opportunity, and support is more vulnerable to engaging in violent extremism. Community engagement in countering violent extremism (CVE) can be understood as an effort by civil society to inoculate youth from violent extremism, by building their resilience and strengthening their ability to reject or resist the inﬂuence and recruitment efforts of terrorist groups. Radicalization, or the process by which an individual becomes involved in violent extremism, is often best explained through an exploration of the unique set of push and pull factors that inﬂuence trajectories to terrorist violence. Pull factors include the messages, relationships, and recruitment campaigns that lure individuals into participation in extremist activities. Push factors are what make an individual vulnerable or open to the “pull,” and might include the absence of a support network of friends and family, or a lack of resources or opportunities to thrive, work, and have a family. Push factors can also include a shortage of self-conﬁdence to face adversity or limited knowledge, skills, and practice in making good judgments. Other factors include unhealed trauma and exposure to cycles or generations of violence. Another key vulnerability is the absence of a perceived connection or belonging to a group – a sense of identity that embeds an individual within a community. A focus on the push factorsWith this push-pull framework in mind, a natural division of practice emerges in CVE strategy. Independent Evaluation at the IMF The First DecadeI E   IMF T  DRuben Lamdany and Hali Edison, EditorsI E   IMF T F D Ruben Lamdany and Hali Edison, Editors 2008 ANNUAL REPORT-What’s At StakeThis unique area is in peril. For years the oil and gas industry has been pushing to open the Arctic Ocean to development despite the Arctic’s harsh and remote conditions. Sub-zero temperatures, long periods of darkness, shifting ice ﬂoes and hurricane-force winds make industrial activities particularly risky. The Arctic Ocean is already suffering some of the effects of climate change, according to the National Climate Assessment, “Alaska has warmed twice as fast as the rest of the nation, bringing widespread impacts. Sea ice is rapidly receding.” And as sea ice coverage disappears, historically inaccessible parts of the Arctic are now even more vulnerable to oil and gas development and other industrial activities. Besides new interest in oil and gas development, the loss of sea ice leads to expanded shipping routes and the potential for industrial ﬁshing.

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13WHY GENDER MATTERS: EXERCISE III. Ask participants to indicate where women have inﬂuence in their societies.II. Ask participants to indicate where men have inﬂuence in their societies. Spheres of inﬂuence can be: • our children • local government • police • our spouses/partner • national government • community group • the family • the school • international actors • the marketplace • my workplace • international organizations. Have participants initially come up with their own spheres. Discussion Questions1. Why do men and women have different spheres of inﬂuence?2. What gender norms reinforce these spheres of inﬂuence? 3. How does such gender inﬂuence manifest itself? 4. Is there a difference between how men and women have inﬂuence in their respective spheres? 5. Are there other factors that make men or women have inﬂuence in a particular sphere? Age, class, ethnicity …?6. Where would you like to have inﬂuence and why? How would you go about getting inﬂuence in that sphere?* This exercise is adapted from the “Spheres of Inﬂuence” exercise by Georgia Holmer.Spheres of Inﬂuence* The smallest circle is the place where one has the most inﬂuence— outer circles indicate the places where one has least inﬂuence. 22 WOMEN AND THE DYNAMICS OF EXTREMIST VIOLENCE: ESSAY IIIMotivations of FEMALE FIGHTERS BY NIMMI GOWRINATHAN The Sri Lankan civil war ended in 2009 when the Singhalese-dominated government militarily defeated the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) from the minority Tamil community. Early in the movement the recruitment of women in the LTTE was primarily voluntary. In later stages a large portion of new recruits were coercively recruited eventually comprising roughly one-third of active combatants.7 Why did these women, despite being coercively recruited, become highly committed insurgents, and what can this tell us about the conditions for radicalization? In-depth interviews with women in the LTTE reveal that the factors prominent in the life histories of potential recruits prior to the moment of recruitment may play a signiﬁcant role in shaping the political identities of Tamil women and determining levels of commitment to the movement. Lived experiences with militarization shaped daily life for most Tamil women. Militarization here is understood as a gendered, calculated, institutionalized practice with the ability to deepen the impact of repressive policies. Prema, a female ﬁghter, commented, “Even though I hadn’t wanted to join, the only solution with so many guns around us was to learn to use one.” Some described the military takeover of school latrines, leaving girls to wander in meadows, while others re-routed their daily walks to avoid the “body massage” of a checkpoint.8 Most women describe a “fear psychosis” in a context in which civil society had been absorbed into a militarized space, and offered no outlet for women’s grievances. One civil society activist notes, “In the process of looking for the LTTE, the army isolates young people. In a militarized society, young women are further isolated and placed at risk”.9 Faced with perpetual insecurity and invasive surveillance, women expressed a sense of helplessness and frustration with their lives. Facing a government unafraid to deploy violence in pursuit of its political agenda, several women found that they could push past the paralysis of fear by joining the LTTE. In addition to general militarization, individual experiences with gender-based violence and prolonged displacement further shaped the contours of their political beings, well before the moment of recruitment. Thava, a female ﬁghter, comments, “Our family never had enough to eat in the refugee camps.” Lavanya felt depressed about her possibilities for the future. “We would sit for hours in the hot sun, waiting for food, not knowing what we should do,” she says.10 Depravation and despondency contributed to an understanding of, and anger at, the injustice and inequality of their position.2425EngagingCommunitiesIn Preventing Violent Extremismt takes a village to effectively counter and prevent violent extremist ideologies from taking hold. In many international policy circles, the ability of communities to deal with adversity is also referred to as resilience. Community structures and institutions, including gender norms, determine who has access to the economic, social, and political resources to anticipate risks, limit impacts and organize preventative actions and programs. Security and law enforcement forces are in the forefront of countering violent extremism. That said, because of their local roots and diverse portfolios, preventative efforts by women and women’s organizations are believed to have special advantages when building resilience at the community level. Indeed, these organizations often have deep and meaningful relationships with their communities and a track record of addressing community needs. This gives them legitimacy to call community forums and be mediators within their communities. In many instances, women’s organizations are found to be non-polarizing, and hence efﬁcient conduits for expressing and addressing grievances that may arise within communities. In order for them to do so, it is important to build up skills and capacity.In this regard, much attention has focused on theimportance of women and women’s organizationsengaging with the security and law enforcement forces through community policing efforts. The success Women’s organizations are believed to have special advantages when building resilience at the community level. CONTENTSEssay I: Building Resilience to Violent Extremism Exercise I: Allies and Challengers Essay II: Charting New Ways with New Partners Resource I: Active Listening Techniques Essay III: Everyday Technologies Can Help Counter Violence and Build Peace Resource II: Enabling Technologies for Preventing Violent ExtremismEssay IV: Increasing Understanding through Words Resource III: Debate versus Dialogue

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2021NOSScienceReportNational Ocean ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOAA PROJECTSNOS Science Report—NOS Education Info Cards6Preparedness & Risk Reduction (Coastal Resilience)NOS Priority: 2021 NOS SCIENCE REPORTCOASTAL COMMUNITIES represent a major economic engine for the United States. Immediate and potentially life-threatening events such as hurricanes, as well as long-term issues like high tide ﬂooding, are real challenges to coastal communities. NOS brings a unique range of information and capabilities to help communities prepare for, respond to, and recover from these events. For example, NOS maintains the nation’s network of coastal tide and water level sensors to provide real-time data that supports accurate weather forecasts, coastal storm and ﬂood predictions, and tsunami warnings. NOS provides data and tools that enable businesses and coastal communities to better plan for and mitigate risk from changing conditions. The agency provides information and data to protect human health and coastal economies with early warnings of harmful algal blooms and other threats. Every year, NOS responds to natural disasters and more than 150 oil and chemical spills in U.S. and state waters, which damage environments and disrupt economies. As the authoritative resource for science related to marine debris, oil, and chemical spills, NOS provides responders with the information they need to understand the severity of a spill and where it will travel.Following are coastal resilience themed projects organized according to ﬁve primary scientiﬁc priorities of the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) strategic plan.232021 NOS SCIENCE REPORT Safe and Efficient Transportation and CommerceAdvanced Observation TechnologiesIncluded below are nine highlighted scientiﬁc projects by NGS, OCS, and IOOS researchers and their partners, which are focused on advanced observation technologies.Determining the Rotation of the Mariana tectonic plateIn a few years, NGS will modernize the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). This system will include the deﬁnition of a plate-ﬁxed reference frame for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) called the Mariana Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 or MATRF2022. To deﬁne such a frame, the absolute rotation of the underlying tectonic plate (Mariana) must be known relative to a global plate-independent frame, such as the International Terrestrial Reference Frame. Very few studies of the Mariana plate have ever been performed, and most are only relative to other plates. To address this situation, NGS in 2017 performed a complicated GPS survey of geodetic control points on numerous islands on the plate. This survey collected data on points that had been previously surveyed by GPS between 2003 and 2014. By dierencing these various surveys, linear velocities were implied and subsequently used to deﬁne the rotation of the plate. This estimate of the plate’s rotation was the most accurate and data-rich estimate ever performed for this small tectonic plate and will serve as the underlying model for MATRF2022. The results were published in the NOAA Technical Report series in August 2020.FY21 ACCOMPLISHMENT: Peer reviewed publication in the NOAA Technical Report series quantifying the absolute rotation of the Mariana plate.NOAA Technical Memorandum: https://geodesy.noaa.gov/library/pdfs/NOAA_TR_NOS_NGS_0074.pdfGPS-implied velocities on the Mariana plate (left), and some of the ground truth surveys which generated them in Maug (top right) and Alamagan (bottom right), CNMI. Image credit: NOAA/NOS/NGS.

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FOR EDUCATORSStandards-aligned resources, activities, and funding programs for educators working with elementary through high school level students. These materials support the teaching of ocean, coastal, climate, and Earth science, increasing environmental literacy, and engaging students and communities in hands-on stewardship. FOR STUDENTSTake a deep dive into ocean, coastal, and Earth science topics. Tutorials present the science, study and ongoing activities of NOAA’s Ocean Service on tides, currents, corals, GPS, pollution, estuaries, and much more.FOR KIDSTons of hands-on activities, resources and hundreds of short videos for kids ... of all ages, help everyone learn more about our world, and how NOAA helps us explore, understand, and protect our Earth. Sea Level Rise Resources for the ClassroomDATA IN THE CLASSROOMInteractive data visualizations, apps, and high resolution images help students learn about sea level and understand how scientists determine its impact on coastal communities when it changes.SEA LEVEL RISE MODULEThis module informs about sea level rise, its causes, and impacts; and challenges students to think about what they can do in response. Its activities are centered on a 23-minute video with scheduled pauses to facilitate discussion.BEAT THE UNCERTAINTYIn this role playing game the players are the leaders – citizens, policymakers, business people, farmers, researchers, etc. – of a coastal city. Their job is to make smart decisions to increase the city’s resilience to climate change - especially sea level rise.These modules are designed for grades 6-12.Modeling Marine Ecosystems with Virtual RealityOCEAN FOOD WEBSStudents use the concepts of food webs and trophic levels to explore populations of marine organisms. They research an organism and combine their data in a jigsaw activity to produce a food web diagram for that habitat.OBSERVATIONS AND MODELS Students learn about data derived from observations and data produced by models, including how to recognize each, and how each type is used to make predictions. PREDATORS AND PREY Students are introduced to models used to predict populations of organisms. Students rst analyze a simple predator-prey system, optionally building and “running” a simple, spreadsheet-based model. NGSS aligned modulesThe modules feature the Virtual Ecosystem Viewer, an interactive virtual reality model that NOAA scientists use to visualize changing ocean ecosystems. All modules include student worksheets, NGSS alignment, and presentation graphics. RESOURCES BY NOAA AND NOAA PARTNERS:● OceanLiteracyPrinciples: The most important ideas everyone should understand about the ocean’s inuence on them – and their inuence on the ocean.● HandbookforIncreasingOceanLiteracy: A resource to help teach, learn, and communicate about the ocean. Designed for educators, it can be used by anyone, anywhere, to increase ocean literacy.● OceanLiteracyScopeandSequence: A guide for educators to help students’ achieve a full understanding about the ocean across grade bands: K–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–12. ● AlignmentofOceanLiteracytoNGSS: An innovative and rigorous guide about when and how ocean concepts may be strategically inserted into the K through 12 science curriculum, aligning Ocean Literacy to the NGSS. ● ClimateLiteracyPrinciplesinEnglishandSpanish:The most important ideas everyone should understand about their inuence on climate and climate’s inuence on them and society. Ocean and Climate LiteracyOcean LiteracyThe Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts of Ocean Sciences for Learners of All AgesVERSION 3.1: MAY 2021A CLIMATE-ORIENTED APPROACH FOR LEARNERS OF ALL AGESClimateLiteracyThe Essential Principles of Climate SciencesA Guide for Individuals and CommunitiesSecond Version: March 2009www.climatescience.govTHE OCEAN ODYSSEY EDUCATORS GUIDE INCLUDES LESSONS ON:● OceanDwellers: What are the plants and animals that live in the ocean? What do they look like, where do they live, and where do they get their energy?.● Earth’sWaterMoves: How does water move around the world? Why are ocean currents important for living things?● LivesofHumpbackWhales: What are the similarities and dierences between humans and humpback whales? What are the behaviors that help humpbacks survive?● Oceancurrents: How does the ocean aect climate? How do hot and cold temperatures move water around the world?● WhaleMigration: How do scientists identify and track humpback whales when they migrate? How do whales know where to go on their journeys?● FishingforSolutions: What are the strengths and limitations of dierent shing methods? How does a community in American Samoa use responsible and sustainable shing methods?● FoodMatters: What happens to the food an animal eats? What happens when an animal eats microplastics? How can we keep plastics out of the ocean?● CyclesintheOcean: How can we model how water moves around the world? How could one major ocean current system be slowing down?Ocean OdysseyLESSON 1:OCEAN DWELLERSINTRODUCTIONThe importance of ocean currents for marine life is clear. Ocean currents serve as nurseries for some animals while others spend their whole lives in them. There are a variety of plants and animals that live in and around the currents, and this biodiversity shows how important the ocean and its currents are for so many living things. LESSON SUMMARYIn this lesson, small groups of students use card sets to learn about some of the plants and animals that live in the ocean. They explore where the living thing lives, what it looks like and where it gets its energy. They share information with classmates as they place picture cards on a chart to show the depth at which the living thing lives in the ocean. 3OBJECTIVES• Students will explore the living things that live in the ocean, including what they look like, where they live, and their predator-prey relationships. • Students will learn that dierent living things primarily live at particular depths in the ocean.ESTIMATED TIME45 minutes. If you would like to complete this lesson over 2 days, complete steps 1-3 on day 1 and the remainder of the lesson on day 2.STANDARDS ADDRESSEDScience (NGSS): 2-LS4-1. Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in dierent habitats.IMAGE AREADiscover Your Changing World With NOAAHands-on activities introduce you to Earth’s climate system, the factors that drive and change it, the impacts of those changes, and what you can do to explore, understand, and protect our Earth. Discover Your Changing World with NOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationAn Activity Book2Discover Your Changing World with NOAAoceanservice.noaa.govWhen we talk about Earth’s climate, we are basically talking about the eects of energy from the Sun, and how much of that energy is received at various places on Earth. This energy heats Earth’s land, ocean, and atmosphere. Strong winds and large ocean currents are the results of heat moving from warm areas—like the Equator—to colder areas of our planet—like the North and South Poles. So, some of the Sun’s heat energy is changed to motion energy. A Solar Heat Engine is a tool we can build that also changes heat energy from the Sun to motion energy. How It WorksMany plastics shrink when they are heated. This engine uses strips of plastic attached to a ywheel that is mounted on a drum that can rotate on an axle. When one of the plastic strips is exposed to sunlight, it shrinks and pulls the ywheel o-center. This movement causes the drum to rotate. As the drum rotates, another plastic strip is exposed to the sun, and the motion continues. As the strips move into the shadow of the drum, they cool and lengthen again.How to Do It[NOTE: This activity should be done with adult supervision.]1. Lay a garbage bag at on a large surface (the oor is ne) and cut the bag into strips that are about three inches wide and ten inches long. You need eight strips to make your engine, but you should cut some extra ones for practice. 2. Stretch each of the plastic strips by holding one end in each hand, gripping the plastic tightly between the ends of your ngers and the base of your palm. Slowly stretch the plastic strip, until it is a little more than twice its original length and is about 1” wide. (Photo 1). Some of the strips will probably break because garbage bags aren’t perfect, but be patient and work slowly. When you have six stretched plastic strips, cut about two inches o of each end (the parts that you held onto and didn’t get stretched).3. Measure the diameter of the large and small ends of a Styrofoam cup, and use your compass to draw two circles with the small diameter and one circle with the large diameter on the Styrofoam freezer tray. Use a compass instead of just tracing the circles around the cup so that you will know where the exact centers of the circles are. Cut the circles out with a sharp knife. (Be careful and wear gloves!)What You Will NeedAdult partner1 Black plastic trash bag2 Styrofoam cups, 16 oz capacity1 Wood dowel, about 1/4-inch diameter1 Styrofoam freezer tray2 Straight sewing pins 1 Plastic lid (from yogurt, margarine or similar container), about 4-inches diameter2 Metal food cans, tops completely removedMasking tapeScissorsHot glue gun (low temperature)Metal leRulerDrawing compassUnsharpened pencilSharp knifeGloves for protection while using the knife* (adapted from Strahl, 2007; http://www.instructables.com/id/Solar-Thermal-Motor/)Photo 1. Stretching the plastic strips.Photo 2.Photo 3.Big IdeaThe Sun is the primary source of energy for Earth’s climate system.(Climate Science Principle 1)Activity 1: The Great, Glowing OrbWhat You Will Do: Make a Solar Heat Engine*oceanservice.noaa.gov14Discover Climate: Activities from NOAAWeather describes what is happening in the atmosphere over a short period of time (days or hours) at a specic place. Weather descriptions include temperature, humidity, winds, cloudiness, and atmospheric pressure. Climate is the average of these weather conditions over many years. The National Weather Service uses 30 years of weather measurements to calculate the average climate for a city, state, PSSFHJPO"OFBTZXBZUPTVNNBSJ[FUIFEJòFSFODFJTiDMJNBUFJTXIBUZPVFYQFDUXFBUIFSJTXIBUZPVHFUwPSiXFBUIFSUFMMTus what kinds of clothes to wear, climate tells us what kinds of clothes to buy.”When scientists talk about climate change, they mean that there has been a signicant change in the average or extreme (or both) climate conditions, and that this change has continued over a long period of time. We all know that climate conditions (air temperature, precipitation, and wind) change with the seasons. There are also natural cycles such as El Niño that cause climate conditions to be dierent from year-to-year. These dierences are part of natural climate variability, but they are not the same as climate change.Earth’s climate has changed many times in the past, and is changing now. Studies of tree rings show that Earth’s average temperature is now as warm or warmer than it has been for at least the past 1,300 years. Scientic weather observations from around the world show that average temperatures have increased rapidly during the past 50 years, especially in the Arctic region. In the past, climate change has happened over periods of decades to thousands of years. It is very unusual to have a rapid temperature change in only 50 years, because few natural processes aect climate this quickly. The rapid rate of 20th century warming, and the increase above the millenium baseline in the absence of natural forcing, are consistent with the warming caused by increased greenhouse gases. One way that this is happening is that human activities are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere much more rapidly than natural processes can remove it. You’ll nd out more about how carbon dioxide aects climate in Activity 6.How It WorksAn electric current is the ow of electrons through a conductor such as a wire. An electric circuit is a path for an electric current. One way to imagine an electric current is to think of water owing through a pipe. The voltage of an electric current is the force of the current, similar to the pressure of the water in the pipe owing through the imaginary pipe. As you may have guessed, voltage is measured in volts.Resistance is a force that opposes the ow of an electric current. You can think of resistance as a valve or obstruction in the imaginary pipe. Resistance is measured in ohms; the more ohms, the higher the resistance. Resistors are electronic components that resist the ow of electric currents.A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance changes when the temperature changes. When a thermistor is in an electric circuit, the voltage of the electric current changes when the thermistor’s resistance changes. We can measure the voltage of this type of circuit, and use this measurement to nd the temperature of the thermistor. Compared to liquid-lled thermometers, thermistors are less expensive, more rugged, and do not require someone to look directly at them to get a temperature measurement. Because of these advantages, Activity 4: Climate, Weather…What’s the Difference?What You Will Do: Make an Electronic Temperature SensorWhat You Will NeedAdult partner1 – Multimeter capable of measuring volts, milliamps, and ohms (such as Extech MN35) 1 – 9 volt battery 1 – Battery snap (such as Radio Shack 270-324) 1 – Resistor, 10K ohm, 1/2 watt (such as Radio Shack 271-1126)1 – Thermistor, 10K ohm (such as Digi-Key 490-4660)2 – Clear glass jar, beakers or plastic cups, about 250 ml (8 oz) capacity1 – Wire strippers1 – Thermometer (such as Forestry Suppliers #89323; you may want to order two of these, since you will use them again for Activity 6; these thermometers have an aluminum case which makes them useful for eld investigations as well as in your laboratory)Speaker wire, 24 gauge, about 1 m (3 ft) (such as Radio Shack 278-1301)Liquid electrical tape (from a boating supply store or hardware store)Conductive Glue (keyword search “wire glue” to nd suppliers; if you or your partner know how to solder, you can use solder and a soldering iron instead of conductive glue)Needle-nose pliers Ice Hot waterBig IdeaClimate varies in space and time through both natural and man-made processes. (Climate Science Principle 4)FOR EDUCATORSFOR STUDENTSFOR KIDSInnovative products, and programs for educators and students who want to learn more about ocean, climate, and Earth science.Sea Level Rise Resources Tools to help understand and visualize sea level rise in our communities — now and in the future. • Sea Level Rise Viewer • Coastal Flood Exposure Mapper• Coastal County Snapshots• Sea Level TrendsModeling Marine Ecosystems with Virtual RealityThree NGSS aligned modules that help high school students explore how scientic models work.MODULES:• Ocean Food Webs• Observations and Models • Predators and Prey Ocean and Climate LiteracyOcean literacy is an understanding of the ocean’s inuence on you — and your inuence on the ocean.A climate-literate person understands their inuence on climate and climate’s inuence on them and society.Ocean Odyssey Eight elementary school level lessons on marine science aligned to the NGSS and Common Core Education Standards.Discover Your World With NOAA Hands-on activities teach kids of all ages more about our world, and how NOAA helps us to explore, understand, and protect our Earth. noaa.govDiscover Your World With NOAA2New Hurricane Hunter AircraftEl Nino Makes a Comeback…Entangled Whale RescuedLionﬁ sh Invade U.S. WatersSatellites Relay Distress CallsAstronauts Test Moon Exploration Concepts on SeafloorExpedition Explores Underwater Wreck of Historic Naval AirshipNOAA’s Building BlocksDo you know what NOAA does? Play this game and ﬁ nd out!Deadly Heat Wave Reaches East CoastCourtesy NWSCourtesy NOAACourtesy Paula Whitﬁ eld, NOAACourtesy NESDISCourtesy NWSCourtesy NMFSCourtesy NWSCourtesy NOAADisco ver Your World with NOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationU.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCENATIONALOCEANICANDATMOSPHERICADMINISTRATIONFrom the edge of space to the bottom of the ocean...Tate NationAn Activity BookNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)9EXPLORE THE EARTHTaking the pulse of the planet...Taking the pulse of the planet...Boat Building ChallengeWho were the ﬁ rst boat-builders?No one really knows.The oldest known boats are dugout canoes constructed in China and South Korea around 6,000 B.C. But it’s possible that the almost-human species Homo erectus used some type of boat 800,000 years ago!Since H. erectus are known to have made tools from bamboo, they may also have made rafts from the same material. But regardless of the materials and who used them, the basic principles that allowed the ﬁ rst boats to ﬂ oat are the same principles that operate on the most modern supertanker.Egyptian tomb painting from 1450 B.C. showing ofﬁ cer with sounding pole. Ofﬁ cer is telling crew to come ahead slow. Engineers with cat-o’-nine-tails assure proper response from the “engines.” Courtesy NOAA.What You Will DoDesign a boat hull that is able to float a specified weight. Then, design a way to propel your vessel using wind powerWhat You Will Need❒ Sheets of aluminum foil, 12 inches x 12 inches; one sheet for each hull❒ 50 pennies for each hull❒ Plastic or metal tub full of water, at least 24 inches diameter❒ Foam plates❒ Wooden skewers❒ Poster board❒ Hole punch❒ Battery operated fan❒ Masking tape❒ Modeling claySCIENCE | Service | Stewardship

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A CLIMATE PATHWAY FOR CHINA’S PLASTICS INDUSTRYA Climate Pathway for China’s Plastics Industry6METHODS: Single-Use Plasc and its Carbon Footprint Single-use plastic in the petrochemicals industryThe petrochemical industry produces two main types of chemicals, plasc polymers (also known as resins, in bulk form) and agrichemicals, from three chemical feedstocks – ammonia, methanol, and high-value chemicals (HVCs). The resins and agrichemicals are in turn used to make end products used in various sectors, including the packaging sector (Figure 1).Figure 1: THE PETROCHEMICALS PRODUCTION CHAINIndustry data is currently insuciently granular to separate single-use plasc from durable plasc within this producon chain, and this eort is further complicated by the absence of an exact, widely-accepted denion for single-use plasc. Generally speaking, single-use plasc is used only once and then disposed of, and is of insucient value to be commonly recycled. Meanwhile, durable plascs are reused mulple mes, and are mostly composed of tougher and more impact-resistant resins. These resins, such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), are used more frequently in industries that require durability, like construcon, while lighter, less-durable resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) predominate in the packaging industry (Table 1, Figure 2). Five polymer types (polyethylene – PE, polypropylene – PP, polystyrene/expanded polystyrene – PS/EPS, polyvinyl chloride – PVC and polyethylene terephthalate – PET) account for approximately 75% of Chinese plasc producon and consumpon.PRIMARY CHEMICALSHigh-Value Chemicals (HVCs)Light OlensEthylene, PropyleneBTX AromacsBenzene, Toluene, XyleneAmmoniaMethanolPolymerse.g., plascs, synthec rubber, synthec bersAgrochemicalse.g., ferlizers, pescides. herbicides, surfactantsSpecialty Chemicalse.g., industry catalysts, paints and inks, dyes and pigments, refrigerants, addives, solventsEND USE PRODUCTSUPSTREAM DOWNSTREAMCHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL SECTORConsumer GoodsPackagingTransportaonConstruconAgriculturePharmaceucal(Hook 2021).9A Climate Pathway for China’s Plastics Industry Feedstock Producon 0.3 Electricity Producon 0.3 Rening 0.2 Cracking & Other Foreground Process 0.9 Polymerizaon & Blending 0.6 End of Life Treatment 2.7Modeling the carbon footprint of plasticelectricity to power the manufacturing process, as well constructed a simple model that applies an emission e  end-of-life emissions (Material Our simple model makes the following assumptions:ASSUMPTION 1 from oil (COFigure 4: LIFE CYCLE CARBON EMISSION OF PLASTICSkgCO 24 PAGE REPORT WITH INFOGRAPHICS

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2EatSafe | Stories from the ForefrontACRONYMS Below is a list of all acronyms and abbreviations used in the report. CCSI Centre for Communication and Social Impact COVID Coronavirus Disease (2019-nCoV) DIME Development Impact Evaluation Department, World Bank MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NGO Non-Governmental Organization PMC Population Media Center PSA Public Ser vice Announcement PHOTO: AISHATU MADINA MAISHANU FOR PIERCE MILL3EatSafe | Stories from the ForefrontEXECUTIVE SUMMARY USAID’S FEED THE FUTURE EATSAFE – Evidence and Action Toward Safe, Nutritious Food (EatSafe) tests whether the consumer and their behaviors and actions can shape informal markets to adopt better food safety behaviors. The EatSafe project will explore using a variety of media-based SBCC interventions to reach market vendors and consumers to help change attitudes and behaviors around food safety.This essay presents stories from top practitioners in the eld of media-based Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) worldwide – including executive directors, country directors, producers, and researchers – in order to uncover the nuances of program development that can guide more effective EatSafe media programs and help implement more sustainable programs.At the conclusion of interviews with six professionals with extensive experience in media-based SBCC, three broad themes emerged that have practical implications for the design of not only EatSafe interventions, but also other interventions seeking to change behavior through media. First, storytelling works and can be an effective tool to inuence behavior change, particularly when expert storytellers work closely with behavioral experts. Storytelling can emotionally engage the audience through immersion within the storyline. This emotional engagement, in turn, can help make an audience more receptive to a core food safety message. Stories can also allow the audience to identify with characters and learn from their successes and failures. And when done appropriately, stories can lead to self-efcacy by showing the audience, through the vehicle of a recognizable character, that a behavior or action is doable and can lead to a better outcome.Second, human connection is essential for a successful storytelling intervention. This connection begins with the program staff and in-country media personnel creating the intervention. SBCC media has unique requirements and know-how in media in general (news, entertainment, etc.) does not equate with SBCC expertise. This gap can be addressed by close working relationships between SBCC technical experts and local media personnel.The human connection theme continues with the audience. Any successful media-based SBCC program must be rooted in learning from the audience about what kinds of stories would appeal to them and consistently returning to the audience to rene the productions. It is essential not to rely on assumptions about an audience, even those that might seem obvious.Finally, distribution is critical and should be considered at the beginning, in part, through connection with local groups, associations, and leaders who help get the word out. Their buy-in can help market the media in effective and cost-efcient ways. PHOTO: AISHATU MADINA MAISHANU FOR PIERCE MILL11EatSafe | Stories from the ForefrontKatie Mota’s got the same roots as other SBCC media producers. She produced a successful telenovela for MTV Latin America. She worked extensively in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries. But those roots branched out differently, because of her determination to transport the same sort of social impact objectives she used in international development projects to Hollywood, this time portraying underrepresented people or subjects. She and husband Mauricio Mota cofounded Wise Entertainment, which became a signicant new player on the Hollywood scene with its path-breaking teen drama East Los High, featuring an all-Latino cast. The show became an overnight sensation – and lasted four seasons, which is a huge accomplishment and contains valuable lessons for SBCC practitioners. In 2013, Wise Entertainment was shopping for a distribution partner that would be convenient for its target viewers, which the rm found in the then-new streaming platform, Hulu. But there was a trade-off. “It needed to be a free platform, it needed to be digital, something to watch when and where they wanted...That was part of the reason we chose to go with Hulu,” Mota recalls. “Then because they were in their infancy, there was like zero marketing dollars. They spent less than $100,000 in targeted marketing to launch in Season 1, which if you know Hollywood, usually it’s millions.” “We in two days had more viewers than Grey’s Anatomy…not on ABC, but on the platform, which was still massive,” Mota continues. “Within a month, we brought in more than a million Latino viewers to their Latino platform. [A budget of] less than $100,000 doesn’t buy you that.” Indeed, that is an awful lot of eyeballs for such a modest budget. So, what accounts for this marketing magic? Mota offers generous detail. In essence, in the same way that Babafunke Fagbemi’s CCSI painstakingly procured the endorsement of religious leaders and the support of husbands before reaching out to their true target audience, pregnant mothers and their children, in the traditional communities of northern Nigeria, and in the same way that Stevan Buxt discovered that good relationships was the sine qua non of a successful lm shoot, Mota THE MARKETERKatie Mota | Co-Founder | Wise Entertainment | Los Angeles, CA PHOTO: KATIEMOTA12EatSafe | Stories from the Forefrontdiscovered that strong community connections was the fuel that propelled East Los High to unpaid-for prominence. “There’s so much marketing that can…be done for free if you have good relationships with people that have already built-in communities,” Mota says. “By using the nonprots, and the community leaders and the people that we’re already working with and talking to about the show, about the characters, about the issues, you actually can really create a groundswell that way. “Because we’re not only inuenced by billboards, we’re actually even more inuenced by when our friend says, ‘Hey, you should watch this. Check this out. Wow, I have never seen this portrayed in this way.’” Specically, Wise Entertainment developed relationships with more than 30 nonprots in Los Angeles and across the United States. The upstart entertainment company partnered with these groups as part of their feedback mechanism in developing stories. “It wasn’t this thing we did at the last minute of like, ‘Hey, will you help us? We like you. Will you come market our show?’ It was a multi-year relationship that we had built and authenticated through, again, coming back to our beginning point of real meaningful dialogue where we actually made changes to our program based on what they told us,” Mota says. On the basis of these collaborative relationships, Wise Entertainment created marketing materials for them to “pump out” to their networks, and the rest is history. As an example of the potency of this effort, the lm company had embedded a partner organization’s nd-a-clinic widget into the show’s website for the show’s debut, whose subjects included teen pregnancy. “Within the rst month…it was something like 20,000 people had used that widget to nd the clinic from the East Los High website...Again, less than $100,000 doesn’t buy you that.” The moral of Mota’s story, one that will ring true for media producers who have been stung by disappointment in their distribution reach, is to be, as she put it, “our own best marketers.” Katie Mota is an Emmy-nominated showrunner, writer, producer, and director who recently served as executive producer and co-showrunner for East Los High, which ran for ve seasons, making it Hulu’s longest running original. She has produced shows in countries all over the world, including the 70 episode telenovela Ultimo Ano with MTV Latin America.The moral of Mota’s story... is to be, as she put it, “our own best marketers.”PHOTO: KATIEMOTA

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13CHAPTER 1 | EXPLORING RULE OF LAWAN EXPANDED DEFINITION OF THE RULE OF LAWACCOUNTABILITY: No matter who you are, if you break the law you must answer for your action and receive a sanction (e.g., prison, ne, barring from legal oce). If a person commits a wrong or violates the rights of another, he or she should be held accountable, either through the formal state justice system or through customary/traditional justice systems.THE CONTENT OF LAWS: e laws must protect the human rights of all persons, including the rights of the accused and the interests of victims. ey must be clear, precise, prospective (i.e., they do not punish past conduct that was not illegal at the time), accessible, and they must allow citizens to understand their rights and obligations.THE DRAFTING OF LAWS: All citizens should know what government agency is responsible for drafting new laws, when the laws will be circulated for comment in advance of being passed, and how the individual citizen can have a voice in the law reform process. After the law is passed, the law must be published, and the public must be notied about the new law and their rights and obligations under it.THE APPLICATION OF LAWS: Laws must be applied equally, independently, fairly, and non-arbitrarily by public ocials.PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING: Citizens must have the opportunity to participate directly in the exercise of legislative, executive, and administrative decision-making with the goal of repairing the broken relationships between the state and society, increasing trust in, and the legitimacy of, the government and improving general compliance with the law.SEPARATION OF POWERS: ere must be separation between the executive, legislature and the judiciary and the various powers of each should be clearly dened.ACCCESS TO JUSTICE: All citizens must have access to justice mechanisms to seek a remedy for grievances. In order for there to be access to justice, justice mechanisms must be aordable, close by, conducted in a language citizens understand, and citizens (who cannot aord it) should be granted the assistance of a lawyer. e justice system must serve the people and must work to inspire their trust and condence. Finally, citizens must understand their rights and obligations under the law and how to seek a remedy if their rights are violated.SAFETY AND SECURITY: Citizens should feel that they and their property are safe and secure. ey should be protected from violence and abuse.n END EXTRACTEXTRACTSOURCE:Vivienne O’Connor, Practitioner’s Guide: Deﬁning the Rule of Law and Related Concepts (Washington, DC: International Network for the Promotion of the Rule of Law [INPROL], 2015), http://inprol.org/publications/14549/dening-the-rule-of-law-and-related-concepts. CHAPTER 2 | THE JUSTICE SYSTEM106CONSIDERMapping My Legal SystemBelow, at ﬁgure 2.10, is an example of the domestic legal framework applicable in Sudan prior to the recognition of the independence of South Sudan in 2011.We can see that the Sudanese legal framework is complex and made up of a variety of subsystems, all with different roles, mandates, and levels of inﬂuence within society. What other systems might exist in this legal framework? FIGURE 2.10Sudan’s domestic legal frameworkSUDAN(prior to 2011)Islamic LawCustomary Norms/TraditionsInternational LawCodes and Legislation(based on Egyptian and British common laws)What would this diagram look like for your own context?(see ﬁgure 2.11)265CHAPTER 5 | RULE OF LAW IN PRACTICESUMMARY OF POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO IDENTIFIED RULE OF LAW CHALLENGESCHALLENGE PERSONNELINSTITUTIONCAPACITY• Staff censuses, staff capacity assessments• Public perception surveys and end-user needs assessments• Transparent, merit-based recruitment procedures• Fair and transparent salary scales• Internal oversight and accountability mechanisms and procedures• Increasing and/or culling stafﬁng levels• Equipment and resources (furniture, legal texts, computers, etc.)• Skills training (administration, management, court room, and caseload management, etc.)• Ethics training (roles and responsibilities, ethics)• Human rights training• Professional legal education:– Establishing professional training centers – Staff capacity building (administration, management, adult learning, etc.)– Revision of law school curriculum– Development of accreditation standards– Law school clinics– Scholarships and ﬁnancial aid for marginalized law students– Oversight/quality control mechanisms– Study tours, seminars, and workshops• Mentoring schemes (domestic or international mentors)• Personal security measures (e.g., for judicial staff)• Time and motion studies, institutional mapping, needs assessment• Clear transformation “vision” and strategic framework• Budgetary independence• Updated case/record management systems• Provision of leadership and management training• Adequate ﬁnancial and administrative policies, procedures, and management structures• Strengthened infrastructure (court/prison rehabilitation, etc.)• Interim use of international staff (judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police, etc.)• Use of hybrid or special courts• Specialized courts• Coordination mechanisms (justice sector working groups, court user committees, etc.)• Administration capacity building and modernization (e.g., human resource and ﬁnancial management)• Law reform• Change management/organizational change expertiseINTEGRITY• Vetting procedures for prior human rights abuses• Transparent, merit-based recruitment and promotion procedures• Fair and transparent salary scales• Disciplinary procedures• Internal oversight and accountability mechanisms and procedures, such as judicial inspection schemes, complaints mechanisms; anticorruption bodies, internal investigation units• External accountability mechanisms (court monitoring scheme, ombudsman, human rights commission, etc.)• Code of conduct/ethics• Professional associations• Laws/constitutional provisions protecting independence of the judiciary (separation of powers)• Interim use of international judges, prosecutors, lawyers, etc.• Use of hybrid or special courts• Credible vetting and appointment processes• Adequate legal framework• Disciplinary procedures• Internal and external accountability mechanisms (e.g., ombudsmen, civilian oversight bodies [court user committees], community scorecards, complaints hotline, court monitoring, etc.)• Representative stafﬁng policies• “Freedom of information” legal frameworks• Budgetary transparency• Publication of annual reports• Ratiﬁcation of key international treaties and incorporation into domestic law• Disclosure of annual budget and spendingCONTINUED next pageCHAPTER 2 | THE JUSTICE SYSTEM92CONSIDEROne of the early initiatives implemented in the Kenyan judicial reform process that began in 2011 was a requirement that court staff establish a help desk in every court station. In some places where there were no resources, staff designed their own banners and signs using paper and pens. The “form” of the desk was less important than its function. Court users now had a place to come to seek information about the court docket, to check into their case, or to ask procedural questions. They were greeted by a court ofﬁcer who smiled and welcomed them. Staff noted several months later that these small changes had drastically improved their relationship with their community, improved the overall mood and functioning of the court, and created a sense of pride in “serving” the public.Source: Republic of Kenya, State of the Judiciary Annual Report, 2012–2013 (Nairobi: Supreme Court of Kenya, 2013), 66.Court Help Desks, KenyaDuring the judicial transformation process that began in Kenya in 2011, some court stations in rural areas had so few desks that staff had to create a daily roster for using the available ones. One person would work at a desk for two hours, then leave to let another person work. The lack of basic furniture was demotivating, and resulted in a signiﬁcant loss of productivity and staff members’ feeling that they (and their work) were not valued or respected.Source: Interview with Kwamchetsi Makokha, Communications Ofﬁcer, Ofﬁce of the Chief Justice of Kenya, Nairobi, August 2014. Valuing Judicial Staff, KenyaEective advocates for a rule of law culture are able to view their system holistically, seeing it not only from a technical perspective but also from a human perspective. • In addition to training and resources, what does a justice professional, such a police ofﬁcer or prison guard, need to effectively carry out his or her role within the justice system? Suggestions could include:– Integrity (such as agreeing to and being held accountable to an institution’s code of ethics) – Trust (from superiors, colleagues, and the institution) – Dignity and respect (from colleagues and the public)– Motivation (such as adequate remuneration, clear and transparent promotion procedures, etc.)• What about the needs of the general public? In order for them to develop trust in the justice system and the ofﬁcials responsible for delivering justice, members of the public need to be treated fairly and with respect and dignity by ofﬁcials. Members of the public also want to be provided with adequate information about their individual cases, speciﬁc legal rights, and legal procedures.TOWARD A RULE OF LAW CULTURESAMPLE INTERIOR PAGES >Elegant typography and infographic solutions for:•content highlights •case studies•side bars•tables•work sheetsA-1CHAPTER ONEExploring Rule of LawLearning Objectives Participants will: • understand the diering approaches taken in dening the term “rule of law”; • understand the role of rule of law as a balancer of the tension between provision of security and provision of justice; • understand the concept of the rule of law culture; • recognize the nexus between rule of law and other key concepts; • examine and analyze current approaches to international rule of law assistance initiatives; and • identify the key actors in the international rule of law assistance community.Chapter Overview It is assumed that the course welcome, introductions, identication of participant expectations, any administrative and logistical announcements, and an overview of the course and agenda have been completed prior to commencing this rst substantive session. See Annex 1: Sample Course Agenda. is chapter explores the concept of rule of law from its theoretical underpinnings—its benets, denitions, and relationship to complementary concepts—through to understanding and critiquing contemporary approaches to promoting rule of law globally. It supports participants in dening “rule of law” as it relates to and resonates for them, rather than being tied to preconceived notions and black-and-white denitions that may or may not be relevant to their specic contexts. e chapter challenges the notion that realizing this rule of law denition, or vision, is best achieved through a narrow, technical, state-focused, and law-based approach. e chapter presents an alternative approach—the rule of law culture approach. TRAINING NOTESEquipment and Materials Suggested Seating Arrangement• Laptop and PowerPoint slides • Projector and screen • Flip charts or portable whiteboard ﬁlm, such as Wizard Wall or Magic Whiteboard, and dry-erase markers • Sticky notes (3-inch x 3-inch / 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm)• Electronic timers for managing participant exercises• Semaforo video• Taking Back Palermo video • Rule of Law Challenge exercise for participants (see annex 2)• Rule of Law Challenge assessment criteria (see annex 3)• Rule of Law Challenge action plan template (see annex 4)Horseshoe (U-shape) layout Breakout Rooms Rooms are required for the Rule of Law Challenge exerciseSession Timing (guideline only) Parts 1–6: 3 hoursRule of Law Challenge exercise: 1 hour 30 minutes(depending on the number of participants and trainers) Total time: 4 hours 30 minutes

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13CHAPTER 1 | EXPLORING RULE OF LAWAN EXPANDED DEFINITION OF THE RULE OF LAWACCOUNTABILITY: No matter who you are, if you break the law you must answer for your action and receive a sanction (e.g., prison, ne, barring from legal oce). If a person commits a wrong or violates the rights of another, he or she should be held accountable, either through the formal state justice system or through customary/traditional justice systems.THE CONTENT OF LAWS: e laws must protect the human rights of all persons, including the rights of the accused and the interests of victims. ey must be clear, precise, prospective (i.e., they do not punish past conduct that was not illegal at the time), accessible, and they must allow citizens to understand their rights and obligations.THE DRAFTING OF LAWS: All citizens should know what government agency is responsible for drafting new laws, when the laws will be circulated for comment in advance of being passed, and how the individual citizen can have a voice in the law reform process. After the law is passed, the law must be published, and the public must be notied about the new law and their rights and obligations under it.THE APPLICATION OF LAWS: Laws must be applied equally, independently, fairly, and non-arbitrarily by public ocials.PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING: Citizens must have the opportunity to participate directly in the exercise of legislative, executive, and administrative decision-making with the goal of repairing the broken relationships between the state and society, increasing trust in, and the legitimacy of, the government and improving general compliance with the law.SEPARATION OF POWERS: ere must be separation between the executive, legislature and the judiciary and the various powers of each should be clearly dened.ACCCESS TO JUSTICE: All citizens must have access to justice mechanisms to seek a remedy for grievances. In order for there to be access to justice, justice mechanisms must be aordable, close by, conducted in a language citizens understand, and citizens (who cannot aord it) should be granted the assistance of a lawyer. e justice system must serve the people and must work to inspire their trust and condence. Finally, citizens must understand their rights and obligations under the law and how to seek a remedy if their rights are violated.SAFETY AND SECURITY: Citizens should feel that they and their property are safe and secure. ey should be protected from violence and abuse.n END EXTRACTEXTRACTSOURCE:Vivienne O’Connor, Practitioner’s Guide: Deﬁning the Rule of Law and Related Concepts (Washington, DC: International Network for the Promotion of the Rule of Law [INPROL], 2015), http://inprol.org/publications/14549/dening-the-rule-of-law-and-related-concepts. 45CHAPTER 1 | EXPLORING THE RULE OF LAWis part of the chapter provides a snapshot of dierent approaches taken to rule of law promotion by international organizations and identies some of the key interna-tional actors involved in rule of law promotion today. It allows the reader to critique these approaches and actors, and highlights some of the principles that should guide the work of international actors. APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL RULE OF LAW PROMOTIONAt an international level, there is a consensus that rule of law is both inherently good and a desirable goal. As we saw earlier in the chapter, a strong rule of law can bring many benets (e.g., peace and stability) that positively impact nationally, regionally and internationally. Growth in international rule of law assistance by Western foreign actors seeking to promote a strengthened rule of law in countries where it was seen to be weak or nonexistent began in the years immediately following World War II. Since that time, the approach adopted by the international community has changed, just as the denition of rule of law has evolved over the decades. e geographical reach of international assistance has expanded, as has the number and types of rule of law actors. Actors come from both the public and private sectors, and each brings its own motivations, interests, and goals. At a macro level this may include national interests such as in the 1990s with the fall of communism and subsequent focus on market-based economic reform, promotion of human rights and democracy, and focus on national security. At a micro level, for example, a private company may engage in rule of law promotion that ensures greater predictability in contract dealings and investments therefore supporting their business expansion or prot-making. Part 5International Rule of Law AssistanceDesire for membership in the European Union (EU) was a strong incentive for many rule of law–related reforms carried out in eastern European countries in the early 2000s. According to the Copenhagen Criteria, which sets out the essential requirements for EU membership, the candidate country must have “stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities.” Detailed requirements, such as an independent judiciary and accountable government, are contained in chapters 23 and 24 of the Conditions of Membership.Source: European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations: Rule of Law” (September 26, 2014), http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/rule-of-law/index_en.htm.CONTINUED next pageMembership in Regional Bodies265CHAPTER 5 | RULE OF LAW IN PRACTICESUMMARY OF POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO IDENTIFIED RULE OF LAW CHALLENGESCHALLENGE PERSONNELINSTITUTIONCAPACITY• Staff censuses, staff capacity assessments• Public perception surveys and end-user needs assessments• Transparent, merit-based recruitment procedures• Fair and transparent salary scales• Internal oversight and accountability mechanisms and procedures• Increasing and/or culling stafﬁng levels• Equipment and resources (furniture, legal texts, computers, etc.)• Skills training (administration, management, court room, and caseload management, etc.)• Ethics training (roles and responsibilities, ethics)• Human rights training• Professional legal education:– Establishing professional training centers – Staff capacity building (administration, management, adult learning, etc.)– Revision of law school curriculum– Development of accreditation standards– Law school clinics– Scholarships and ﬁnancial aid for marginalized law students– Oversight/quality control mechanisms– Study tours, seminars, and workshops• Mentoring schemes (domestic or international mentors)• Personal security measures (e.g., for judicial staff)• Time and motion studies, institutional mapping, needs assessment• Clear transformation “vision” and strategic framework• Budgetary independence• Updated case/record management systems• Provision of leadership and management training• Adequate ﬁnancial and administrative policies, procedures, and management structures• Strengthened infrastructure (court/prison rehabilitation, etc.)• Interim use of international staff (judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police, etc.)• Use of hybrid or special courts• Specialized courts• Coordination mechanisms (justice sector working groups, court user committees, etc.)• Administration capacity building and modernization (e.g., human resource and ﬁnancial management)• Law reform• Change management/organizational change expertiseINTEGRITY• Vetting procedures for prior human rights abuses• Transparent, merit-based recruitment and promotion procedures• Fair and transparent salary scales• Disciplinary procedures• Internal oversight and accountability mechanisms and procedures, such as judicial inspection schemes, complaints mechanisms; anticorruption bodies, internal investigation units• External accountability mechanisms (court monitoring scheme, ombudsman, human rights commission, etc.)• Code of conduct/ethics• Professional associations• Laws/constitutional provisions protecting independence of the judiciary (separation of powers)• Interim use of international judges, prosecutors, lawyers, etc.• Use of hybrid or special courts• Credible vetting and appointment processes• Adequate legal framework• Disciplinary procedures• Internal and external accountability mechanisms (e.g., ombudsmen, civilian oversight bodies [court user committees], community scorecards, complaints hotline, court monitoring, etc.)• Representative stafﬁng policies• “Freedom of information” legal frameworks• Budgetary transparency• Publication of annual reports• Ratiﬁcation of key international treaties and incorporation into domestic law• Disclosure of annual budget and spendingCONTINUED next pageCHAPTER 4 | A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO RULE OF LAW167A systematic approach is a never-ending cycle of continuous improvement.Note: e above diagram may be referred to as the Deming cycle, the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle, or the PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle. PHASES OF THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACHPLAN: is phase focuses on analyzing the context; diagnosing the problem; understanding the root causes behind the identied problem; identifying the relevant stakeholders; and designing a plan or strategy for potential interventions that could eectively address the problem, based on logical assumptions that can be measured and tested. is component is the foundation for our action. DO: e plan or strategy is implemented. It may be wise to start small; for example, with a pilot project in a discrete geographical area, which allows for testing both the assumptions made in the PLAN phase and the relevance and eectiveness of the chosen action. CHECK: Here, CHECK is used in the sense of “evaluate,” “assess,” “investigate,” or “test.” e word is replaced by STUDY in the PDSA cycle. It is important to monitor and evaluate the implementation and progress of the action regularly, considering questions such as: Are we achieving our goal? Is the action contributing to addressing the problem we identied in the PLAN phase? Are the outcomes expected? What lessons can we learn from this exercise, and how can we improve the eectiveness of our action?ACT: If the pilot action is successful, it might be ready to be adopted and expanded into other areas or populations; it might need some amendments or revision; or it might turn out not to produce the expected or desired results, requiring us to go back to the PLAN phase, review the project assumptions, and explore dierent ways of addressing the problem. However, whether we decide to adopt, amend, or abandon, we must return to the PLAN phase to consider and design the next move. is four-phased approach is applicable to any rule of law challenge in any context. FIGURE 4.1A systematic approach (applying the “Shewart cycle”)PLANCHECKACT DOPlan a change aimed at improvementCarry out the change on a small scaleSelect the changeAdopt, abandon, or restudy the changeCheck the results.What did we learn?CHAPTER 4 | A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO RULE OF LAW181CONSIDERCreative and innovative solutions are encouraged, but the most important thing to remem-ber is that the proposed solutions are relevant to the context, responsive to the actual needs of the aected community or group, and feasible—based on available resources, capacities, institutional mandates, and, of course, politics. ere are many examples and lessons we can learn from other contexts. However, literally transposing an idea from one context to another (also known as copy and pasting, or the “cookie cutter” approach) is unlikely to produce long-term, sustainable change. Every context is unique. Sometimes we can learn valuable lessons and get great ideas from other contexts. But we must modify or adapt those ideas to suit the specic context and specic problem we are facing. Our solution might look dierent; it might even seem a bit odd to outsiders, but remember that the key is not what it looks like (the form) but what it aims to achieve (the function).A horse might be a good animal to use to travel long distances across the countryside, but if you want to travel through the desert would you choose a horse or a camel? The horse looks faster and more impressive than the slow, odd-looking camel, but consider the context.5 Which animal is better suited to survive in the desert environment? The camel, of course!Chapter 5, Part 2: Practical Actions to Promote Rule of Law FIGURE 4.6Elements needed to identify opportunities for actionOPPORTUNITIES/ENTRY POINTS3.Stakeholders4.Priority needs1.Problem5.Available resources2.Root causesAX-13ANNEX 5Sample Course Evaluation FormToward a Rule of Law Culture: Exploring Eective Responses to Justice and Security ChallengesName (optional): Course Overview1. How would you rate the overall usefulness of this course for your criminal justice–related work?2. Did the course meet your expectations?3. How useful was the course for enhancing your rule of law knowledge (for example, the history and development of rule of law; rule of law experiences in other countries; enhanced understanding of components of a justice system)?4. How useful was the course for enhancing your rule of law skills (such as analysis, strategic plan-ning, and problem-solving skills)?5. How useful was the course in providing you with adequate tools to determine eective actions that could be taken to enhance rule of law?6. How useful was the grouping of a range of participants from various cultural and professional backgrounds for the experience-sharing component of the course? 1Not Useful2Somewhat Useful3Useful4Very Useful5ExtremelyUseful1Did Not Meet Expectations2Somewhat Met Expectations3Met Expectations4Above Expectations5Far Exceeded Expectations1Not Useful2Somewhat Useful3Useful4Very Useful5ExtremelyUseful1Not Useful2Somewhat Useful3Useful4Very Useful5ExtremelyUseful1Not Useful2Somewhat Useful3Useful4Very Useful5ExtremelyUseful1Not Useful2Somewhat Useful3Useful4Very Useful5ExtremelyUseful

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UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACEAnalytic Tools for Understanding and DesigningP/CVE Programs15ather than focusing on individual pathways to participation in VE activity and groups, macro-leveltools focus on the systemic root causes and the broader, exogenous factors that enable VE movements and groups to emerge and ﬂourish. Macro-level tools are generally informed by a developmental or a conﬂict analysis approach, both of which tend to emphasize a holistic and contextual understanding of VE—one that moves beyond a security lens to consider the structural conditions conducive to VE, as well as relevant political and social dynamics.Most macro-level tools are frameworks, not models, in that they propose an informed approach to assessing the drivers of VE and suggest entry points for intervention. Many also incorporate a consideration of the research that examines individual-level factors of radicalization. However, they are distinct from micro-level tools in that they focus on assessing how individual-level factors, as well as other structural, social, and environmental factors and dynamics, increase the vulnerability or resiliency of a speciﬁc community or environment to the inﬂuence of VE, rather than mapping individual trajectories. Macro-level tools generally take one of two forms: those that focus on factors that enable, drive, and mitigate VE (such as push-pull frameworks); and those that promote an analysis of the social, cultural, and political dynamics that intersect with these factors and the nature of the VE movement itself (such as adapted conﬂict analysis tools).PUSH-PULL FRAMEWORKSThe push-pull framework, originally developed to assess migration trends, was ﬁrst adapted by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) as a way to understand the drivers that lead to participation in, and the growth of, violent extremist groups and insurgencies.17 This approach to understanding VE, which has been widely copied, involves examining factors on many levels that enable or mitigate the emergence and growth of VE movements. USAID’s Guide to the Drivers of Violent Extremism and the United Nations’ “Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism” both identify multifaceted lists of drivers of, or enabling conditions for, VE.18 Factors contributing to VE in these frameworks include limited economic opportunities, political exclusion, weak governance, and perceptions and experiences of injustice. These guides and similar documents advocate conducting assessments to determine speciﬁc local and contextual factors.20 Taking Stock ⊲ A review of many of the frameworks and models for understanding VE and radicalization and designing P/CVE interventions reveals a broad spectrum of analytic tools, some with clear practical utility for designing interventions, and others that are more helpful in explaining, informing, and inspiring approaches. ⊲ It is helpful to delineate micro- from macro-level tools and understand their related but distinct value in P/CVE programming. As outlined in this report, micro-level tools focus on understanding and (when applied) identifying and interrupting radicalization in individuals. Macro-level tools focus on understanding and addressing the broader structural factors that enable VEOs to emerge and spread. Although most of these models have been developed in Western contexts and build on a considerable body of academic research, both macro-level and micro-level tools vary signiﬁcantly in terms of their complexity and their relevance to a given environment. Context matters in the application of analytic tools, and research underscores the reality that the nature of radicalization is distinct in conﬂict-prone and fragile environments and requires careful consideration of structural factors and related conﬂict dynamics, as well as a sociocultural understanding of the processes of recruitment and joining VEOs.

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Policy Options to Decarbonize Ocean-Going VesselsCommissioned byPolicy Options to Decarbonize Ocean-Going Vessels13In this section, we describe examples of OGV pollution reduction policy initiatives in nations with large seaborne trade and at the International Maritime Organization. This is not a comprehensive description of the policy momentum currently underway but includes the most prominent developments. Not addressed here is the parallel international momentum to the development of renewable hydrogen (RH2) supply chains. It is beyond the scope of this study to catalog RH2 policy developments since only some hydrogen policies directly relate to maritime fuels and emissions. But RH2 is likely to be a key feedstock for zero-carbon maritime fuels. Forty-one governments have adopted renewable hydrogen strategies.45 Actions in the UK, Norway, and the US (e.g. tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act), in combination with the EU regulations described below, are expected to put strong downward pressure on the price of hydrogen and the cost of zero-carbon maritime fuels.46 Hence, it is important to acknowledge evolving renewable hydrogen policies as important complements to OGV emission policies.45 International Energy Agency, Global Hydrogen Review 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023/exec-utive-summary46 UMAS, Cost of zero emissions container freight shipping: a study on selected deep-sea and short-sea routes, December 2023, https://www.u-mas.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/UMAS2023Cost-of-zero-emissions-container-freight-ship-ping-a-study-on-selected-deep-sea-and-short-sea-routes.pdfSection 3 International PolicyPolicy Options to Decarbonize Ocean-Going Vessels7Fuels, Ships, and PortsPolicy approaches must simultaneously address vessels, fuels, and port infrastructure.24 Zero-carbon port infrastructure and zero-carbon fuel manufacturing will be critical to the transition and can’t be addressed as an afterthought. For example, if batteries emerge as an option for ships, ports and supporting electric grids will often need significant electric power supply system investment to meet ship battery charging demand. Ports may need to add low- and zero-carbon liquid or cryogenic fuel bunkering infrastructure. Zero-carbon fuel production near ports will be important to avoid supply chain constraints and to lower costs of fuel and compliance options.The diversity of OGV types in California suggests that many different technology and policy solutions are needed to address different types of fuel and vessel configurations. ●Example: batteries may work for intercoastal and short oceanic voyages, and hybrid propulsion may work for some larger and smaller vessels.https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/msprog/tech/techreport/ogv_tech_report.pdf?_ga=2.176263653.1539937694.1701475865-233560686.1686860641 ●We are in a period of rapidly evolving fuel and vessel technologies. Hence, interim steps are needed to achieve some immediate emission reductions that lead to other solutions to achieve full decarbonization. ●Policy solutions must simultaneously address fuels, ships, and port infrastructure.24 Recent experience in the offshore wind industry in the U.S. suggests that port infrastructure needed to support wind turbine and foundation assembly is, in some regions, underfunded. Ports are often publicly owned and need government support for large capital expenses.2016 California Port Calls by Vessel TypeVessel Type Percentage of Total CallsContainer 44.3%Tanker 21.0%Ro-Ros/Auto Carriers 11.5%Bulk Carriers 7.9%Passenger Cruise Vessels 7.4%Other 5.1 %General Cargo 2.8 %TOTAL 100%48 PAGE REPORT AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Second EditionSecond EditionIslam and Negotiation Action Guide for Muslim WomenS. AYSE KADAYIFCI-ORELLANA, PH.D. WITH HODA AL-HADDAD AND YOUMNA AL-MADANI11Islam and Negotiation Action Guide for Muslim WomenGeorgetown Institute for Women. Peace and SecurityChapter 2: Gender and NegotiationCHAPTER 2: Gender and NegotiationIntroduction Eective dialogue and negotiation are fundamental to resolving conicts and establishing sustainable peace. However, the success of negotiation processes depends not only on the quality of dialogue but also who is at the negotiation table. Given the complexity of challenges in conict-aected contexts, the importance of including women in negotiations and peace processes cannot be overstated. Yet, the value of women’s participation is often overlooked, underrepresented, or misunderstood. One of the main aims of this Action Guide is to empower Muslim women to become successful negotiators in their personal, social, and professional lives, as well as in national and international peace processes. It will also be useful for others who advocate for including women in these important processes. Therefore, this Action Guide incorporates gender as a central organizing principle.Gender goes beyond biological sex to refer to the expectations and characteristics that society places on women, men, girls, boys, and gender minorities.7 As a deeply ingrained aspect of identity, it inuences one’s perceptions, beliefs, and values and determines the way that individuals experience other aspects of their identity, such as religion, ethnicity, class, and race.8 This chapter begins by exploring why women’s involvement is crucial to successful negotiations and sustainable peace processes. Recognizing that half of the world’s population cannot remain on the periphery of such vital discussions, the chapter will delve into the unique perspectives, experiences, and contributions women bring to the negotiation table.The discussion continues with an examination of why a gender perspective is essential in negotiation and peace processes, looking beyond stereotypes and traditional roles. Understanding the nuanced ways gender inuences negotiations enables us to better address potential biases and obstacles, ultimately enriching the negotiation process and its outcomes.The chapter will also spotlight international platforms and initiatives committed to amplifying women’s voices in negotiation and then turn to an exploration of models and best practices for including women in negotiations and peace processes. Through the lens of the United Nations and other inuential organizations, we outline actionable strategies that foster women’s meaningful participation.By fully embracing the role of women in negotiations, we can enhance the richness of the dialogue, better address the needs of all stakeholders, and work towards creating a more peaceful and just world.119Islam and Negotiation Action Guide for Muslim WomenGeorgetown Institute for Women. Peace and SecurityAnnex II: HadithsANNEX II:Hadiths HADITH ON CONFLICT AND JIHADCommunity Orientation He is not one of us who proclaims the cause of tribal partisanship, and he is not one of us who ghts in the cause of tribal partisanship, and he is not one of us who dies in the cause of tribal partisanship.— Sahih Collection of Abu DawudOvercoming AngerThe strong is not the one who overcomes the people by his strength, but the strong is the one who controls himself while in anger.— Sahih Collection of Bukhari (6114)Character of MuslimsFaith is a restraint against all violence, let no Mu’min [a believer] commit violence.— Sahih Collection of Abu Dawud. A perfect Muslim is one from whose tongue and hands mankind is safe, and a true emigrant [muhajir] is one who ees from what God has forbidden.— Sahih Collection of BukhariJihadThe Prophet (PBUH) is recorded to have said: “The best jihad is for one to perform jihad against his own self and against his desires.— Collected by al-Tabarani, authenticated by al-Albani, no 1129We have returned from the minor jihad (war) to the major jihad (against the self). — Collected by Al-Bayhaqi, al-Iraqi, AjluniJihad against one’s own self in the Cause of Allah is the best Jihad. — Collected and authenticated by Imam Ahmed, no 24004 ...The true mujahid is he who performs Jihad bi an-Nafs (struggle in-within one-self) in the obedience of Allah...— Ahmad, al-Hakim, at-TabaraniThe Prophet (PBUH) was asked, “What kind of jihad is best?” and he replied “A word of truth before an oppressive ruler.” — An-Nasa’i, no.4209 Rules of EngagementVerily, the most tyrannical of people to Allah Almighty is one who kills in the sacred mosque, one who kills those who did not ght him, and one who kills with the vindictiveness of ignorance.— Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, al-Musnad (Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1995), 6:296, no. 6757; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Aḥmad Shākir in the comments.The Prophet (PBUH) forbade Muslims from desiring to ght anyone, “Do not wish to meet the enemy in battle, but if you meet them, be patient.”— Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 4:63, no. 3026. The fourth righteous Caliph ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib هنع  يضر (d. 661) reports that engraved upon the Prophet’s (PBUH) sword were the sayings, “Maintain relations with those who cut you o, speak the truth even if it is against yourself, and be good to one who is evil to you.”— Ibn al-Aʾrābī al-Baṣrī, Mu’jam Ibn al-Aʾrābī (Riyadh: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 1997), 2:744, no. 1507; ʿĀʾishah similarly reports that it was written on the handle of his sword, “Verily, the worst of people in insolence are those who strike at whoever did not strike at them and a man who kills those who did not ght him.” — al-Bayhaqī, al-Sunan al-kubrá, 8:49, no. 15896 140 PAGE MANUAL WITH GRAPHS TABLES CASE STUDIES13Islam and Negotiation Action Guide for Muslim WomenGeorgetown Institute for Women. Peace and SecurityChapter 2: Gender and Negotiation FIGURE 1 THE DOZEN BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS ON THE 2023/24WPS INDEXSource: GIWPS and PRIO 2023.Traditional gender stereotypes and the normative and structural barriers they create also exclude women from participating in ocial and unocial negotiations. In many contexts, negotiation processes, whether between states or between two people in the market, take place mainly in the public domain, which is often reserved for men.17 Formal peace negotiations are often mistakenly presumed to only concern armed actors and actors with ocial decision-making power within institutions and governments. Because women are usually a minority in decision-making roles and are rarely represented among the leadership of armed groups or formal institutional spaces, they are often not included in these negotiations. Furthermore, eective negotiation is associated with stereotypically masculine traits such as dominance, assertiveness, and rationality, rather than traits that are considered feminine, such as being cooperative, emotional, and intuitive.18 Consequently, while both men and women take part in negotiations in personal and social life, women are often excluded from ocial peace negotiations. For instance, between 1992 and 2019, women constituted only 13 percent of negotiators, six percent of mediators, and six percent of signatories in major peace processes around the world.19 In the long run, to ensure women’s participation in peacebuilding and negotiation, it is as important to change structural and normative barriers as it is to build the capacity of women to negotiate.Why Should Women be Included in Negotiation and Peacebuilding Processes?It is common for those in charge of peace processes to be resistant to including women in peace negotiations, claiming women’s participation is not crucial to successful outcomes. We argue that women’s inuence at the peace table is a fundamental ingredient for an eective and sustainable peace agreement – and the research bears this out.20 Studies show that, when women and representatives of civil society participate in peace processes, the peace agreements are more comprehensive and more likely to last.21 Best performers Worst performersBelgiumAustraliaNew ZealandNetherlandsAustriaNorwayLuxembourgIcelandFinlandSwedenSwitzerlandDenmark.900 .910 .920 .930 .940.902.904.902.908.911.920.924.924.924.926.928.932 NigerHaitiIraqSomaliaEswatiniSyriaBurundiSouth SudanCongo, Dem. Rep.Central African Rep.YemenAfghanistan.100 .200 .300 .400.500.442.431.424.417.415.407.394.388.384.378.287.286WPS Index scoreNote: Possible index scores range from a low of 0 to a high of 1. See statistical t able 1 for data sources, detailed scores, and date ranges .Source: Authors’ estimates.73Islam and Negotiation Action Guide for Muslim WomenGeorgetown Institute for Women. Peace and SecurityChapter 6: Getting Ready to NegotiateWomen and Negotiation in IslamSince the earliest days of Islam, women enjoyed their God-given rights and have participated in the social, political, economic, and intellectual life of their communities as poets, Islamic scholars and spiritual teachers, warriors, heads of state, businesswomen, and negotiators, among other roles. The Quran mentions women, like the Queen of Sheba, who negotiated peace. Islamic history oers numerous other examples of courageous Muslim women, like Muslim men, who have fought in wars, stood up to the commanders of invading armies, mediated conicts, negotiated ends to conicts, and reconciled with opponents. Women’s active roles in society have been based on Quranic verses and models as well as the models provided by Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) wives, daughters, and other companions. The Quran treats man and woman as fundamentally equal; there are no modifying adverbs such as “spiritually” equal but “socially” unequal. “Gender justice”225 is a decisive feature of the Quranic proclamation. The Holy Quran empowers women with many rights and provides examples of women playing central roles in the social, political, and economic lives of their communities (see Chapter 3). In fact, “The place of women accorded in Islam is the liberating starting point for the majority of Muslim women.”BOX 13CASE STUDY KHADIJA BINT KHUWAYLID: EXEMPLARY BUSINESS NEGOTIATORKhadija bint Khuwaylid, the Prophet’s (PBUH) beloved wife, was known to be an excellent businesswoman and a good negotiator. During her time, there were two ways of conducting business226: First, sole proprietorships were owned by people who invested their money and ran their businesses themselves. Second, partnerships (Mudarabah) usually had two or more partners involved with the Rab-ul-Maal, where one invested all the money and the Mudarib provided their expertise. Mudarib did not invest any money, and the investor did not serve their expertise.227 The position of a Mudarib required a person of great judgment and skill to negotiate and hire rightful merchants. That was Khadija, who, when she was 30, inherited her father’s caravan business because of her excellent business skills. At that time, not many women were able to own businesses as Khadijah did, and her success was evidence of her intelligence and skill. It is said that her caravans were bigger than all her competitors in Mecca.228 Khadija’s judgment was trusted by the community as she always had to choose caravan workers and never made a wrong judgment. In fact, Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) was one of the men she hired to lead a caravan. The Prophet (PBUH) was known for his negotiation skills and work ethic. When Khadija heard of him, she oered double the market ratio to hire him. This risk proved a success. On his rst caravan, the Prophet (PBUH) was accompanied by one of Khadija’s servants, Maysara. Maysara saw Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) negotiating while selling goods and gaining twice the usual prot. This impressed Khadija, which led her to appoint the Prophet (PBUH) to a managerial position. According to Imam Tabrani, Khadija’s sister, Hala bint Khuwaylid, was in the same caravan.229 After returning from the trade trip, Hala is said to have owed some money to both the Prophet (PBUH) and another man. The other man approached Hala several times for his money, but the Prophet (PBUH) did not. When asked why he did not, he said he was too shy to ask someone for money. Khadija took the Prophet’s (PBUH) response as a sign of nobility and humility.230It is said, “One of the qualities of successful traders is that they closely observe the reasons behind the success of others and are always ready to learn from the experiences of others.”231 By sending Maysara to watch how the Prophet (PBUH) conducted business and observing his behavior with her sister, Khadija learned what made him successful and what could be extrapolated from his transactions and applied elsewhere.

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89Step 5: Turn Analysis into Action |For example, to decide where you will engage in peacebuilding, you need to look at what you have learned about where you work, where the conict is taking place, and where peacebuilding initiatives and resources already exist. en you will bring these parts together into a consistent plan by examining how they will interact, as represented in stage 2. Moving from Analysis to ActionSTAG E 1: Answer the where, what, who, why, when, and how questions of peacebuilding planning.STAG E 2: Consider the relationship between the answers to the questions to arrive at your ﬁnal plan. In other words, who you will work with depends on what driver of the conﬂict you wish to address, how you will achieve your goal depends where you decide to work, and so on.Self-reﬂectUnderstand the contextAnalyze the conﬂictMap peacebuildingTurn analysis into actionWHERE?WHAT?WHO?WHY?WHEN?HOW?WHERE?WHAT?WHO?WHY?WHEN?HOW?WHERE?WHAT?WHO?WHY?WHEN?HOW?WHERE?WHAT?WHO?WHY?WHEN?HOW?WHERE?WHAT?WHO?WHY?WHEN?HOW?WHERE?WHAT?WHO?WHY?WHEN?HOW?Peacebuilding Plan34| Religion and Conflict Analysis Understand the ContextBefore undertaking an analysis of the conict, it is important to have an understanding of the wider context in which the conict is taking place. Gaining an understanding of the context involves collecting information on the general social, cultural, and political environment; the histories of these environments; and how religion relates to the situation. You should also develop an awareness of the inuence of the wider regional and international context. “Key Religion-Specic Points for Understanding the Context” provides some issues to consider as you go through Step 2.Key Religion-Speciﬁc Points for Understanding the Context• Identity dividers: When religious identities overlap with other identities (such as language, class, geography), strong divides may form.• Religion and the state: The relationship between religion and the state is not only about the formal laws governing religion, but also about the values and norms according to which the state is governed.• Religious actors: Which religious actors are inﬂuential and what their role is in society will vary from context to context.• The international context: The transnational nature of religion means the wider regional and international context may be important for conﬂicts with religious dimensions.• Religion in history: The historical role of religion, and particularly its relation to any colonial past, is key to understanding the present. WHERE? Where Is the Conict Located within the Wider Geographic and Demographic Context?Every conict zone exists within a larger geographic, political, and social environment that inuences the conict. For example, to understand the conict in southern ailand, you must take into account the national context of ailand, as well as the wider regional context (e.g., the fact that the southern provinces border Malaysia and ailand is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Similarly, understanding the conict in Syria requires an appreciation of the political situation in the Middle East and globally. 56| Religion and Conflict AnalysisEXERCISEAnalyze the Relative Importance of Religiously Framed Issues1. Using cards or sticky notes, brainstorm the issues in the conﬂict.2. Cluster similar or related issues together, putting the most important issue clusters in the center and less important clusters on the periphery.3. Mark the issues being framed in religious terms with a colored dot.4. Discuss what you see. What issues are framed in religious terms? How central are they to the conﬂict? Analyze the Incompatibilities behind Religiously Framed Issues1. Consider each of the religiously framed issues in turn.2. Write the issue at the top of a ﬂipchart. Underneath the issue, make a column for each conﬂict party.3. In each column, write down what that party wants with regard to that issue (i.e., their position).4. Underneath each position, write down the reasons for what the party wants.5. Compare how actors explain their positions on the dierent issues. What references points are they using to justify what they want? Are they referring directly to beliefs, values, or tradition, or are they using other kinds of religious language, such as “As a Christian nation…”, “In our culture it is essential…”, “The Buddha taught that…”? 6. Separate the issues where positions are dierent but reference points are the same (e.g., they refer to the same religious concepts or framework) from the issues where reference points are quite dierent. A peacebuilding eort needs to approach issues with similar reference points dierently from those with dierent reference points. WHO? Who Are the Actors in the Conict and What Are the Relationships among em? e actors are the groups and individuals involved in, or aected by, the conict. Sometimes a distinction is made between primary, secondary, and tertiary actors. Primary actors are involved in direct confrontation. Secondary actors are those with inuence and an indirect stake in the outcome. Tertiary actors are those intervening to resolve the conict, sometimes called “third 81Step 4: Map Peacebuilding |Religious Conversion and PeacebuildingReligious actors have sometimes participated in peacebuilding to grow their inﬂuence and convert people to their own religion. Even when conversion is not a goal, people may perceive conversion to be a motivating factor of openly faith-based organizations. Real or perceived, the issue of conversion can increase tension and seriously challenge peacebuilding objectives.Attempts at conversion may result from kind and compassionate intentions based on dierent ideas about the afterlife and the meaning of peace. For example, some Christian groups carry out evangelical missions as part of peacebuilding because they believe peacebuilding will save the souls of those they are converting and provide peace in the afterlife.However, conversion raises serious ethical concerns in the peacebuilding context. We encourage you to understand what conversion means to those practicing it and to engage them in an open discussion about how it aects your and their peacebuilding objectives. Simply condemning religious conversion is not likely to get rid of it and may alienate potential allies.Map Peacebuilding Checklist: WHY? ☐ Cross-check your analysis: How do the motivations for engaging in peacebuilding you have identiﬁed compare with those that other peacebuilders have identiﬁed? ☐ Identify gaps: What motivations for peacebuilding have been overlooked? ☐ Learn from successes and failures: How have the real or perceived intentions of peacebuilders, including their religious motivations, aected their peacebuilding activities? WHEN? When Have Peacebuilding Eorts Been Most Successful?It is widely recognized that timing can make a big dierence in the outcome of peacebuilding eorts. Study the timelines of peacebuilding activities to determine what timing factors have contributed to peacebuilding. What events have past or present peacebuilding projects taken into account and how have these events impacted peacebuilding eectiveness? 54| Religion and Conflict AnalysisDisagreements Shaped by Dierences in WorldviewEXAMPLES Territory: Some members of Israeli society believe the territory of Israel should include Judea and Samaria (largely corresponding to the territory also known as the West Bank) because this was the land given by God to the Jewish people.System of governance: The 1979 Iranian Revolution involved groups that did not agree on the system of governance to replace the Shah. Ayatollah Khomeini and his idea of rule by Islamic jurists won power, but a number of opposition groups opposed the role of the clergy in ruling the state and proposed a democratic model of governance.System of justice: One of the issues in the North-South conﬂict in Sudan was over the system of justice to be applied. Although an Islamically inspired justice system was brought in by the government in Khartoum, it was opposed by the Christian-dominated Sudan People’s Liberation Army.Use of natural resources: In the Big Mountain Reserve in North America, the Hopi and Navajo tribes came into conﬂict with the Peabody Mining Company. The company’s capitalist worldview that it could buy the rights to mine coal in the area clashed with the tribes’ worldview that did not recognize individual or corporate property rights and regarded some of the land as sacred.Status of particular groups in society: In Afghanistan, one of the issues in the conﬂict between the Taliban and the Western-backed government in Kabul has been around the status of women in society. The use of women’s rights abuses to justify the 2001 US invasion politicized the issue and further cemented the actors’ positions on the role of women as central to their beliefs. Indivisibility and Absolutism as Barriers to Conﬂict ResolutionIn some conﬂicts, each community may struggle for the right and possibility to live in harmony with its culture and religious traditions. In other cases where conﬂict actors are divided along more ideological lines than around ethnic or religious identity, each community may seek to organize society in a particular way. For example, a central disagreement between the Taliban and the Afghan government has been on the issue of women’s education, each seeking to impose its policy on the whole country. Such disagreements point to the “indivisibility” of an issue, where parties get stuck on something that they perceive cannot be broken down into smaller parts (such as laws that apply across the country).* When parties believe their way is the only right way, there is less room for complexity and context. Such absolutist views are sometimes associated with religiously inspired actors because of the idea that religion is based on ultimate truth. Although some religiously inspired actors hold absolutist views, absolutism is not limited to religion. Many secular actors are convinced that their worldview is the only acceptable one, as demonstrated by language about the universality of human rights.* Ron E. Hassner, “’To Halve and to Hold’: Conﬂicts over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility,” Security Studies 12, no. 4 (2003): 1–33.RELIGION RELIGION RELIGION RELIGION RELIGIONRELIGION RELIGION RELIGION RELIGION RELIGION104| Religion in Conf lict and PeacebuildingFIGURE 6: An overview of the dimensions and applications of religious peacebuilding Religion as SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES• Promotes creative and emotional expression• Provides access to the psychological and spiritual aspects of being human• Oers prayer and rituals for contemplation, healing, and reconciliationReligion as SPIRI TUALITY• Provides spiritual inspiration• Draws from the power of the divine and sacred• Promotes deep self-reﬂection• Nurtures empathy and the value of human life• Inspires personal transformationReligion as INSTIT UTION• Establishes leadership and hierarchy• Represents networks for communication and cooperation• Includes local to transnational structures and inﬂuence• Creates a platform for advocacy and raising awareness• Oers ﬁnancial, logistical, labor, and other resourcesReligion as COMMUNITY• Creates a group identity• Cultivates a sense of meaning, belonging, and shared responsibility• Inﬂuences many levels of societyReligion as SET OF IDEAS• Expresses values of peace, respect, and nonviolence• Serves as a source of morals and ethics• Emphasizes common humanity• Encourages reﬂection and critical thinking• Oers guidance on conﬂict resolution125+ pages

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Racial Disparities in Individuals With Co-occurring Serious Mental Illness and Substance Use DisordersOne in four people with serious mental illness also struggle with a substance use disorder.1 Millions more struggle with misuse of one or more substances without meeting the high criteria for a substance use disorder.2 Marginalized populations, such as racial and ethnic minorities, are disproportionately impacted by the negative effects of co-occurring disorders. These same populations tend to have the least access to care.For different racial and ethnic groups, several factors greatly inﬂuence the likelihood of a diagnosis of a co-occurring disorder, whether an individual will seek treatment and an individual’s access to treatment. These factors include cultural differences; associated stigma of these illnesses within communities; racial bias in health care; and systemic racial disparities, including neighborhood segregation and poverty. Mental health treatment for people with serious mental illness and substance use disordersPeople with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders who are members of racial and ethnic minority populations receive less treatment compared to white Americans. Mental health treatment prevalence for people with serious mental illness and substance use disorders, by racial/ ethnic group, 20193 Race, mental illness and the criminal justice systemIndividuals with co-occurring substance use disorder and serious mental illness are overrepresented in every part of the criminal justice system. Race is a compounding factor that puts this already vulnerable population at a higher risk for a variety of negative outcomes. Black Americans with serious mental illness are 1.3 times more likely to die in a law enforcement encounter compared to white Americans with serious mental illness.4 Black Americans with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders are 1.5 times more likely to be arrested and booked for a crime compared to white Americans with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders.5Black and Hispanic Americans with mental illness are 2.5 times more likely to be subject to solitary conﬁnement when incarcerated compared to white Americans with mental illness.6 For the full evidence brief, visit the Treatment Advocacy Center website.OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND PUBLIC AFFAIRSPercent who received any mental health treatment in past year White non-Hispanic (NH) 69%Black/African American NH 52%Hispanic 51% Asian NH 48%Native American/Alaskan Native NH 63%Native Hawaiian/Paciﬁc Islander NH 70%More than one race 66%References • https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222; https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/evidence-and-research/fast-facts• https://hsh.sfgov.org/get-involved/2022-pit-count/; https://engardio.com/homelessness-and-mental-illness• https://www.sfsheriff.com/services/jail-services/current-and-historical-jail-data/jail-data-2019-2023; https://pretermbirthca.ucsf.edu/news/sf-health-commission-recognizes-incarceration-public-health-issue• https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/SACB/Pages/Data-on-Suicide-and-Self-Harm.aspx3,024 homeless with mental IllnessThe human impact of not treating serious mental illness is beyond calculation.180 jail inmates with SMI244 deaths by suicide16x more likely to be killed by law enforcementCONSEQUENCES OF NON-TREATMENT IN SAN FRANCISCOUntreated Serious Mental Illness in San Francisco23,947 adults with severe mental illness (SMI) in San Francisco11,393 are untreatedA REPORT FROM THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH & PUBLIC AFFAIRS JANUARY 2023MEASURING EXPERIENCES: An Evaluation of AOT Participant SatisfactionTREATMENT ADVOCACY CENTERIssue Briefs / Reports / Fact Sheets / Social Media Info Graphicsdesigned within client's existing brand guidelinesTreatment Advocacy Center State Ambassadors are both trusted leaders and key advocacy champions at the state-level. This group of volunteers is central in building supportive community where advocates can exchange resources and advance severe mental illness issues in Maryland. Ambassadors host events for the network, lead advocacy efforts in Maryland, and engage the group in conversations. Ambassadors have an area of focus but work as a team in all these areas. This group is jointly moderated by Ambassadors and Treatment Advocacy Center Staff. We asked the Maryland Ambassadors to answer a few questions about their advocacy work and sources of inspiration. Meet your ambassadors! DEBRA BENNETT, Outreach Lead What’s your connection with SMI? I have very close family members and friends diagnosed with SMI. I ﬁrst became aware of SMI when I was a teenager in the late 1970’s, almost 46 years ago. What I vividly recall is observing ﬁrst-hand how one family provided caring support to their loved one with a SMI. It gave me insights on how to later support my family member who was diagnosed at the age of 20. Mental health education, support, volunteering, and advocacy are all ways I use to eradicate the stigma associated with having a SMI. I believe that recovery is possible. This is why almost every day I am sharing mental health information, offering support to others, and advocating for better services for individuals with SMI and their families. What’s your top book recommendation? Acts of Faith: Daily Meditations for People of Color by Iyanla Vanzant What part of the system are you most mad at? There are several parts of the mental health system that I would like to inﬂuence a change, particularly treatment options and housing programs: 1. Treatment Options – Maryland does not have outpatient civil commitment. I would like to see an assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) program authorized for adults with SMI who struggle with voluntary treatment adherence, as a result of their illness. AOT can help them to engage fully with their treatment plans. Also, community treatment providers can focus their attention on working diligently to keep the person engaged in effective treatment. AOT can help to prevent treatment cycling, homelessness, arrests, incarceration, and victimization. It can help adults get stable, remain safely in the community, and save taxpayer dollars. 2. Housing Programs – In Maryland there is a very limited number of community mental health providers that offer Residential Rehabilitation Programs (RRPs) in general and far less offering 24/7 intensive-level services. Some citizens with SMI need intensive-level services after being discharged from inpatient services. When RRP providers have 24/7 intensive-level openings, priority consideration is given to those with SMI who are being discharged from a MD state psychiatric hospital (forensic now) or jail. Our family members should not have to be released from jail or a state psychiatric hospital to be eligible for 24/7 intensive-level RRP services. This criterion is perpetuating the need to be justice- involved to obtain this level of service. Our family members need housing www.TreatmentAdvocacyCenter.org @TreatmentAdvCtr TreatmentAdvocacyCtradvocacy@TreatmentAdvocacyCenter.orgMeet Your Ambassadors and ModeratorsADVOCATES OFTreatment Advocacy Center

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Regional Energy Eciency Database (REED) Supporng Informaon JUNE 2024Emerging Heat Pump Technologies | 5Table 1. Emerging Technology Heat Pump Categories Covered in BriefCold Climate “Micro” Heat Pumps Smaller capacity heat pumps that are 120-volt and intended for “room” cooling and heang.Commercial Packaged Heat Pumps (aka Rooop Units) Units that replace/displace gas furnaces in commercial rooop units. May include venlaon controls.Air-to-Water Space Heang Heat Pumps Units able to provide water heated to 140°F or higher to provide hydronic heat for buildings. (Provides space heang but not water heang.)Central Heat Pump Water Heaters Domesc hot water systems designed for commercial/mulfamily applicaons.120-Volt Heat Pump Water Heater Domesc hot water (DHW) heaters operang on a standard 120V outlet.“Combi” Heat Pumps Integrated space heang/cooling, venlaon, and energy/heat recovery venlators (ERV/HRVs). May include other building needs such as humidity control or DHW. Compensaon Plan for Community-based Organizaons and Individual Community Members APRIL 2024A Guide for Communies: Geng Involved with Building Energy Codes | 5What is the Process for Adopng and Updang Energy Codes?The process for adopng and updang building energy codes varies by state and/or local jurisdicon, which makes it challenging to oer uniform advice on how community members can be involved. Typically, states hold a public comment and public hearing period, allowing community input; during these periods, it is important to note that in various states, disnct enes or agencies are tasked with the development and adopon of codes (see Table 1: Code Departments by State and Code Update Cycle in the NEEP Region). Public comment periods provide crical opportunies for those who will be aected by proposed energy code changes to weigh in. Some states and jurisdicons also make use of code collaboraves and technical advisory boards, many of which oer the public the opportunity to parcipate, either virtually or in person. Specic informaon on the most recent energy code development and promulgaon processes can typically be found on the relevant code department website.Table 1: Code Departments by State and Code Update Cycle in the NEEP Region STAT E STATE CODE DEPARTMENT CURRENT STATUS OF RESIDENTIAL BASE CODE CODE ADOPTION TIMELINE Conneccut Department of Administrave Services – Codes & Standards Commiee Adopted the 2021 IECC (eecve as of October 2022).As State Building Inspector and the Codes and Standards Commiee, from me to me, deem necessary or desirable. (Chapter. 541.Secon(§) 29-252)DelawareDepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Control – Division of Energy and Climate Adopted the 2018 IECC eecve June 11, 2020. Currently reviewing the 2021 IECC for adopon.The highest available energy conservaon code of the ICC/IECC as determined by the Delaware Energy Oce shall be the referenced energy code for all new detached 1- and 2-story family dwellings and all other new residenal buildings 3 stories or less in height(§ 7602), approximately every three years. District of ColumbiaDepartment of Consumer and Regulatory Aairs- Construcon Codes Coordinang Board Currently reviewing the 2021 IECC. Adopted the 2015 IECC (eecve as of May 2020).Triennial revisions of the Construcon Codes. (Chapter 14A. §6–1451.09.d.3) Code Collaboraves and Technical Advisory BoardsSome states and jurisdicons establish code collaboraves and technical advisory boards. These groups consist of experts in the eld, including professionals from the construcon and energy sectors. They work collaboravely to develop, review, and revise energy codes. These boards oen hold meengs and forums that may be open to the public, allowing stakeholders to observe the decision-making process and provide input.NEEPIssue Briefs / Reports / Fact Sheets designed within client's existing brand guidelinesRegional Energy Eciency Database (REED) Supporng Informaon | 11Tables 2a and 2b. Energy eciency Jobs by StateSTAT E TOTAL EE JOBS IN 2021 Conneccut34,106District of Columbia11,501Delaware10,733Maine8,328Maryland66,167Massachuses79,173New Hampshire11,096New Jersey34,585New York123,921Pennsylvania67,782Rhode Island10,863Vermont10,139Below is a state-by-state breakdown:● Conneccut reported 34,106 energy eciency jobs in 2021. Construcon rms were the majority of energy eciency rms in Conneccut, and HVAC workers made up the majority—more than 50 percent—of energy eciency workers. o For more informaon, see the following resource: 2021 Conneccut Clean Energy Industry Report● The District of Columbia (D.C.) reported 11,501 energy eciency jobs in 2021. Professional services rms and rms oering “Other” services, such as nance/accounng and R&D, made up the majority of energy eciency rms, and the HVAC sector employed the most energy eciency workers in D.C. o For more informaon, see the following resource: DC Sustainable Energy Ulity 2021 Annual Report● Delaware reported 10,733 energy eciency jobs in 2021. Construcon rms represented the clear majority of energy eciency rms in the state, making up nearly 80 percent of the landscape, and HVAC jobs represented the clear majority of energy eciency jobs, represenng more than 60 percent of total energy eciency jobs. ● Maine reported 8,328 energy eciency jobs in 2021. Construcon rms made up the majority of energy eciency employers in Maine, comprising over 70 percent of rms. HVAC workers were the most common energy eciency employees in the state, represenng almost 60 percent of total energy eciency workers.o For more informaon, see the following resource: Maine Clean Energy Workforce Data10.8%4.3%7.1%9.2%7.8%6.6%1.5%9.5%10.3%20.0%8.1%8.6%ConneccutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaMaineMarylandMassachusesNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkPennsylvaniaRhode IslandVermontREED Region EE Job Growth in 2021(June 2020 to June 2021)Communies Ulizing Remote Virtual Inspecon (RVI) | 1Communies Ulizing Remote Virtual Inspecon (RVI) January 2024Key Takeaways· Remote Virtual Inspecon (RVI) is a technology-driven method for assessing the design, operaon, and performance of buildings. · Various communies showcase the versality of RVIs. Examples include Pima County and Phoenix, Arizona, oering RVIs for diverse solar installaon inspecons and for issuing residenal permit types and Sacramento, California, ulizing drones for elevated solar panel inspecons.· RVIs employ a range of technologies, such as FaceTime, Google Duo, Microso Teams, and specialized applicaons like VuSpex and Camino. The exibility in technology highlights adaptability across dierent inspecon contexts.· RVI programs have demonstrated mulple benets including eciency, improved recordkeeping, accessibility, and cost-eecveness across dierent inspecon types. While these programs generally began during the pandemic, given short-term needs, they have since connued because of these mulple benets.· Program administrators can enhance RVI ulizaon by establishing clear guidelines and encouraging awareness through outreach programs, workshops, and training sessions.Introducon Remote Virtual Inspecon (RVI) involves the use of remote visualizaon technologies and methods to inspect, cerfy, audit, and diagnose the design, operaon, or performance of buildings. While RVIs gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous jurisdicons have since expanded and sustained their support for RVI programs. This resource provides current examples of RVI programs to demonstrate various approaches to implementaon, and it is intended for communies and jurisdicons seeking to opmize their inspecon pracces and promote eciency, accessibility, and inclusivity in inspecon services. 1. Arizona· Pima County is conducng all residenal rooop-mounted solar inspecons remotely by ulizing the VuSpex applicaon. · Phoenix oers RVIs for various residenal permit types including main breaker “de-rate” for photovoltaic panel installaons, electrical service upgrades up to 200 amps, electric meter socket replacement, minor electrical work, water heater replacement, minor plumbing work, bathroom re-piping (1, 2, or 3+ bathrooms), repair or replacement of gas lines, gas clearance inspecons, and sewer line inspecons.

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HOW IVORY HANKO DESTROYED AFRICA’S ELEPHANTS AND DRIVES JAPAN’S ILLEGAL IVORY TRADEWorld Resources InstituteThe Wilderness SocietyStateof theNationalLandscapeConservationSystemA First AssessmentSupporting people on the frontline of industrial developmentENviroNmENTalJuSTiCE Program at a GlanceThis innovative immunization effort takesa three-pronged approach by combiningthe following programs: Vaccine Purchaseand Distribution Program (VPDP);Improvement of Quality Program (IQ); anda Quality Management Initiative Award(QMIA). During creation of all three partsof the approach, Independent HealthAssociation formed committees thatincluded staff and local participatingphysicians. The physicians provided lead-ership in developing and evaluating theinitiatives.Background The Independent Health Association’simmunization effort targets children andadolescents, 90,000 of whom participatedin the program in 1999-2000. VPDP waslaunched in 1997, and addresses vaccine-related expenses that limit funding forother needed services. Pediatric providersin the plan believed that if the cost of vac-cine procurement were eliminated andadditional funding and incentives wereallocated to their medical practices, suffi-cient funds would then be available forexpansion and education of office nursingstaff. Moreover, resources could be direct-ed toward identification of children whohad not been vaccinated. IndependentHealth wanted to prove that a programsimilar to the successful federal Vaccinefor Children distribution program couldbe developed for an open-panel, inde-pendent physician association (IPA)-model HMO. The IQ Program, which began in 1994,is based on the premise that physicianscan minimize "missed opportunities" tovaccinate during office visits. This is criti-cal because providers often overestimatetheir patient population’s vaccine compli-ance rates. QMIA was instituted in 1997 toencourage physicians to reach out toIndependent HealthAssociationCASE STUDIES of INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS1unvaccinated children and adolescents. Ituses information from the IQ Program andgenerates physician performance reportcards that summarize each physician’s over-all immunization compliance, comparinghis or her performance to that of peers andestablished benchmarks.In addition, Independent Healthundertook a collaborative initiative withthree other health plans in Western NewYork State to design computer data-collec-tion software to conduct a review of med-ical records for immunization informa-tion. Nurses participated in a comprehen-sive training program; the accuracy andreliability of data entry were assessed dur-ing the training as well as during the actualreview process.Key Program ElementsThe key element of Independent Health’sprogram is identifying the fundamentalsof vaccine procurement and delivery thatstand in the way of achieving 100 percentcompliance. This complex issue wasapproached by creating three comprehen-sive programs for improvement: ■VPDP, which significantly lowers thecost of purchasing vaccines becausephysicians’ needs can be accuratelyestimated so the correct amount isordered and because vaccines arebought at a discount;■The IQ Program, which distributes toall primary care physicians a list ofmembers in need of vaccinations; and■QMIA, which utilizes informationfrom the IQ Program to generate aphysician report card.IQ and QMIA reinforce the impor-tance of parental intervention in the suc-cess of childhood immunizations. To fur-ther this process, Independent Health hasintroduced several educational initiatives: ■Immunization reminders inHealthStyles, the member newsletter;■Distribution to members of a healthguidelines brochure with an immu-nization schedule, as well as mailingsto all new mothers about the impor-tance of immunization with a wallet-sized card for record keeping;■A Child Awareness Seminar thatfocuses on immunization issues;■First birthday reminder mailings withpreventive health reminders and animmunization schedule, as well as 17-month reminders about the impor-tance of completing immunizationsbefore age 2;■Telesource, an audio health libraryavailable to members that includesinformation about immunization andchildhood diseases; and■Independent Health’s Internet servicefor members.98IPA mixed model achieves excellence in immunization andredistribution of costs.ImprovingMaternaland ChildHealth Outcomes:INNOVATIVE PROGRAM APPROACHES for HEALTH PLANSMore...and moredesignMindWork.comTHE 2017 STAMP YEARBOOKUNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE®

MNMIchalakis SamplesBooklet 2024

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