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www.materialfutures.orgWelcome to "Material Futures - TheKombucha Cookbook," a pioneering guideto creating sustainable materialsthrough the cultivation of kombuchabacteria cellulose fabric. This bookis a culmination of years of researchand experimentation at RMIT Universityin Vietnam, aimed at exploring theintersections of biology,sustainability, and design. Here, weshare our journey, our recipes, andour processes, inviting you to join usin shaping a more sustainable future.3 www.materialfutures.orgWelcome to "Material Futures - TheKombucha Cookbook," a pioneering guideto creating sustainable materialsthrough the cultivation of kombuchabacteria cellulose fabric. This bookis a culmination of years of researchand experimentation at RMIT Universityin Vietnam, aimed at exploring theintersections of biology,sustainability, and design. Here, weshare our journey, our recipes, andour processes, inviting you to join usin shaping a more sustainable future.3

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In 2021, with a vision to weave sustainability into thevery fabric of our future, I initiated the "MaterialFutures" project at RMIT University. This venture wasborn from a grant aimed at exploring the experimentalfabrication of bacterial cellulose as a potentialbiomaterial, a journey that began with the question: Howcan we turn nature's processes into sustainablesolutions for our material needs?My fascination with kombucha bacteria cellulose as amaterial took root during my tenure in New Zealand,where my work revolved around new materialism andsustainable alternatives. The move to Vietnam was apivotal moment, offering a fertile ground to localisethe process, to blend tradition with innovation, and tocontinue a transnational dialogue on sustainability.The significance of this project lies in its potentialto revolutionise the way we think about materials. InVietnam, the rapid rise in plastic consumption has ledto an environmental tipping point. Our response is aproject that not only confronts this crisis but also presents a blueprint for change, transforming local food waste into viable, bio-basedmaterials. This is a design for life, one that empowers communities to create andinnovate within the rhythms of their local ecosystems.The theoretical and practical significance of our work is profound. By engaging localcommunities in sustainable provisioning systems, we are planting the seeds for a newkind of growth. The portable community labs, a concept developed in New Zealand, arebeing adapted to Vietnamese conditions, serving as a model for sustainableenterprise. Our aim is to weave a narrative of innovation, one that is grounded inlocal knowledge and global environmental consciousness.Through participatory action research, we are embarking on a journey of co-creationwith the communities we serve. This cookbook is a tangible manifestation of thatjourney, a guidebook for the curious, the innovators, and the change-makers. It is arepository of knowledge, a collection of possibilities, and a chronicle of ourcollective experience.I envision kombucha cellulose fabric as a canvas for the future, where the onlylimits to its application are the boundaries of our imagination. This work is aboutredefining categories, about staying open to the potential of materials that do notfit neatly into the categories of paper, leather, or plastic.ForewordAs an Associate Professor, my role has been to bridge the gap between researchfunding and community impact, to translate academic inquiry into tangible, community-based solutions. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration cannot beoverstated; it is the confluence of diverse perspectives that enriches ourunderstanding and application of these materials.To our readers, this cookbook is an invitation to innovation. It is a call to actionto grow, to experiment, and to discover practical solutions to the unsustainablematerials that pervade our lives. We hope you will be inspired to contribute to thisfield, to apply these learnings in your own practices, and to join us in reimaginingthe material world.Looking ahead, our research continues to evolve. We are expanding our horizons,exploring new bio-based materials, and fostering an innovation ecosystem in Vietnam.We invite you to follow our progress, to engage with us on Facebook, Instagram, andour website, and to become a part of this exciting venture.Join us as we craft a future where materials are not just inspired by nature but arean integral part of nature itself.With anticipation and hope,Donna ClevelandAssociate Professor, School of Communication & Design, RMIT University, Vietnam 5 In 2021, with a vision to weave sustainability into thevery fabric of our future, I initiated the "MaterialFutures" project at RMIT University. This venture wasborn from a grant aimed at exploring the experimentalfabrication of bacterial cellulose as a potentialbiomaterial, a journey that began with the question: Howcan we turn nature's processes into sustainablesolutions for our material needs?My fascination with kombucha bacteria cellulose as amaterial took root during my tenure in New Zealand,where my work revolved around new materialism andsustainable alternatives. The move to Vietnam was apivotal moment, offering a fertile ground to localisethe process, to blend tradition with innovation, and tocontinue a transnational dialogue on sustainability.The significance of this project lies in its potentialto revolutionise the way we think about materials. InVietnam, the rapid rise in plastic consumption has ledto an environmental tipping point. Our response is aproject that not only confronts this crisis but also presents a blueprint for change, transforming local food waste into viable, bio-basedmaterials. This is a design for life, one that empowers communities to create andinnovate within the rhythms of their local ecosystems.The theoretical and practical significance of our work is profound. By engaging localcommunities in sustainable provisioning systems, we are planting the seeds for a newkind of growth. The portable community labs, a concept developed in New Zealand, arebeing adapted to Vietnamese conditions, serving as a model for sustainableenterprise. Our aim is to weave a narrative of innovation, one that is grounded inlocal knowledge and global environmental consciousness.Through participatory action research, we are embarking on a journey of co-creationwith the communities we serve. This cookbook is a tangible manifestation of thatjourney, a guidebook for the curious, the innovators, and the change-makers. It is arepository of knowledge, a collection of possibilities, and a chronicle of ourcollective experience.I envision kombucha cellulose fabric as a canvas for the future, where the onlylimits to its application are the boundaries of our imagination. This work is aboutredefining categories, about staying open to the potential of materials that do notfit neatly into the categories of paper, leather, or plastic.ForewordAs an Associate Professor, my role has been to bridge the gap between researchfunding and community impact, to translate academic inquiry into tangible, community-based solutions. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration cannot beoverstated; it is the confluence of diverse perspectives that enriches ourunderstanding and application of these materials.To our readers, this cookbook is an invitation to innovation. It is a call to actionto grow, to experiment, and to discover practical solutions to the unsustainablematerials that pervade our lives. We hope you will be inspired to contribute to thisfield, to apply these learnings in your own practices, and to join us in reimaginingthe material world.Looking ahead, our research continues to evolve. We are expanding our horizons,exploring new bio-based materials, and fostering an innovation ecosystem in Vietnam.We invite you to follow our progress, to engage with us on Facebook, Instagram, andour website, and to become a part of this exciting venture.Join us as we craft a future where materials are not just inspired by nature but arean integral part of nature itself.With anticipation and hope,Donna ClevelandAssociate Professor, School of Communication & Design, RMIT University, Vietnam 5

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Table of ContentsAbout the ProjectUnderstanding Kombucha Cellulose Fabric-Black tea base bacteria celluloseRecipes -Green tea base bacteria cellulose-Fruit base bacteria celluloseGrowing process for bacteria celluloseHarvesting process for bacteria celluloseDyeing process for bacteria celluloseDrying process for bacteria celluloseCoating and finishing process for bacteria cellulose891011121315materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aTroubleshootingFAQsGlossaryAcknowledgmentsContact Information19222630323334357 Table of ContentsAbout the ProjectUnderstanding Kombucha Cellulose Fabric-Black tea base bacteria celluloseRecipes -Green tea base bacteria cellulose-Fruit base bacteria celluloseGrowing process for bacteria celluloseHarvesting process for bacteria celluloseDyeing process for bacteria celluloseDrying process for bacteria celluloseCoating and finishing process for bacteria cellulose891011121315materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aTroubleshootingFAQsGlossaryAcknowledgmentsContact Information19222630323334357

About the ProjectInnovating with Nature: The "Material Futures" Initiative"Material Futures" is not just a project title—it's a vision for a sustainablerevolution in material science, spearheaded by a dedicated team at RMITUniversity in Vietnam. This initiative stands at the forefront of experimentalresearch, exploring the untapped potential of bacterial cellulose and itscapacity to form the basis of a new, eco-friendly material paradigm.The Research QuestOur quest began with a challenge: to harness the power of natural processes increating materials that go beyond sustainability—materials that are anintegral part of an ecological cycle. The project's core objective is todevelop a new provisioning system that leverages Vietnam's unique climaticconditions and biodiversity to produce biomaterials that can replaceconventional, polluting substances.A Laboratory Without WallsCentral to our approach is the concept of the 'portable community lab.' Theselabs are designed to be as adaptable and resilient as the bacterial cellulosethey help produce, enabling local communities to become architects of theirown sustainable futures. By taking the lab to the people, we are democratisingaccess to biotechnology and fostering a grassroots movement of materialinnovation.The Fabric of CommunityAt the intersection of biology and community development, "Material Futures"is pioneering a participatory model of innovation. Our workshops are more thanjust educational programs; they are incubators for ideas and action, whereparticipants are empowered to contribute to the project's evolution throughhands-on experimentation and collaborative problem-solving.A Living ArchiveThe project's outcomes are meticulously documented and analysed, creating aliving archive of knowledge. This repository is not static; it grows andadapts, informed by ongoing testing, community feedback, and the continuouscycle of action research. It serves as a beacon for designers, entrepreneurs,and environmentalists, offering a database of material properties,applications, and ecological impacts.The Ripple EffectThrough "Material Futures," we aim to catalyse a ripple effect of innovationthat extends beyond the laboratory or workshop. By engaging with local foodsystems and waste streams, we are not just creating materials; we arereshaping economies, enhancing environmental awareness, and building a modelfor sustainable development that can be replicated globally.A Sustainable TapestryThis initiative weaves together threads of research, design, and communityengagement to create a tapestry of sustainability. It is a project that growsorganically, branching out into new areas of inquiry and application, drivenby the ethos of ecological harmony and the spirit of innovation.8 About the ProjectInnovating with Nature: The "Material Futures" Initiative"Material Futures" is not just a project title—it's a vision for a sustainablerevolution in material science, spearheaded by a dedicated team at RMITUniversity in Vietnam. This initiative stands at the forefront of experimentalresearch, exploring the untapped potential of bacterial cellulose and itscapacity to form the basis of a new, eco-friendly material paradigm.The Research QuestOur quest began with a challenge: to harness the power of natural processes increating materials that go beyond sustainability—materials that are anintegral part of an ecological cycle. The project's core objective is todevelop a new provisioning system that leverages Vietnam's unique climaticconditions and biodiversity to produce biomaterials that can replaceconventional, polluting substances.A Laboratory Without WallsCentral to our approach is the concept of the 'portable community lab.' Theselabs are designed to be as adaptable and resilient as the bacterial cellulosethey help produce, enabling local communities to become architects of theirown sustainable futures. By taking the lab to the people, we are democratisingaccess to biotechnology and fostering a grassroots movement of materialinnovation.The Fabric of CommunityAt the intersection of biology and community development, "Material Futures"is pioneering a participatory model of innovation. Our workshops are more thanjust educational programs; they are incubators for ideas and action, whereparticipants are empowered to contribute to the project's evolution throughhands-on experimentation and collaborative problem-solving.A Living ArchiveThe project's outcomes are meticulously documented and analysed, creating aliving archive of knowledge. This repository is not static; it grows andadapts, informed by ongoing testing, community feedback, and the continuouscycle of action research. It serves as a beacon for designers, entrepreneurs,and environmentalists, offering a database of material properties,applications, and ecological impacts.The Ripple EffectThrough "Material Futures," we aim to catalyse a ripple effect of innovationthat extends beyond the laboratory or workshop. By engaging with local foodsystems and waste streams, we are not just creating materials; we arereshaping economies, enhancing environmental awareness, and building a modelfor sustainable development that can be replicated globally.A Sustainable TapestryThis initiative weaves together threads of research, design, and communityengagement to create a tapestry of sustainability. It is a project that growsorganically, branching out into new areas of inquiry and application, drivenby the ethos of ecological harmony and the spirit of innovation.8

UNDERSTANDING KOMBUCHACELLULOSE FABRICKombucha cellulose fabric is a living,breathing entity, born from asymbiotic culture of bacteria andyeast (SCOBY). This remarkablematerial begins its journey as ahumble mixture of tea and sugar, whichthe SCOBY ferments, weaving a densemat of cellulose fibers that float onthe surface. As it is harvested anddried, this mat transforms into afabric that is both versatile andsustainable.9 UNDERSTANDING KOMBUCHACELLULOSE FABRICKombucha cellulose fabric is a living,breathing entity, born from asymbiotic culture of bacteria andyeast (SCOBY). This remarkablematerial begins its journey as ahumble mixture of tea and sugar, whichthe SCOBY ferments, weaving a densemat of cellulose fibers that float onthe surface. As it is harvested anddried, this mat transforms into afabric that is both versatile andsustainable.9

RECIPE:BLACK TEA BASEBACTERIA CELLULOSEINGREDIENTS:3 litres of water 30 grams black tea300 grams sugar300 mls starterScoby (optional)Boil 500 mls of your waterAdd the 300 grms sugar into the boiling Add 30 grms tea and steep for for 15 Strain the tea and leave liquid to coolAdd the sweet tea to 2.5 litres of Add the 300 mls of starter liquidAdd a SCOBY (if using)water and stir until dissolved filtered waterminutescover with muslin to grow10 RECIPE:BLACK TEA BASEBACTERIA CELLULOSEINGREDIENTS:3 litres of water 30 grams black tea300 grams sugar300 mls starterScoby (optional)Boil 500 mls of your waterAdd the 300 grms sugar into the boiling Add 30 grms tea and steep for for 15 Strain the tea and leave liquid to coolAdd the sweet tea to 2.5 litres of Add the 300 mls of starter liquidAdd a SCOBY (if using)water and stir until dissolved filtered waterminutescover with muslin to grow10

RECIPE:GREEN TEA BASEBACTERIA CELLULOSEINGREDIENTS:3 litres of water 30 grams green tea300 grams sugar300 mls starterScoby (optional)Boil 500 mls of your waterAdd the 300 grms sugar into the boiling Add 30 grms tea and steep for for 15 Strain the tea and leave liquid to coolAdd the sweet tea to 2.5 litres of Add the 300 mls of starter liquidAdd a SCOBY (if using)water and stir until dissolved filtered waterminutescover with muslin to grow11 RECIPE:GREEN TEA BASEBACTERIA CELLULOSEINGREDIENTS:3 litres of water 30 grams green tea300 grams sugar300 mls starterScoby (optional)Boil 500 mls of your waterAdd the 300 grms sugar into the boiling Add 30 grms tea and steep for for 15 Strain the tea and leave liquid to coolAdd the sweet tea to 2.5 litres of Add the 300 mls of starter liquidAdd a SCOBY (if using)water and stir until dissolved filtered waterminutescover with muslin to grow11

RECIPE:Squeeze and mash 600 grams of fruit of your choiceFRUIT BASEBACTERIA CELLULOSEINGREDIENTS:400 mls of water 600 grams fruit 10 grams tea1 litre water100 mls starterHeat pulp mix in microwave for 5 minutesBrew 10 grams tea with 300 mls boilingwater, cool and add to the growing tankAdd water until total volume is 1000 mlsWhen mixture is cool add 100 mls starterMix with 400 mls of waterMix fruit pulp with brewed teaStrain through sieveliquid, cover with muslin to grow12 RECIPE:Squeeze and mash 600 grams of fruit of your choiceFRUIT BASEBACTERIA CELLULOSEINGREDIENTS:400 mls of water 600 grams fruit 10 grams tea1 litre water100 mls starterHeat pulp mix in microwave for 5 minutesBrew 10 grams tea with 300 mls boilingwater, cool and add to the growing tankAdd water until total volume is 1000 mlsWhen mixture is cool add 100 mls starterMix with 400 mls of waterMix fruit pulp with brewed teaStrain through sieveliquid, cover with muslin to grow12

GROWING:GROWING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEClean your growing tank with whitevinegarVinegarPour your new sweet tea and SCOBYmixture into your clean growing tank13 GROWING:GROWING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEClean your growing tank with whitevinegarVinegarPour your new sweet tea and SCOBYmixture into your clean growing tank13

Let the culture ferment for 5-21 daysat room temperature, away from directsunlight. Avoid moving your tank andcellulose if you can. Cover your growing tank with yourcotton muslin cover. Leave in a warmplace (28-32 Degrees Celsius).The bacteria and yeast will feed onthe sugar and tea and spin a layer ofbacteria cellulose on the surface ofthe liquid.Too hot or too cold willkill your beautifulbacteriaKeep me as still as possible.Avoid moving me so I dont tryto make a new layer ofcelluloseGROWING:14 Let the culture ferment for 5-21 daysat room temperature, away from directsunlight. Avoid moving your tank andcellulose if you can. Cover your growing tank with yourcotton muslin cover. Leave in a warmplace (28-32 Degrees Celsius).The bacteria and yeast will feed onthe sugar and tea and spin a layer ofbacteria cellulose on the surface ofthe liquid.Too hot or too cold willkill your beautifulbacteriaKeep me as still as possible.Avoid moving me so I dont tryto make a new layer ofcelluloseGROWING:14

HARVESTING:HARVESTING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEAssessing Maturity-Begin by examining the thickness ofthe cellulose layer that has formed onthe surface of your kombucha brew. Itshould be at least 0.6 cm thick, whichtypically indicates that it's readyfor harvesting. The layer should beuniform and possess a smooth, leatherytexture.15 HARVESTING:HARVESTING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEAssessing Maturity-Begin by examining the thickness ofthe cellulose layer that has formed onthe surface of your kombucha brew. Itshould be at least 0.6 cm thick, whichtypically indicates that it's readyfor harvesting. The layer should beuniform and possess a smooth, leatherytexture.15

HARVESTING:Preparation for Harvest-Ensure cleanliness by thoroughlywashing your hands or wearing gloves.Prepare a clean, flat surface wherethe harvested cellulose fabric can belaid out. A surface lined withparchment paper or a silicone mat isideal for easy removal of the fabriclater.16 HARVESTING:Preparation for Harvest-Ensure cleanliness by thoroughlywashing your hands or wearing gloves.Prepare a clean, flat surface wherethe harvested cellulose fabric can belaid out. A surface lined withparchment paper or a silicone mat isideal for easy removal of the fabriclater.16

HARVESTING:Harvesting the Cellulose Fabric-Gently detach the edges of thecellulose layer from the sides of thevessel and slowly peel it away fromthe surface of the liquid, movingtowards the centre to prevent anytearing.Cleaning the Fabric-Rinse the harvested cellulose fabricunder cold water, using a littledishwashing liquid to help remove anytea residue or remnants of theculture. Employ a soft brush or yourhands to gently clean both surfaces.17 HARVESTING:Harvesting the Cellulose Fabric-Gently detach the edges of thecellulose layer from the sides of thevessel and slowly peel it away fromthe surface of the liquid, movingtowards the centre to prevent anytearing.Cleaning the Fabric-Rinse the harvested cellulose fabricunder cold water, using a littledishwashing liquid to help remove anytea residue or remnants of theculture. Employ a soft brush or yourhands to gently clean both surfaces.17

HARVESTING:Neutralizing Acidity-After the initial rinse, you maychoose to soak the fabric in a bath ofwater mixed with baking soda for 15-30minutes to neutralize any residualacidity. This step is particularlyrecommended if the fabric will be usedin applications that involve skincontact.Extended Fresh Water Soak-Following the alkaline soak, place thefabric in fresh water for an extendedsoak ranging from 1 to 3 days. Changethe water daily to ensure all non-cellulosic materials are washed awayand the pH of the fabric normalizes.18 HARVESTING:Neutralizing Acidity-After the initial rinse, you maychoose to soak the fabric in a bath ofwater mixed with baking soda for 15-30minutes to neutralize any residualacidity. This step is particularlyrecommended if the fabric will be usedin applications that involve skincontact.Extended Fresh Water Soak-Following the alkaline soak, place thefabric in fresh water for an extendedsoak ranging from 1 to 3 days. Changethe water daily to ensure all non-cellulosic materials are washed awayand the pH of the fabric normalizes.18

DYEING:Preparing the Dye Bath-For natural dyes like butterfly bluepea tea, prepare a concentratedinfusion. For synthetic dyes likefiber reactive (procion) dyes, followthe manufacturer's instructions toprepare the dye bath. Remember toadjust the quantity based on theweight of the dry kombucha fabric.DYEING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEDyeing Freshly Harvested vs. DriedFabric-Decide whether to dye the fabricimmediately after harvesting (whenit's still wet) or after it has beendried. Dyeing it wet may result in amore uniform color, while dyeing itdry can give a different texture andcolor depth.19 DYEING:Preparing the Dye Bath-For natural dyes like butterfly bluepea tea, prepare a concentratedinfusion. For synthetic dyes likefiber reactive (procion) dyes, followthe manufacturer's instructions toprepare the dye bath. Remember toadjust the quantity based on theweight of the dry kombucha fabric.DYEING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEDyeing Freshly Harvested vs. DriedFabric-Decide whether to dye the fabricimmediately after harvesting (whenit's still wet) or after it has beendried. Dyeing it wet may result in amore uniform color, while dyeing itdry can give a different texture andcolor depth.19

Dyeing the Fabric-Submerge the kombucha fabric in thedye bath. If it's freshly harvestedand wet, it will absorb the dye morereadily. If it's dry, ensure it'sfully saturated for even color uptake.DYEING:Setting the Dye-Allow the fabric to soak in the dyeuntil the desired color intensity isachieved. With natural dyes, thiscould take anywhere from an hour toovernight. Synthetic dyes may havespecific time requirements.20 Dyeing the Fabric-Submerge the kombucha fabric in thedye bath. If it's freshly harvestedand wet, it will absorb the dye morereadily. If it's dry, ensure it'sfully saturated for even color uptake.DYEING:Setting the Dye-Allow the fabric to soak in the dyeuntil the desired color intensity isachieved. With natural dyes, thiscould take anywhere from an hour toovernight. Synthetic dyes may havespecific time requirements.20

Rinsing-Once dyed, rinse the fabric in coldwater until the water runs clear. Thisstep removes any excess dye and helpsprevent color bleeding in the future.DYEING:Drying After Dyeing-Lay the dyed fabric flat to dry, awayfrom direct sunlight to preventfading. If you're aiming for aspecific shape or texture, you can drythe fabric on a mold or form. Followthe normal drying and coatinginstructions. 21 Rinsing-Once dyed, rinse the fabric in coldwater until the water runs clear. Thisstep removes any excess dye and helpsprevent color bleeding in the future.DYEING:Drying After Dyeing-Lay the dyed fabric flat to dry, awayfrom direct sunlight to preventfading. If you're aiming for aspecific shape or texture, you can drythe fabric on a mold or form. Followthe normal drying and coatinginstructions. 21

DRYING:Bacterial cellulose fabricFlat wooden surface or patterneddrying mats (e.g., bamboo,coconut/palm leaf mat)Bricks or weights (for the flatsurface drying method)Fans (for indoor drying)Space with direct sunlight (foroutdoor drying)Materials Needed:DRYING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEPreparation-Ensure the flat wooden surface orpatterned mat is clean, dry, and freeof debris.22 DRYING:Bacterial cellulose fabricFlat wooden surface or patterneddrying mats (e.g., bamboo,coconut/palm leaf mat)Bricks or weights (for the flatsurface drying method)Fans (for indoor drying)Space with direct sunlight (foroutdoor drying)Materials Needed:DRYING PROCESS FOR BACTERIA CELLULOSEPreparation-Ensure the flat wooden surface orpatterned mat is clean, dry, and freeof debris.22

Outdoor Drying-Position the fabric in a secureoutdoor area with direct sunlight.Regularly check the fabric to ensureeven drying and to preventdisturbance. Placement-Lay the bacterial cellulose fabricflat on the chosen surface or mat.Spread the fabric evenly to avoidfolds or creases.DRYING:23 Outdoor Drying-Position the fabric in a secureoutdoor area with direct sunlight.Regularly check the fabric to ensureeven drying and to preventdisturbance. Placement-Lay the bacterial cellulose fabricflat on the chosen surface or mat.Spread the fabric evenly to avoidfolds or creases.DRYING:23

Indoor Drying-If drying indoors, place the fabric ina well-ventilated area.Use fans to circulate air andfacilitate the drying process.Periodically rotate the fabric foruniform drying.Weighted Drying Method-For a compressed texture, sandwich thefabric between two wooden panels.Place a brick or weight on top topress and remove excess moisture. DRYING:Patterned Drying-Using a bamboo or coconut/palm leafmat will imprint a pattern onto thefabric as it dries.24 Indoor Drying-If drying indoors, place the fabric ina well-ventilated area.Use fans to circulate air andfacilitate the drying process.Periodically rotate the fabric foruniform drying.Weighted Drying Method-For a compressed texture, sandwich thefabric between two wooden panels.Place a brick or weight on top topress and remove excess moisture. DRYING:Patterned Drying-Using a bamboo or coconut/palm leafmat will imprint a pattern onto thefabric as it dries.24

Monitoring & Completion-Regularly inspect the fabric to gaugethe drying progress.Adjust its position as needed forconsistent drying.The fabric is fully dried when itfeels like leather and is no longersticky.Drying time varies based onenvironmental conditions and fabricthickness.DRYING:25 Monitoring & Completion-Regularly inspect the fabric to gaugethe drying progress.Adjust its position as needed forconsistent drying.The fabric is fully dried when itfeels like leather and is no longersticky.Drying time varies based onenvironmental conditions and fabricthickness.DRYING:25

COATING & FINISHING:Materials Needed:Dried bacterial cellulose fabricBeeswax (either in sheet form orpellets)Coconut oilNon-stick baking paperWooden boardIron (old for only this)Roller or a smooth tubeNewspaper or protective covering forthe workspacePreparation-Lay down newspaper or a drop cloth toprotect your working surface.Preheat the iron to a low temperaturesetting.COATING AND FINISHINGPROCESS FOR BACTERIACELLULOSE26 COATING & FINISHING:Materials Needed:Dried bacterial cellulose fabricBeeswax (either in sheet form orpellets)Coconut oilNon-stick baking paperWooden boardIron (old for only this)Roller or a smooth tubeNewspaper or protective covering forthe workspacePreparation-Lay down newspaper or a drop cloth toprotect your working surface.Preheat the iron to a low temperaturesetting.COATING AND FINISHINGPROCESS FOR BACTERIACELLULOSE26

Beeswax Application-Cut two pieces of non-stick bakingpaper slightly larger than yourbacterial cellulose fabric.Place one piece of non-stick paper onthe wooden board.Lay the dried bacterial cellulosefabric on top of the non-stick paper.If using a beeswax sheet, cut itslightly smaller than the fabric. Ifusing grated beeswax, sprinkle itevenly across the fabric's surface.Drizzle a small amount of coconut oilover the beeswax for added pliability.Cover with the second sheet of non-stick paper.COATING & FINISHING:27 Beeswax Application-Cut two pieces of non-stick bakingpaper slightly larger than yourbacterial cellulose fabric.Place one piece of non-stick paper onthe wooden board.Lay the dried bacterial cellulosefabric on top of the non-stick paper.If using a beeswax sheet, cut itslightly smaller than the fabric. Ifusing grated beeswax, sprinkle itevenly across the fabric's surface.Drizzle a small amount of coconut oilover the beeswax for added pliability.Cover with the second sheet of non-stick paper.COATING & FINISHING:27

COATING & FINISHING:Ironing-Gently iron over the top non-stickpaper, melting the beeswax andallowing it to penetrate the fabric.Use the roller or tube to press andevenly distribute the melted wax intothe fabric.Flip the entire set (paper/fabric/wax)and repeat the process on the otherside, especially if the fabric isthick.Cooling-Once the beeswax is fully melted andpressed, allow the fabric to cooldown.Peel away the non-stick papers toreveal the waxed fabric.28 COATING & FINISHING:Ironing-Gently iron over the top non-stickpaper, melting the beeswax andallowing it to penetrate the fabric.Use the roller or tube to press andevenly distribute the melted wax intothe fabric.Flip the entire set (paper/fabric/wax)and repeat the process on the otherside, especially if the fabric isthick.Cooling-Once the beeswax is fully melted andpressed, allow the fabric to cooldown.Peel away the non-stick papers toreveal the waxed fabric.28

Finishing Touches-If needed, use a brush to apply a thinlayer of coconut oil to the surfacefor a glossy finish.Allow the fabric to set and absorb theoil and wax completely.Aftercare Instructions-Store the coated fabric in a cool, dryplace away from direct sunlight.If the fabric becomes stiff or thecoating wears off, you can reapply thebeeswax and coconut oil following thesame steps.For cleaning, gently wipe with a soft,damp cloth and avoid using hot wateror strong detergents.COATING & FINISHING:Note: The coating process not only adds a protective layer to thebacterial cellulose fabric but also enhances its durability and waterresistance. The beeswax and coconut oil treatment can be tailored to suitdifferent applications, with the amount of wax and oil adjusted based ondesired flexibility and finish. Always test a small piece first to ensurethe finish meets your project's requirements.29 Finishing Touches-If needed, use a brush to apply a thinlayer of coconut oil to the surfacefor a glossy finish.Allow the fabric to set and absorb theoil and wax completely.Aftercare Instructions-Store the coated fabric in a cool, dryplace away from direct sunlight.If the fabric becomes stiff or thecoating wears off, you can reapply thebeeswax and coconut oil following thesame steps.For cleaning, gently wipe with a soft,damp cloth and avoid using hot wateror strong detergents.COATING & FINISHING:Note: The coating process not only adds a protective layer to thebacterial cellulose fabric but also enhances its durability and waterresistance. The beeswax and coconut oil treatment can be tailored to suitdifferent applications, with the amount of wax and oil adjusted based ondesired flexibility and finish. Always test a small piece first to ensurethe finish meets your project's requirements.29

Issue: SCOBY Not Forming ProperlyPossible Causes: Insufficient temperature, incorrect tea-to-sugar ratio,contamination, or poor-quality starter culture.Solutions: Ensure the environment is between 24-29°C. Check that you'reusing the correct ratio for your recipe (3 liters of water, 30 grams oftea, 300 grams of sugar, and 300 ml of starter liquid). Use a high-quality starter culture and ensure all equipment is sterile to preventcontamination.Issue: Mold Growth on SCOBY or CellulosePossible Causes: Contamination from non-sterile equipment, airbornespores, or temperatures too low to support fermentation.Solutions: Always use sterile equipment. If mold appears, discard theSCOBY and cellulose layer, as mold cannot be safely removed. Increase theambient temperature to promote healthy fermentation.Issue: Thin or Weak Cellulose FabricPossible Causes: Insufficient fermentation time, weak SCOBY, or notenough sugar.Solutions: Allow more time for fermentation so the cellulose layer canthicken. If the SCOBY is weak, consider replacing it. Ensure you areadding the correct amount of sugar to feed the bacteria and yeast.Issue: Cellulose Fabric is Too BrittlePossible Causes: Over-drying or low humidity during the drying process.Solutions: Do not over-dry the fabric. Allow it to dry in an area withmoderate humidity, or use a humidifier. The fabric should be flexible,not brittle when fully dried.Issue: Unpleasant Odour from the FabricPossible Causes: Bacterial contamination or prolonged fermentation.Solutions: Ensure the SCOBY is healthy and the fermentation environmentis clean. If the odour persists, discard the batch and start again with afresh SCOBY and sterile conditions.Issue: Fabric DiscolourationPossible Causes: Use of coloured teas or additives, exposure to lightduring fermentation, or metal contamination.Solutions: Use white or green tea to minimise discolouration. Ferment ina dark environment to prevent light exposure from affecting the fabric.Ensure that no metal comes into contact with the SCOBY or the fabric, asthis can cause discolouration and potentially harm the culture.Troubleshooting30 Issue: SCOBY Not Forming ProperlyPossible Causes: Insufficient temperature, incorrect tea-to-sugar ratio,contamination, or poor-quality starter culture.Solutions: Ensure the environment is between 24-29°C. Check that you'reusing the correct ratio for your recipe (3 liters of water, 30 grams oftea, 300 grams of sugar, and 300 ml of starter liquid). Use a high-quality starter culture and ensure all equipment is sterile to preventcontamination.Issue: Mold Growth on SCOBY or CellulosePossible Causes: Contamination from non-sterile equipment, airbornespores, or temperatures too low to support fermentation.Solutions: Always use sterile equipment. If mold appears, discard theSCOBY and cellulose layer, as mold cannot be safely removed. Increase theambient temperature to promote healthy fermentation.Issue: Thin or Weak Cellulose FabricPossible Causes: Insufficient fermentation time, weak SCOBY, or notenough sugar.Solutions: Allow more time for fermentation so the cellulose layer canthicken. If the SCOBY is weak, consider replacing it. Ensure you areadding the correct amount of sugar to feed the bacteria and yeast.Issue: Cellulose Fabric is Too BrittlePossible Causes: Over-drying or low humidity during the drying process.Solutions: Do not over-dry the fabric. Allow it to dry in an area withmoderate humidity, or use a humidifier. The fabric should be flexible,not brittle when fully dried.Issue: Unpleasant Odour from the FabricPossible Causes: Bacterial contamination or prolonged fermentation.Solutions: Ensure the SCOBY is healthy and the fermentation environmentis clean. If the odour persists, discard the batch and start again with afresh SCOBY and sterile conditions.Issue: Fabric DiscolourationPossible Causes: Use of coloured teas or additives, exposure to lightduring fermentation, or metal contamination.Solutions: Use white or green tea to minimise discolouration. Ferment ina dark environment to prevent light exposure from affecting the fabric.Ensure that no metal comes into contact with the SCOBY or the fabric, asthis can cause discolouration and potentially harm the culture.Troubleshooting30

TroubleshootingIssue: Difficulty in Peeling the Fabric from the CulturePossible Causes: Over-fermentation or a cellulose layer that's too thick.Solutions: Harvest the cellulose fabric before it becomes too thick,which can make it difficult to remove. If it's too late, gently peel itaway from the edges and use a flat spatula to ease the process.Issue: Inconsistent Texture or ThicknessPossible Causes: Uneven distribution of tea and sugar, varyingtemperatures, or inconsistent SCOBY health.Solutions: Stir the tea mixture well before adding the SCOBY. Try tomaintain a consistent temperature throughout the fermentation area. Ifthe SCOBY is producing inconsistent results, consider starting with a newculture.Issue: Cellulose Fabric Tears EasilyPossible Causes: Harvesting too early or an imbalance in the fermentationenvironment.Solutions: Allow the cellulose to ferment until it reaches an optimalthickness (at least 0.6 cm). Check the pH level of the mixture; it shouldbe between 2.5 and 4. If it's too high, the environment may not be acidicenough, which can weaken the cellulose structure.materialfutures .llk o m b u c h a31 TroubleshootingIssue: Difficulty in Peeling the Fabric from the CulturePossible Causes: Over-fermentation or a cellulose layer that's too thick.Solutions: Harvest the cellulose fabric before it becomes too thick,which can make it difficult to remove. If it's too late, gently peel itaway from the edges and use a flat spatula to ease the process.Issue: Inconsistent Texture or ThicknessPossible Causes: Uneven distribution of tea and sugar, varyingtemperatures, or inconsistent SCOBY health.Solutions: Stir the tea mixture well before adding the SCOBY. Try tomaintain a consistent temperature throughout the fermentation area. Ifthe SCOBY is producing inconsistent results, consider starting with a newculture.Issue: Cellulose Fabric Tears EasilyPossible Causes: Harvesting too early or an imbalance in the fermentationenvironment.Solutions: Allow the cellulose to ferment until it reaches an optimalthickness (at least 0.6 cm). Check the pH level of the mixture; it shouldbe between 2.5 and 4. If it's too high, the environment may not be acidicenough, which can weaken the cellulose structure.materialfutures .llk o m b u c h a31

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)Q: What is kombucha cellulose fabric?A: Kombucha cellulose fabric is a sustainable textile derived from thefermentation of tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast(SCOBY). The process yields a layer of cellulose that can be harvestedand processed into a versatile fabric.Q: How is kombucha cellulose fabric made?A: The fabric is made by fermenting sweetened tea with a SCOBY. Overtime, the SCOBY consumes the sugar and produces a layer of cellulose atthe surface of the liquid. This cellulose can then be harvested, cleaned,and dried to create a fabric.Q: Can kombucha cellulose fabric be dyed?A: Yes, it can be dyed using both natural and synthetic dyes. The fabricabsorbs colours well, which makes it suitable for a variety of designapplications.Q: Is kombucha cellulose fabric durable?A: Yes, when processed correctly, kombucha cellulose fabric can be quitestrong and durable. Its tensile strength can be enhanced through varioustreatments and by layering sheets of cellulose.Q: How long does it take to grow kombucha cellulose fabric?A: The growth time can vary depending on environmental conditions, but ittypically takes between 7 to 14 days for a usable layer of cellulose toform.Q: What are the environmental benefits of using kombucha cellulosefabric?A: Kombucha cellulose fabric is biodegradable, compostable, and producedfrom renewable resources, making it an environmentally friendlyalternative to synthetic materials. Its production also encourages theuse of waste products, like unused tea and fruit scraps, contributing toa circular economy.Q: Can kombucha cellulose fabric be mass-produced?A: While kombucha cellulose fabric is currently more of a niche material,research and development are ongoing to scale up production. The processrequires specific conditions and care, making it more labor-intensivethan traditional textiles.Q: What can kombucha cellulose fabric be used for?A: It has potential applications in fashion, packaging, and even as aleather or plastic substitute. Its unique properties also make it aninteresting material for artists and designers.Q: Is kombucha cellulose fabric vegan?A: Yes, it is a vegan material as it is made from bacterial cellulose,which does not involve animal products or byproducts in its production.Q: How do you care for kombucha cellulose fabric items?A: Care for kombucha cellulose fabric items varies depending on how thefabric has been processed and treated. Generally, it should be kept dryand stored in a cool, dark place to preserve its quality. If it has beenwaterproofed or treated for durability, it may be more resilient andrequire less careful handling.Q: Can I make kombucha cellulose fabric at home?A: Yes, you can grow kombucha cellulose fabric at home with the rightconditions and materials. It requires a SCOBY, tea, sugar, and a cleanenvironment to avoid contamination.Q: Are there any safety concerns with kombucha cellulose fabric?A: As long as the fabric is properly cleaned and maintained, there are noinherent safety concerns. However, it's important to ensure that theSCOBY is not contaminated with harmful bacteria during the fermentationprocess.32 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)Q: What is kombucha cellulose fabric?A: Kombucha cellulose fabric is a sustainable textile derived from thefermentation of tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast(SCOBY). The process yields a layer of cellulose that can be harvestedand processed into a versatile fabric.Q: How is kombucha cellulose fabric made?A: The fabric is made by fermenting sweetened tea with a SCOBY. Overtime, the SCOBY consumes the sugar and produces a layer of cellulose atthe surface of the liquid. This cellulose can then be harvested, cleaned,and dried to create a fabric.Q: Can kombucha cellulose fabric be dyed?A: Yes, it can be dyed using both natural and synthetic dyes. The fabricabsorbs colours well, which makes it suitable for a variety of designapplications.Q: Is kombucha cellulose fabric durable?A: Yes, when processed correctly, kombucha cellulose fabric can be quitestrong and durable. Its tensile strength can be enhanced through varioustreatments and by layering sheets of cellulose.Q: How long does it take to grow kombucha cellulose fabric?A: The growth time can vary depending on environmental conditions, but ittypically takes between 7 to 14 days for a usable layer of cellulose toform.Q: What are the environmental benefits of using kombucha cellulosefabric?A: Kombucha cellulose fabric is biodegradable, compostable, and producedfrom renewable resources, making it an environmentally friendlyalternative to synthetic materials. Its production also encourages theuse of waste products, like unused tea and fruit scraps, contributing toa circular economy.Q: Can kombucha cellulose fabric be mass-produced?A: While kombucha cellulose fabric is currently more of a niche material,research and development are ongoing to scale up production. The processrequires specific conditions and care, making it more labor-intensivethan traditional textiles.Q: What can kombucha cellulose fabric be used for?A: It has potential applications in fashion, packaging, and even as aleather or plastic substitute. Its unique properties also make it aninteresting material for artists and designers.Q: Is kombucha cellulose fabric vegan?A: Yes, it is a vegan material as it is made from bacterial cellulose,which does not involve animal products or byproducts in its production.Q: How do you care for kombucha cellulose fabric items?A: Care for kombucha cellulose fabric items varies depending on how thefabric has been processed and treated. Generally, it should be kept dryand stored in a cool, dark place to preserve its quality. If it has beenwaterproofed or treated for durability, it may be more resilient andrequire less careful handling.Q: Can I make kombucha cellulose fabric at home?A: Yes, you can grow kombucha cellulose fabric at home with the rightconditions and materials. It requires a SCOBY, tea, sugar, and a cleanenvironment to avoid contamination.Q: Are there any safety concerns with kombucha cellulose fabric?A: As long as the fabric is properly cleaned and maintained, there are noinherent safety concerns. However, it's important to ensure that theSCOBY is not contaminated with harmful bacteria during the fermentationprocess.32

GlossaryBacterial Cellulose:A form of cellulose produced by certain types ofbacteria, often used in the production of kombucha fabric.Biodegradability:The capability of a material to be decomposed bybacteria or other living organisms, thereby avoiding pollution.Circular Economy:An economic system aimed at eliminating waste andthe continual use of resources through principles of reuse, repair,refurbishing, and recycling.Fermentation: A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen. In the context ofkombucha, it refers to the process by which SCOBY transforms tea andsugar into cellulose.Kombucha: A fermented beverage produced by fermenting tea using asymbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY).Moldability: The quality of a material that allows it to be shapedinto a desired form.Participatory Action Research (PAR): A method of research thatemphasises participation and action, engaging participants in theresearch process and using their feedback to improve the project.SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast): A symbiotic colonyof bacteria and yeast used in the production of kombucha. It is alsothe living 'tool' that produces kombucha cellulose fabric.Sustainability: The ability to maintain ecological and socialsystems healthily and durably, often involving methods that do notdeplete the resources used.Tensile Strength: The resistance of a material to breaking undertension. It is important for determining the durability and load-bearing capacity of the kombucha cellulose fabric.Textile Structures: The arrangement and composition of fibers in atextile, which determine its properties and applications.33 GlossaryBacterial Cellulose:A form of cellulose produced by certain types ofbacteria, often used in the production of kombucha fabric.Biodegradability:The capability of a material to be decomposed bybacteria or other living organisms, thereby avoiding pollution.Circular Economy:An economic system aimed at eliminating waste andthe continual use of resources through principles of reuse, repair,refurbishing, and recycling.Fermentation: A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen. In the context ofkombucha, it refers to the process by which SCOBY transforms tea andsugar into cellulose.Kombucha: A fermented beverage produced by fermenting tea using asymbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY).Moldability: The quality of a material that allows it to be shapedinto a desired form.Participatory Action Research (PAR): A method of research thatemphasises participation and action, engaging participants in theresearch process and using their feedback to improve the project.SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast): A symbiotic colonyof bacteria and yeast used in the production of kombucha. It is alsothe living 'tool' that produces kombucha cellulose fabric.Sustainability: The ability to maintain ecological and socialsystems healthily and durably, often involving methods that do notdeplete the resources used.Tensile Strength: The resistance of a material to breaking undertension. It is important for determining the durability and load-bearing capacity of the kombucha cellulose fabric.Textile Structures: The arrangement and composition of fibers in atextile, which determine its properties and applications.33

AcknowledgmentsThis cookbook, a culmination of research, experimentation, and sharedknowledge, would not have been possible without the support andcontributions of many. On behalf of the Research Team at RMIT University,Vietnam we extend my deepest gratitude to:Our Collaborators and Partners: Special thanks to Professor FrancesJoseph in New Zealand who laid the groundwork for this venture. Herinsights have been instrumental in shaping our approach to materialfutures exploration.The Local Communities and Workshop Participants: For their enthusiasm andwillingness to engage with new ideas and practices. Their feedback andcreativity have not only enriched this project but have also demonstratedthe profound impact of collective effort in driving sustainable change.Funding Bodies and Grant Providers: Including the research funding grantthat initiated this project. RMIT Vietnam and CSIRO, your financialsupport has been crucial in enabling us to pursue our research and shareour findings with a broader audience.Our Readers and Supporters: To all those who have followed our journey –your interest and engagement with our work have been a source of constantencouragement. Your curiosity and support fuel our mission to develop anddisseminate sustainable material alternatives.materialfutures .llk o m b u c h a34 AcknowledgmentsThis cookbook, a culmination of research, experimentation, and sharedknowledge, would not have been possible without the support andcontributions of many. On behalf of the Research Team at RMIT University,Vietnam we extend my deepest gratitude to:Our Collaborators and Partners: Special thanks to Professor FrancesJoseph in New Zealand who laid the groundwork for this venture. Herinsights have been instrumental in shaping our approach to materialfutures exploration.The Local Communities and Workshop Participants: For their enthusiasm andwillingness to engage with new ideas and practices. Their feedback andcreativity have not only enriched this project but have also demonstratedthe profound impact of collective effort in driving sustainable change.Funding Bodies and Grant Providers: Including the research funding grantthat initiated this project. RMIT Vietnam and CSIRO, your financialsupport has been crucial in enabling us to pursue our research and shareour findings with a broader audience.Our Readers and Supporters: To all those who have followed our journey –your interest and engagement with our work have been a source of constantencouragement. Your curiosity and support fuel our mission to develop anddisseminate sustainable material alternatives.materialfutures .llk o m b u c h a34

Contact InformationEmail: contact@materialfutures.orgWebsite: www.materialfutures.orgFacebook:www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61552417774805 Instagram:www.instagram.com/futuresmaterial/YouTube:https://youtube.com/@MaterialFuturesRMIT?si=g6BoktwCoNQ9y8kCmaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h a35 Contact InformationEmail: contact@materialfutures.orgWebsite: www.materialfutures.orgFacebook:www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61552417774805 Instagram:www.instagram.com/futuresmaterial/YouTube:https://youtube.com/@MaterialFuturesRMIT?si=g6BoktwCoNQ9y8kCmaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h a35

Notesmaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h a36 Notesmaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h a36

Notesmaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h a37 Notesmaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h a37

materialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y : materialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h amaterialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :materialfutures .llk o m b u c h aG R O W D A T E :I N G R E D I E N T S• S U G A R :• T E A :• F R U I T :• D A Y S T O G R O W :• D A Y S T O S O A K :. D A Y S T O D R Y :

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materialfutures .llk o m b u c h a materialfutures .llk o m b u c h a