Issue 17 : simplebooklet.com

3 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17GET IN TOUCH:Hannah Ashton – Editorhannah@animaltherapymedia.co.ukGeorgia Keegan – Editorgeorgia@animaltherapymedia.co.ukBeth Lorraine - Sales Manager info@animaltherapymedia.co.ukDonna Boddie - Account Manager donna@animaltherapymedia.co.ukTony Nevin - Podcasts and Research tony@animaltherapymedia.co.ukLeucillin ___________ 5Levi’s Blog _________ 8Elbow Displasia in Dogs _____________ 9Tony Nevin: Otter Case Study _______ 12Keep Pets Stress Free 16In conversation with: Carla Finzel _______ 18Anna Webb: Photizo shines light in Africa 22Cryotherapy ______ 25Canine Massage ___ 26AcupressureGot Chi? _________ 30Vet Rehab Summit _ 34Dangers of Over-exercising the canine athlete ___________ 38Radiofrequency - a game changer? __ 40Part 1: Cervical Spondylomyelopathy 43Alan Gardner: Home Electrotherapy ____ 46M A G A Z I N EAnimalerapyISSUE 16Issued QuarterlyCONTENTSwww.animaltherapymedia.co.ukWhile every eort has been made to ensure that information is correct at the time of going to print, Animal Therapy Media Ltd cannot be held responsible for the outcome of any action or decision based on the information contained in this publication/website. The publishers or authors do not give any warranty for the completeness or accuracy for this publication’s content, explanation or opinion. No part of this publication and/or website may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form without prior written permission of Animal Therapy Media Ltd and/or the authors of the articles within. Permission is only deemed valid if approval is in writing.Front cover image: Tony Nevin. See story on page 12.Welcome! Welcome to Issue 17, the beginning of year ve for Animal erapy Magazine.We are delighted to welcome Tony Nevin to the team. Tony has supported the magazine since day one, writing for us in every issue and regularly inviting us to his radio show, e Missing Link on Corinium Radio and Mix Cloud. We have been wanting to expand our media platform for a while and aer discussions we were thrilled he was just as keen to join us as we are to have him. Tony will be running Podcasts and Research, so if you see him approaching you with microphone in hand, please do spare some time for an interview. To date we have produced three podcasts and have plenty more in the pipeline. You can follow us on Mix Cloud under Animal erapy Media and hear the interviews hot of the press. So far we have spoken to Noel Fitzpatrick, Ruth Milner from Photizo and we did a meet the team, but that was the morning aer the night before and I think it's safe to say we aren't naturals at it!In June we attended VET Festival, one of our favourite conferences for many reasons. Despite the slightly temperamental weather, spirits denitely weren't dampened. Top class speakers, fantastic entertainment and a strong focus on mental health made for a fantastic festival. VET Festival 2020 is already in the diary.We have so much planned between now and Issue 18 so please keep an eye on our Facebook page and website which we regularly up date. Enjoy this issue!Team Animal erapy Media

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5 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17LEUCILLIN Antiseptic Skincare is a high ecacy, broad spectrum antiseptic; it requires minimal contact time and is safe for any topical application. Leucillin has an extensive range of applications including rst aid, post-surgical sites, stubborn infections, eective allergy management, ear and eye infections and as a general purpose antiseptic. It provides a safe, skin pH neutral, non-toxic, non-irritant solution for use on all skin types. The Power of Science with a Holistic ApproachLeucillin is a Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) based antiseptic solution. The chemical HOCl is weak acidic chlorine that is a naturally occurring chemical, produced in the mammalian body by Leukocytes or Neutrophils to ght infection caused by invading microorganisms or pathogens (bacterial, viral and fungal.) In the mammalian body, during tissue injury or infection, neutrophils, (white blood cells), travel to the site of infection where they capture and engulf the pathogen then produce Hypochlorous to destroy these harmful pathogens.Stabilised Hypochlorous is a revolutionary breakthrough in healthcare with many 100 times the eectiveness of standard antiseptics while proven to be 100% safe, other antiseptics struggle to achieve the 99.999% ecacy required for a Standard EN13727 test, whereas the Leucillin formulation can achieve 99.99999% ecacy on the same test; a 100 fold improvement in ecacy, whilst still remaining non-toxic, non-irritant and skin pH neutral. One on the highest performing formulations of stable HOCl; Leucillin is skin pH neutral at 5.5 - 6.0 pH, the perfect balance for mammalian tissue. LeucillinA Natural Approachcontinued overleafPic 1. Leucillin mirrors the bodies immune system.“I recommend Leucillin at my Canine First Aid Workshops as many of my students are grooming and dog walkers, who are more likely to encounter minor injuries on the dogs they care for. Many students already use Leucillin and rave about the results.”Rachel Bean RVNHypochlorous, a History HOCl was rst identied in 1811 by Sir Humphry Davy as what the body produces, in 1823 Davy’s student, Michael Faraday managed to isolate and produce HOCl by electrolysis passing current through brine solution. It wasn’t until 1914 during the First World War that HOCl was used where a “eld lab” could be set up. The biggest problem with using this remarkable natural chemical was harnessing its potential with production of HOCl having a shelf life of only 5 to 25 hours. Leucillin’s huge investment in Research and Development has nally managed to harness and stabilize HOCl with an eective shelf life of 24 months, enabling its safe use as the ultimate antiseptic.  Harnessing the bodies’ natural defenses HOCl kills bacteria, spores and viruses, from MRSA and Clostridium dicile (C. Di), E. coli to Salmonella. Leucillin’s many applications mean it’s the perfect replacement for existing standard antiseptics and minor wound care products, due to its incredible ecacy, does not contribute to the superbug (multi drug-resistant organisms) dilemma. The Most Versatile Antiseptic AvailableCuts, minor wounds, stubborn infections, rashes and skin irritations, dry, itchy, aky or smelly skin, ear and eye infections, burns and abbess, the management of the symptoms of allergies are just some of the many uses of Leucillin, and of course as a general purpose antiseptic. Mirroring and supporting the body’s immune system, Leucillin is a natural antiseptic, destroying harmful germs on contact allowing the skin to heal naturally. Using Leucillin to ush and cleanse a wound or to clean an infection, not only dramatically reduces the pathogens, but

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6Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17also has the eect of calming the associated inammation as the body responds to the presence of the very chemical the Neutrophil makes to ght infection. Leucillin is almost instant in its eect, working on contact and resulting in faster recovery time.As the ultimate go to rst aid product, Leucillin are proud to sponsor Qualied Veterinary Nurse and Edition Dog contributor, Rachel Bean RVN for her Canine First Aid WorkshopsA Uniquely Designed ProductLeucillin’s functionality, in formula, capability and design has been developed to provide an eective, reliable and practical all encompassing antiseptic tool for every animal owner and professional healthcare provider.SIGHT– Leucillin is a completely clear solution, so will not stain or discolour your pets coat, eece, or inconveniently your furnishings.Leucillin RRP50ml Leucillin Dropper £4.99150ml Leucillin Spray £7.50250ml Leucillin Spray £9.99500ml Leucillin Spray £14.99SMELL – Leucillin’s active HOCl is the naturally produced chlorine as manufactured by the mammalian body and as such smells slightly of chlorine, its odour is faintly like a swimming pool.TOUCH – Leucillin has low viscosity and runs much like water. An antiseptic product is more eective as a biocide when administered in a liquid form as it will maximize the pathogens that it can come into contact with resulting in a higher bacterial kill rate. In a gel or cream, the active is suspended within a viscous solution and is therefore unable to come into contact with further pathogens once applied, these have the potential to seal in infection; this can lead to bacterial mutation and resistance, rendering the antiseptic ineective.Leucillin’s spray function has the added benet that the very action of spraying will ush and cleanse pathogens from the wound bed.SOUND – Leucillin’s functional design encompass a quiet spray system to minimise any fear that a loud or strange sound could cause nervous animals. It has a locking mechanism making transporting your bottle leak proof and with it’s 360 degree trigger function you can use the sprayer upside down.TASTE – Like its smell Leucillin tastes slightly of a chlorine, being the natural chemical to the bodies own immune system, the body has the ability to cleverly recognise it as its own, therefore Leucillin is completely safe to be ingested, allowing you a high ecacy antiseptic that can be applied to ears, eyes and mouth!A Greener OptionIn a progressive and more environmentally conscience world we must all make more responsible consumer decisions. Leucillin is approved by the Organic Soil Association, is environmentally friendly, breaking down to a safe saline solution, it does NOT contain any oils, surfactants, perfumes, steroids, alcohols or antibiotics. Leucillin’s packaging is all recyclable, its solution is not tested on animals and it is vegetarian and vegan friendly!Leucillin Animal Skincare is delighted to be an Associate Sponsor for next years rst Edition Dog Live, the only Holistic dog show, held on the 5th April 2020 at NAEC Stoneleigh Hall 2. To nd out more about Leucillin please call 0345 548 9800 or email: info@leucillin.co.uk or or visit the website: www.leucillin.co.ukLEUCILLIN“Eight years we have tried everything to help our terrier, eight years of suering, steroids, shampoos, creams... she had these sores all over her body, some weeping. gunky eyes and ears, one application and her skin has healed. I could cry, Thank you”Tina Duncan

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7 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17The Big Dog Bed Company (BDBCo) – not a name to make you think of veterinary physiotherapy equipment, but this UK company is designing and manufacturing a growing range of veterinary physiotherapy equipment. It started with a request for a bed suitable for dogs with joint issues and arthritis and quickly progressed to the development of a range of mats for conducting oor based therapies. Director Dru Ross says, “We could see therapists delivering care on the oor and using knee pads, a towel or at most a piece of vet eece to work on. This seemed neither good for the therapist, nor the patient. We now oer four dierent size options of oor mat suited to centre based and mobile therapists.”And this is what BDBCo do, they identify a need in consultation with therapists, and develop the equipment to full that requirement. The SafeRocker+ is one of the most successful pieces of equipment developed by BDBCo and this highly exible piece of equipment has recently been enhanced by the Step System. Dru says “The Step System was designed completely independently of the SafeRocker+ but it quickly became obvious that they could very usefully be used together, increasing the utility of both pieces of equipment.” The SafeRocker+ (SR+) delivers an easily controlled rocking action with no sudden movements or banging should the dog leap o. One end can be wedged to give movement in one direction only or to provide a slope up to 15 degrees. The condition of a dog’s core strength is very easily assessed and the SR+ action allows the gluts to be engaged in isolation. If the dog is o-centre, the SafeRocker+ merely tilts slightly. It allows the therapist to focus on the exercise, rather than on controlling the equipment.The + is because it can be used either way up and is not simply a rocker. In ‘stationary mode’ it presents a curved slope and variable height edge for stepping and walkovers, and baited and bowing stretches over an uneven surface. Both faces have a ne ribbed rubber ultra grippy surface, giving good traction and preventing slippage.The Step System provides a method of presenting patients of all sizes with changes in height on a solid, stable surface. The whole system comprises six pieces, four 50 x 50cm and two 100 x 50cm blocks, all 7cm deep. They can be stacked to create a larger step up as appropriate to the dog size and condition. A sequence of height changes over 2m in length can be created. The Step System has the same ned ribbed rubber as the SafeRocker+ on both faces so that they lock together when stacked or placed on top of the SR+ to raise the centre of gravity for greater challenge. Blocks can also be placed at either end of the SR+ to reduce the step up to the rocker and facilitate the dog moving smoothly from stable to unstable platform and back again. We look forward to seeing what the Big Dog Bed Company will develop next.The SafeRocker+ and Step System prove to be a unique combinationBIG DOG BED COMPANYThe density of the solid foams is modied according to the size of the bed, a higher density foam being used for larger heavier dogs. In this way, the support offered by the beds is always appropriate to the size and weight of the occupant. These beds are recommended for longer stay surgery and orthopaedic patients, using our clinical PU covers with waterproof fabric and welded seams.Patient Care in the HomeThe Active Recovery Bed may also be sold by the Practice to clients for use at home. Active Recovery Beds for use in domestic environments are offered with hard wearing upholstery fabric covers that are easy clean, waterproof, urine and stain resistance, and antibacterial and come in a wide range of colours.These beds will also benet working dogs, restoring muscles and contributing to alertness, decision making and overall functionality, ensuring that they are maintained in good health and always ready for the next day’s activity.Kennel BedsKennel Beds are combination of high density foam (7.5cm) topped by 2.5cm memory foam, designed for longer stay patients. This deep, supportive bed reduces the risk of bed sores developing, and provides a high quality sleep environment which will reinforce recovery. Kennel Beds can be made to measure and also come in seven standard sizes. The same welded cover fabric is used on the Kennel Bed.100% Designed andmade in the UK.www.bigdogbedcompany.co.uk@info@bigdogbedcompany.co.uk01491 641788All our bed covers are waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, vapour permeable, urine and stain resistant. All fabrics and foams comply with CRIB 5 re retardancy regulations as a minimum. The weldable PU fabric is certied as meeting Oeko-Tex® Standard 100 for products that come into contact with babies. Antibacterial properties are provided by Santized Clariant Benelux. This fabric may be cleaned using disinfectants used in the health care sector.The Big Dog Bed Company designs and makes stylish, practical dog beds in the UK. The highest quality components and clever construction are combined to provide beds that are robust, good looking and easy care.Why Provide Good Quality Beds in Your Practice?Sleep is a vitally important contributor to animal health, wellbeing and behaviour. In a clinical environment, good quality sleep promotes recovery from surgery and reduces animal stress. General health is maintained at a higher level, contributing to the more rapid return of the animal to their home.The immune system requires good quality rest to function well and muscle repair only takes place when an animal is asleep. Appetite, important to recovery and an indicator of wellbeing, is negatively inuenced by tiredness and poor sleep quality. Physiological activities associated with cell growth and repair are increased during sleep. Hence, the provision of a comfortable sleeping environment for patients will contribute to satisfactory outcomes for practise patients and their owners.The benets of a well rested patient also contribute to the bottom line. An animal that is less stressed will be more cooperative when clinical activities are carried out, allowing these tasks to be completed more rapidly. Complications are minimised where general animal health is maintained and an improved rate of recovery allows patient to be discharged after a shorter stay, freeing up practice space and increasing capacity. The clinical products developed by the Big Dog Bed Company are designed to support excellence in veterinary care and to help in the delivery of the best possible outcomes for patients.80 x 60üü90 x 60üü120 x 60üü105 x 75üü120 x 85üü134 x 95üü145 x 105 üüBed Sizes (cm)Active RecoveryKennel BedsVetinery Pads are made to t practise crates.Made to Measure: All styles of clinical bed are available as a made to measure option.Specialist Pressure Relief Bedsfor practice and domestic usewww.bigdogbedcompany.co.ukwww.bdbco.VET 01491 641788 7 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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8Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17EIGHT weeks after hopping county lines from Gloucestershire to Wiltshire to set up a new yard alongside Equine Performance, I’ve had chance to reect on just how many factors I have, and we all have, to take into consideration when moving horses to a new home.Throw me an old mattress, decent Wi-Fi and a nearby sushi restaurant and I’ll call it home. If my dogs can nd something valued of mine to chew, suede boots or a passport, then they are happy to call that home, yet, when it comes to moving a yard full of horses who all have individual management needs and levels of sensitivity, this is a whole dierent kettle of sh!With horses, it’s not just a case of taking them out of one stable and putting them into another one, we must consider the physical and mental implications such an upheaval has. How does the new / dierent arena surface aect the way they go, what about the stable size, the outlook, the turn out, the quality of grass and locally sourced hay, changing vets and other team members who are an integral part of my life and the industry.Thankfully my brilliant farrier, Glen Taylor has stayed with us. He doesn’t demand a coee every time he nails on a shoe, so he had to stay!My physio will make the commute as much as she can, but I am so lucky to have onsite physio’s who are able to work on whatever is needed on a day to day basis as well, which is a luxury I know.Eight weeks in and as people ask me how it is going, I can’t give a black and white answer. Some horses took to the move with ease, whilst others seemed unsettled until they knew the lay of the land and unavoidable changes in their routine. Some horses look an Instagram model on the pasture and some look like they could do with a slimming world subscription.None of our animals have a say in when we change their address and I think we can often underestimate just how unsettling it can be. What I have tried to do is keep as much the same as possible and be exible if certain changes aren’t suiting a particular horse. It is so common when a client buys a horse and brings it home only to nd their saint of a new horse who as a gentleman on the rst date is now a re breathing dragon who is not living up to his tinder prole.The short but long answer to those cases is to take a step back and try and appreciate the way everything new is aecting him.Levi’s BlogOn the move ...LEVI HUNTLevi regularly runs clinics up and down the country. If you would like an opportunity to experience his expertise, wit and charm rst hand you can contact him via his facebook page - Levi Hunt Equestrian or through his long suering PA - Nicky on 07771 610027Levi Hunt - Grand Prix International Rider for Great Britain, British Dressage Young Professional of the year 2016, Regional British Dressage Team Trainer, UKCC3 Coach.

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9 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17ELBOW dysplasia is a developmental condition that can signicantly aect a dog's quality of life. While larger breeds like German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, and Bernese Mountain Dogs have a higher risk, dogs of all breeds can develop the painful condition.Genetic predisposition is thought to be the main cause, however environmental inuences, like excessive exercise and nutrition, through key puppy growth phases are also important factors in whether elbow dysplasia develops. There are four main subcategories that fall under the umbrella term of elbow dysplasia:1. Ununited anconeal process2. Osteochondritis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle 3. Medial coronoid process disease4. Elbow IncongruityThese subcategories represent the area of the elbow joint that is damaged. Medial coronoid process disease is the most common. Once the elbow joint has been damaged by elbow dysplasia, a vicious cycle of inammation and cartilage damage begins. This leads to degenerative changes in the elbow joint, which causes further pain and loss of function. Progressive elbow arthritis is the result.Dogs often show the rst signs of elbow dysplasia as puppies, with aected dogs developing a lameness in the front limb that worsens with time. Lameness is usually aggravated by exercise and doesn’t always resolve with rest. Both front limbs can be aected, which can make detection of altered gait dicult. When both elbows are involved there may be a refusal to exercise for long periods of time.Any young dog presenting to a vet with front limb lameness needs to be examined for possible elbow dysplasia. Diagnosis is usually made with a combination of physical examination and x-rays. There will be varying degrees of front limb lameness, with pain on full bending or straightening of the elbow. Crepitation, swelling, joint capsule thickening and muscle atrophy are variable. X-rays will typically show signs of arthritis with possible lose fragments. Elbow Dysplasia in DogsSOURCES: American College of Veterinary Surgeons. Canine Elbow Dysplasia. https://www.acvs.org/small-animal/canine-elbow-dysplasiaHow, K.L. (2018), 33rd annual meeting IEWG. http://www.vet-iewg.org/proceedings/Lau, S.F. (2018), 33rd annual meeting IEWG. http://www.vet-iewg.org/proceedings/Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Examining Elbow Dysplasia. https://www.ofa.org/pdf/elbowarticle.pdf Palmer, R.H. (2018), 33rd annual meeting IEWG. http://www.vet-iewg.org/proceedings/The Balanced Dog. Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs. https://the-balanced-dog.com/2018/08/19/elbow-dysplasia-in-dogs/by Rachel Mahoney (Osteopath), B.App.Sci, M. Osteo, PGCertHS (Sports Med), Dip Animal Osteo, CCRP (current)Treatment for elbow dysplasia varies depending on the individual case. Important factors include the dogs age, amount of elbow degeneration, and degree of lameness. Surgery is often indicated in younger lame dogs. While surgery for elbow dysplasia may slow the progression of arthritis, the condition can’t be cured. Therefore, even if surgery is performed, lifelong conservative management continues to be indicated. Conservative management for elbow dysplasia includes:1. Body composition: Maintain a lean body composition through good weight management.2. Exercise: Keep an active lifestyle that avoids activities that promote lameness, stiness and discomfort.3. Physical rehabilitation: Build muscle strength and stability, improve motor control, address abnormal movement patterns, and maximize joint range of motion.4. Manual Therapy: Maintain optimal muscle tone and mobility, so no one joint is taking additional load.5. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine/chondroitin supplements, and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (e.g. cartrophen).From an osteopathic perspective, dogs respond well to articulation and soft tissue through the shoulder, elbow and wrist. I also use laser on the elbow, as well as any other areas in need. The thoracic and cervical spine / rib 1 can also play a part. Treatment is usually ongoing with monthly maintenance treatments. Acute ares are addressed as needed. Although some breeds are more susceptible to elbow dysplasia than others, many dogs are at risk of developing the condition. If you think your dog is displaying signs of elbow dysplasia, your vet will be able to discuss management options.www.the-balanced-dog.com

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10Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17The Conference will take place at Dunchurch Park Hotel & Conference Centre, Rugby Road, Dunchurch, Warwickshire CV22 6QW. The cost of £130 for the day includes lunch and refreshments, conference notes and attendance certificate. Students pay £65 and must bring their student card with them to gain entry. Overnight accommodation is available at the hotel.For further information and to book a place email navpsec@yahoo.co.ukDunchurch Park HotelAnnual Conference 2019Saturday 2nd November 2019 Richard Hepburn BVSc MS CertEM(IntMed) DipACVIM FRCVS RCVS Recognised Specialist in Equine Internal MedicineSubject Titles: Wobblers do win medals - rethinking spinal ataxia.Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome - is it a cause of poor performance?After graduating from Liverpool Vet School in 1997 Dicky worked in equine hospitals in the UK and New Zealand for 4 years doing a combination of sport horse and racehorse work. He then completed a 3-year combined internal medicine residency and Masters program at The Marion DuPont Equine Medical Centre in Virginia, USA. Dicky was the first diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine to go into private equine practice in the UK and is recognised by the RCVS as a specialist in equine internal medicine. Since 2004 he has worked at the B&W Equine Hospital, a 40 vet equine practice in southwest England, where he leads their referral medicine service. Since 2017 B&W Equine Hospital has been part of the CVS Group. Dicky is a member of the ECEIM EGUS consensus committee, has been chair of the ACIVM specialty exam committee, advanced continuing education committee and the Board of Regents. He is also a contributing author to the textbook of Equine Neurology and the textbook of Equine Back and Neck Pathology. Dicky has been a FEI treating vet at Badminton 4* Horse Trials for over 10 years and at the London International Horse Show, Olympia, and was an onsite medicine specialist at the 2012 London Olympic Games. In 2018 he was awarded Fellowship of the RCVS for meritorious contribution to clinical practice. Outside of work Dicky is a very average but happy mountain biker and paddleboarder but loves nothing more than watching either son play sport or running with his wife Victoria.The SpeakersNikki Engelbach AdvCertVPhys, MIRVAP, MCHA Subject Title: Combining canine physiotherapy and hydrotherapy for a holistic approach to canine rehabilitation Nikki qualified with the Advanced Certificate in Veterinary Physiotherapy in 2011 and went on to complete an internship and gain her hydrotherapy qualification at K9HS in Suffolk, under Barbara Houlding MScVetPhys, GradDipPhys, MCSP, FIRVAP in 2012. After several years as a full-time mobile veterinary physiotherapist, Nikki set up Bach Canine Rehab with her business partner Katie O'Brien in 2016, providing canine physiotherapy and hydrotherapy, in West London. They are proud to be the chosen rehabilitation clinic for many local veterinary practices and for specialist referral centres further afield. Their aim at Bach Canine Rehab is to approach each case with canine welfare and comfort at the centre of all they do, and believe the best results are achieved when their patients are engaged yet relaxed in the clinic setting. Sarah Powdrill BSc (Hons) Animal Science, MSc Veterinary Physiotherapy, MNAVP. Subject Title: Are Owners Actually Doing Their Homework? Sarah graduated from the University of Nottingham in 2011 with an BSc (Hons) in Animal Science following which, she attended Harper Adams University, graduating in 2014 with a PgD in Veterinary Physiotherapy. With a keen interest in small animals, Sarah joined Dick White Referrals, a specialist referral hospital in 2016. After several years in practice gaining invaluable experience, she completed her MSc in 2018. Sarah has particular passion for both treating and training working gundogs, ideally Springer spaniels.Dr Tim Watson BVM&S, PhD, MRCVSSubject Title What's new in regenerative therapies for equineorthopaedic diseases - Lipogems® and Arti-Cell® Forte.Tim is a veterinary surgeon whose career hasspanned highly successful periods in academia, industry and private practice. He currently heads up an ambulatory equine practice in Gloucestershire and has a special interest in orthopaedic disease and the role of regenerative therapies.The Conference will take place at Dunchurch Park Hotel & Conference Centre, Rugby Road, Dunchurch, Warwickshire CV22 6QW. The cost of £130 for the day includes lunch and refreshments, conference notes and attendance certificate. Students pay £65 and must bring their student card with them to gain entry. Overnight accommodation is available at the hotel.For further information and to book a place email navpsec@yahoo.co.ukDunchurch Park HotelAnnual Conference 2019Saturday 2nd November 2019 Richard Hepburn BVSc MS CertEM(IntMed) DipACVIM FRCVS RCVS Recognised Specialist in Equine Internal MedicineSubject Titles: Wobblers do win medals - rethinking spinal ataxia.Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome - is it a cause of poor performance?After graduating from Liverpool Vet School in 1997 Dicky worked in equine hospitals in the UK and New Zealand for 4 years doing a combination of sport horse and racehorse work. He then completed a 3-year combined internal medicine residency and Masters program at The Marion DuPont Equine Medical Centre in Virginia, USA. Dicky was the first diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine to go into private equine practice in the UK and is recognised by the RCVS as a specialist in equine internal medicine. Since 2004 he has worked at the B&W Equine Hospital, a 40 vet equine practice in southwest England, where he leads their referral medicine service. Since 2017 B&W Equine Hospital has been part of the CVS Group. Dicky is a member of the ECEIM EGUS consensus committee, has been chair of the ACIVM specialty exam committee, advanced continuing education committee and the Board of Regents. He is also a contributing author to the textbook of Equine Neurology and the textbook of Equine Back and Neck Pathology. Dicky has been a FEI treating vet at Badminton 4* Horse Trials for over 10 years and at the London International Horse Show, Olympia, and was an onsite medicine specialist at the 2012 London Olympic Games. In 2018 he was awarded Fellowship of the RCVS for meritorious contribution to clinical practice. Outside of work Dicky is a very average but happy mountain biker and paddleboarder but loves nothing more than watching either son play sport or running with his wife Victoria.The SpeakersNikki Engelbach AdvCertVPhys, MIRVAP, MCHA Subject Title: Combining canine physiotherapy and hydrotherapy for a holistic approach to canine rehabilitation Nikki qualified with the Advanced Certificate in Veterinary Physiotherapy in 2011 and went on to complete an internship and gain her hydrotherapy qualification at K9HS in Suffolk, under Barbara Houlding MScVetPhys, GradDipPhys, MCSP, FIRVAP in 2012. After several years as a full-time mobile veterinary physiotherapist, Nikki set up Bach Canine Rehab with her business partner Katie O'Brien in 2016, providing canine physiotherapy and hydrotherapy, in West London. They are proud to be the chosen rehabilitation clinic for many local veterinary practices and for specialist referral centres further afield. Their aim at Bach Canine Rehab is to approach each case with canine welfare and comfort at the centre of all they do, and believe the best results are achieved when their patients are engaged yet relaxed in the clinic setting. Sarah Powdrill BSc (Hons) Animal Science, MSc Veterinary Physiotherapy, MNAVP. Subject Title: Are Owners Actually Doing Their Homework? Sarah graduated from the University of Nottingham in 2011 with an BSc (Hons) in Animal Science following which, she attended Harper Adams University, graduating in 2014 with a PgD in Veterinary Physiotherapy. With a keen interest in small animals, Sarah joined Dick White Referrals, a specialist referral hospital in 2016. After several years in practice gaining invaluable experience, she completed her MSc in 2018. Sarah has particular passion for both treating and training working gundogs, ideally Springer spaniels.Dr Tim Watson BVM&S, PhD, MRCVSSubject Title What's new in regenerative therapies for equineorthopaedic diseases - Lipogems® and Arti-Cell® Forte.Tim is a veterinary surgeon whose career hasspanned highly successful periods in academia, industry and private practice. He currently heads up an ambulatory equine practice in Gloucestershire and has a special interest in orthopaedic disease and the role of regenerative therapies.The Conference will take place at Dunchurch Park Hotel & Conference Centre, Rugby Road, Dunchurch, Warwickshire CV22 6QW. The cost of £130 for the day includes lunch and refreshments, conference notes and attendance certificate. Students pay £65 and must bring their student card with them to gain entry. Overnight accommodation is available at the hotel.For further information and to book a place email navpsec@yahoo.co.ukDunchurch Park HotelAnnual Conference 2019Saturday 2nd November 2019 Richard Hepburn BVSc MS CertEM(IntMed) DipACVIM FRCVS RCVS Recognised Specialist in Equine Internal MedicineSubject Titles: Wobblers do win medals - rethinking spinal ataxia.Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome - is it a cause of poor performance?After graduating from Liverpool Vet School in 1997 Dicky worked in equine hospitals in the UK and New Zealand for 4 years doing a combination of sport horse and racehorse work. He then completed a 3-year combined internal medicine residency and Masters program at The Marion DuPont Equine Medical Centre in Virginia, USA. Dicky was the first diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine to go into private equine practice in the UK and is recognised by the RCVS as a specialist in equine internal medicine. Since 2004 he has worked at the B&W Equine Hospital, a 40 vet equine practice in southwest England, where he leads their referral medicine service. Since 2017 B&W Equine Hospital has been part of the CVS Group. Dicky is a member of the ECEIM EGUS consensus committee, has been chair of the ACIVM specialty exam committee, advanced continuing education committee and the Board of Regents. He is also a contributing author to the textbook of Equine Neurology and the textbook of Equine Back and Neck Pathology. Dicky has been a FEI treating vet at Badminton 4* Horse Trials for over 10 years and at the London International Horse Show, Olympia, and was an onsite medicine specialist at the 2012 London Olympic Games. In 2018 he was awarded Fellowship of the RCVS for meritorious contribution to clinical practice. Outside of work Dicky is a very average but happy mountain biker and paddleboarder but loves nothing more than watching either son play sport or running with his wife Victoria.The SpeakersNikki Engelbach AdvCertVPhys, MIRVAP, MCHA Subject Title: Combining canine physiotherapy and hydrotherapy for a holistic approach to canine rehabilitation Nikki qualified with the Advanced Certificate in Veterinary Physiotherapy in 2011 and went on to complete an internship and gain her hydrotherapy qualification at K9HS in Suffolk, under Barbara Houlding MScVetPhys, GradDipPhys, MCSP, FIRVAP in 2012. After several years as a full-time mobile veterinary physiotherapist, Nikki set up Bach Canine Rehab with her business partner Katie O'Brien in 2016, providing canine physiotherapy and hydrotherapy, in West London. They are proud to be the chosen rehabilitation clinic for many local veterinary practices and for specialist referral centres further afield. Their aim at Bach Canine Rehab is to approach each case with canine welfare and comfort at the centre of all they do, and believe the best results are achieved when their patients are engaged yet relaxed in the clinic setting. Sarah Powdrill BSc (Hons) Animal Science, MSc Veterinary Physiotherapy, MNAVP. Subject Title: Are Owners Actually Doing Their Homework? Sarah graduated from the University of Nottingham in 2011 with an BSc (Hons) in Animal Science following which, she attended Harper Adams University, graduating in 2014 with a PgD in Veterinary Physiotherapy. With a keen interest in small animals, Sarah joined Dick White Referrals, a specialist referral hospital in 2016. After several years in practice gaining invaluable experience, she completed her MSc in 2018. Sarah has particular passion for both treating and training working gundogs, ideally Springer spaniels.Dr Tim Watson BVM&S, PhD, MRCVSSubject Title What's new in regenerative therapies for equineorthopaedic diseases - Lipogems® and Arti-Cell® Forte.Tim is a veterinary surgeon whose career hasspanned highly successful periods in academia, industry and private practice. He currently heads up an ambulatory equine practice in Gloucestershire and has a special interest in orthopaedic disease and the role of regenerative therapies.

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12Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17TONY NEVINHe was then placed in one of the large mammal pens – about twice the size of a large indoor kennel. Once awake he was observed and sta noticed that he appeared to have no use of his hindquarters or tail. Normally we get involved one the initial trauma has settled and any healing begun. Due to the severity of his symptoms and signs we got involved as soon as possible.Although the back end was useless at this point, the front end was very much awake. For their size these mustelids are incredibly strong, and unbelievably agile. It is like wrestling a furry eel (not that I’ve done much of that!).Anaesthesia was going to be the only viable way for a proper osteopathic examination and treatment program to work.is sounds an easy thing, and the initial job of catching him, placing him in a crush cage so that an intramuscular (IM) sedative could be administered went well. Aer sedation we could place a facemask over his snout and then keep him on isoouane and air. I could then examine him thoroughly, in the knowledge that he shouldn’t suddenly wake up.e palpatory side of this process informed me that he appeared to have suered a similar trauma that some cats receive when running across a road and getting their tails run over by a car. e momentum of the cats’ movement creates a sudden traction snap through the tail and spine, and can lead to ligamentous and meningeal traction beyond the physiological norm.He felt the same, with the addition of what felt like a retrograde sacrum within the sacroiliac joints.In the past I have found the only way to suitably reduce this kind of strain in cats is via a combined internal decompression of the sacrum, and external ventral pelvic compression action to allow the sacroiliac joint ligaments to realign the joint surface articulation bilaterally.is is achieved by inserting a lubricated gloved digit anally, along the ventral surface of the sacrum, with the thumb of the same hand placed over the dorsal sacral area, and then use the other hand to gently compress the ventral aspect of the pelvis. e nal part of the procedure involves extremely gentle functional release work via the tail itself, whilst the sacrum is still being cradled.Otter case studywith Zoo Ost Ltdby Tony Nevin, BSc (Hons) Ost, DO, Zoo Ost LimitedTHE majority of our UK wildlife work centres around hedgehogs, raptors and swans. Occasionally there is the chance to work with something a little less familiar. One such case from our les was a beautiful young male adult otter (Lutra lutra). It had been found by a walker near to a busy road and was unable to use its hind legs. The RSPCA was called, and they in turn dropped it o at Vale Wildlife Hospital, Worcestershire.e team there examined and catalogued his condition, before anaesthetising him for a set of radiographs to determine if there were any fractures, luxation, or other pathologies present.No pathologies were seen, although they were unable to position him perfectly straight for radiographing due to altered muscle states through his paravertebral musculature.12Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Cover Story

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13 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Once as much myo-fascial release work, and ligamentous harmony had been achieved for this session I concluded by gently balancing ligamentous tension through the rest of the axial structures.en he was gently placed back into the crush cage and monitored whilst he recovered, having also received an anaesthetic reversal injection from the veterinary surgeon.Once we were happy he was OK we took him back to his pen. He shot out of the cage so fast we couldn’t see which limbs were being used. In classic wild animal form he made straight for the sleeping box – a stout wooden structure with a small opening in the front, with the interior lled with straw. We weren’t going to see anymore today, as stress is usually the biggest killer of wildlife once in rehab.Discussing his case with the vet and hospital manager we decide upon a weekly program of osteopathy. Until he was able to use his back end there was no way we could justify putting him into an outdoor pen with pool.e following week I went with the vet to observe him move, and then pop him into the cage for carriage to the operating theatre.Observation of wildlife diers from that of the dog and horse. In this case it involved me poised with a video camera whilst Tim the vet lied the bedchamber box up and gently tipped one nervous otter out. All of this in a 3m x 3m room. Out he came and attacked the broom in front of Tim as he gently coaxed him to move. In some cases you can get badgers and otters to move forwards to defend their territory. is one was determined to ght a measured retreat! What we could both see was that he was partially using the right hind leg, and was placing both in a plantigrade stance. is was a marked improvement in a week.Next up we had to persuade him to get into the cage. Luckily these custom cages come with an end and top opening. Making sure the latter was secured we backed him into the cage via the open end and then dropped the slide to close it. Covering the cage continued overleafwith a towel to keep him calm we then safely transferred him to the theatre. It was at this point that we realised the crush part of the cage had been removed. Undeterred Tim decided he’d use a towel and thick gloves to restrain him whilst the nurse readied to inject the IM sedative.In a ash we had an irate otter running amok in the theatre. Somehow the furry eel had slipped through Tim’s grasp and was looking for a way out. Pued up and making a mixture of hissing and spitting noises he looked pretty impressive. I had been lming the planned sedation and inadvertently le the camera running whilst two of us got him back in the cage and jabbed. Later on when I viewed the clip there’s a lot of lm of the ceiling and an awful lot of bad language from all concerned!13 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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14Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Examining the otter revealed an improvement, but not a total resolution of the pelvic shunt. So gloved up once more it was time to go where no other osteopath has gone before. It’s at times like this that faith in the veterinary sta and their anaesthesia skills is paramount.is second procedure went smoothly and soon he was awake again and returned to the pen. Once again he le the cage like a rocket so was le to recover in peace. In order to assess him before my next session we rigged up a camera trap inside the pen itself. We attached it with cable ties to the mesh in the observation hatch of the door around 1.5m o the ground and set it to record short video bursts once triggered.A week later I arrived and was told the video hadn’t shown how he was moving, as it appeared he had avoided the infrared beam once it triggered. I viewed each clip and suddenly realised that he was triggering the camera from below then was attacking it, as the top of his head appeared for a few frames. e only way he could be doing this was by engaging his hind legs and tail, as the camera was too high otherwise. is was looking promising.We then caught him up, anaesthetised him and upon examination this time I found the pelvic shunt absent. Treatment centred on gentle fascial unwinding to allow his body to release as much of the latent tension still present.Whilst he woke up I took the time to reposition the camera from the mesh ceiling, pointing down at an angle that covered as much of the pen as possible.is was to prove valuable, as a week later we had lots of clips showing him moving around the pen, using the large water tub, and dragging and eating sh. It clearly showed him using all four limbs, as well as his tail and showed his posture during all of these activities. He was far from recovered, but had made a lot of progress in a short space of time.I performed one further treatment under general anaesthetic and then he was moved to an outdoor pen with swimming pool.At this point the camera trap malfunctioned and we couldn’t see how well he was doing when undisturbed. is is an important factor, as most wild animals behave dierently when observed, or when interacting with you.e hospital sta reckoned he was moving better as they had seen him dashing about the enclosure. I needed to see him moving freely to properly assess. e hospital manager suggested I watch him move in the secure corridor between the metal aviaries outside. ese are massive structures linked together and are used to help injured birds recover some ight tness prior to release.is would allow me to observe him moving in a straight line over a distance of around 25m. e only problem was that I needed to be in there with him. Tim, the vet volunteered to join me, and armed with a broom (Tim), and a DSLR camera (me) we took the now caged patient into the corridor and locked the stainless steel mesh door behind us. I set up the camera and then Tim released the otter. He ran down the corridor to the far end and then sat down. e movement looked pretty good, but was too fast to assess in one go. I conveyed this information to Tim, who calmly walked towards the otter and encouraged him to run back in my direction. Tim, remember had a broom, I didn’t. I know appearances can be deceiving but I swear he ran back towards me a lot quicker than he had gone the other way. I had put the cage in front of me as a mini barrier. It didn’t work. As I lmed he was over it, across my feet and then at the top of the mesh door before I’d even had time to break wind. Getting him back down was fun, and then we all agreed he was ready for release.TONY NEVINTony Nevin, BSc (Hons) Ost, DO is Clinical Director on the MSc Animal Osteopathy programme, run through the McTimoney College of Chiropractic, Oxon. He also lectures nationally and internationally; runs unique wildlife workshops; and is a prolic writer, presenter and broadcaster. His radio show “The Missing Link” on Corinium Radio is the only one of it’s kind and is rapidly gaining a loyal listenership. You can catch his earlier shows, and specialist podcasts by following his Mixcloud page titled Tony Nevin.For more than 6 years he chaired the Society of Osteopaths in Animal Practice (SOAP) before it rebranded and became the Association of Animal Osteopaths (AAO).For more information contact Tony at +44 7831 759339. www.zooost.com www.horseost.co.uk www.coriniumradio.co.uk www.mixcloud.com/tonynevin Whilst viewing the footage back I was able to assess, frame by frame, each limb movement, as well as his axial orientation. It was as near to normal as mattered.ree days later I found myself driving with my son Edward, and a grumpy adult male otter to the beautiful countryside, near to where he had been found, but closer to the watercourse that suited otter habitation. e owners of the land we were releasing him on joined us, and cameras poised I opened the special travel crate and waited. Nothing happened for a couple of minutes, so I gently tipped the back of the cage up to encourage him to disembark. In true wild otter fashion he shot out and ran in the opposite direction to the water and cover. is did allow some lming but not much. He suddenly veered o the path he had run down and dived into a large lake on the property. It was all over in a ash. He was gone.is was the best possible outcome. We always want wildlife to stay wild. at way it’s less likely to get into conict through over familiarisation with people. Over the following weeks we had sporadic reports of otter spraint along the same stretch of watercourse suggesting he was doing well and catching live prey. So from this we were able to close the le, job done.14Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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16Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17STRESSKeep pets stress freeSTRESS in pets is not just limited to specic times of the year, such as autumn and the reworks season. Both dogs and cats can experience stress and anxiety all year round in a number of dierent situations. Stress caused by environmental changes is common place for pets and this can happen due to a number of reasons, including kennel or cattery stays, travel in the car or moving home. Vet visits can be another stressful experience for pets and for some animals this can be a monthly or even weekly event. As a pet owner it’s important to recognise the signs that your pet is anxious, which can include:• Increased vocalisation• Isolation• Increased sleeping• Decrease in appetite• Aggression• Panting (in dogs)• Nose/lip licking• Yawning• Tail lowered or tucked• Ears pulled or pinned back• Scratching and chewing on furnitureIn some pets, stress can also lead to other health concerns, such as cystitis in cats.Create a safe zone Make sure your pet has a den or a spot they can retreat to if they start to feel anxious. For your cat, make sure that there are plenty of places available to sleep or hide in peace.High areas for cats Provide high accessible areas for your cat, such as shelves or on top of furniture. This allows them to feel safe, whilst still being able to watch and feel included in the family.Exercise your dog regularly Stress and anxiety can sometimes create uncontrollable energy. Taking your pet for regular walks or encouraging your cat to play and go outside can help to relieve some of that energy.Stick to a routine Fixed routines can help to keep your pet calm. Any changes to your normal household routine can upset and stress your pet. Stick to the same feeding and walking routine and stay calm yourself. Pets can pick up when you’re anxious and that could in turn cause them stress.Distractions Try to keep your cat or dog occupied. Use toys to play with your pet and keep them focused on something else. Play will also help to use up energy and they may sleep through the stressful situation.Scratch posts Make sure that your cat has access to a scratch post to relieve boredom and anxiety. Stressful situations might make them scratch your furniture if they don’t have a suitable place to do it.Multi-pet households If you have more than one cat, make sure that you have at least one litter box per cat. Ensure that your cat also has somewhere to retreat to and get away from other pets.Don’t shout at your pet If they do anything out of the ordinary due to stress, such as toilet in the house, refrain from shouting at them. Reward their positive behaviour with treats and ignore any unwanted behaviour. This can be a reaction to how they feel in a situation and shouting at them could lead to further stress and behavioural problems.Comfort your pet Sit close to your pet and stroke them to try and keep them calm. Physical contact could help to make them feel safe and reduce their anxiety. If they prefer to be by themselves, let them wander o to nd a safe place to hide. Keep checking on them to make sure they are OK.Plan ahead If you know a specic event, such as a long car journey or a trip to the kennels or cattery will cause stress, try to prepare ahead. For stressful events consider using a calming aid for cats and dogs, such as nutracalm, which can be given 2 hours before the event. nutracalm is specically formulated to naturally calm anxious pets.If you are worried about changes in your pet’s behaviour, speak to your vet who will be able to advise the best solution for your pet’s health needs. No pet owner likes to see their beloved companion distressed, but there are some positive things that can help to calm an anxious dog or cat:

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18Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Since we last met, what have you been up to and how has DVN developed? It has been a whirlwind! e District Veterinary Nurse Development group was established in January 2018 and 19 months down the line we have been out and about speaking to vets, students and registered vet nurses. Since we last met at VetFest 2018, the District Veterinary Nurse campaign has gained great momentum, everyone seems knows about it now. I now know that it is not just me but many others now who feel so passionately about the need of this role as part of accessible veterinary care for animal welfare and human wellbeing. One Welfare! Where members of the public, pet owners, vets, veterinary paraprofessionals, vet nurses, human doctors and nurses can come together, communicate and achieve the best outcome for all.We’ve seen you’ve achieved some fantastic milestones where you’ve been invited to speak at various conferences. Where have you been so far and what do you have planned? Since June 2018 we have presented at e Royal Veterinary College, Chichester College, the British Veterinary Nursing Association Fringe, e Student Veterinary Nursing Inaugural Congress, and a BVNA event in Kent.We have so much more planned!Sep 2019 - Taking part in Say Aphasia Dog Fest in Brighton - Say Aphasia is a Sussex based charity that supports people with Aphasia and their families and carers. Aphasia is a In conversation with ...Carla FinzelRVN Registered Veterinary Nurse - Founder of the DVN District Veterinary Nurse role19 Months on, we catch up with Carla Finzel on how the District Veterinary Nursing Development Group (DVN) has developed.communication disorder or condition that makes it dicult to read, write or speak. It can happen aer a stroke or following a brain injury. e help of a suitably trained district veterinary nurse is invaluable in supporting the meaningful bonds that people with aphasia have with their pets.Sep 2019 - e Cat Weekend - ICatCare - ISFMSep 2019 - Rise 4 Disability -RISE is the most comprehensive regional disability exhibition & conference within the UK, uniting all disability services. I am so honoured to have been invited to give a presentation pitched at human doctors, nurses, occupational therapies of those with disabilities on district veterinary nursing. All thanks to the wonderful Ruth Milner, Danetre Health’s MDApril 2020 - A DVN stream of lectures at the British Small Animal Veterinary Association conference, which is mindblowing for me!We have also had articles in the Vet Times and Vet Nursing Times, Animal erapy Magazine, the Vet Record, Veterinary Practice, Oncore, ISFM Feline Focus magazine (about to be published), the Sunday Express national newspaper, BSAVA August Companion magazine.Being a District Veterinary Nurse is not just about the animals, but you also need to be able to work with and communicate with owners who may mental health issues, disabilities or may have fallen on hard times. Tell us more about this?I am a Dementia Champion which means I can give sessions to people to become Dementia Friends. I give this sessions for free as a volunteer for the Alzheimers Society - I have made quite a few vets, vet receptionists and vet nurses Dementia Friends, it is wonderful to see them wearing their badge. I would love for all veterinary practices across the UK to be Dementia Friends.

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19 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17I am an advocate of the deaf community, assisting them with communications with their vets. Again, we have nothing in place to support easy communication. What a dierence it would make if all veterinary practices had typetalk facilities and access to British Sign Language translators.I outreach as a StreetVet volunteer in Brighton providing free vet care to the homeless and their pets. We work alongside Sussex Homeless Support, whose founder, Jim Deans, is one of the most kind hearted humans I have ever met.How do you see the DVN role developing? My goal is to create a Society of District Veterinary Professionals. A not-for prot organisation with a charitable department for those who need it the most. A community-led nursing programme will have a hugely positive impact on animal welfare, client support and communication and importantly strengthen the bond between veterinary practices and their owners. is initiative will enhance the services oered by the profession where the connes of the practice premises makes regular home visiting dicult and sometimes impossible. Our promotion and educational work will continue alongside many behind the scene projects that will hopefully lead to DVNs across the country either as a provision from within veterinary practices or, our ultimate aim, to make the DVN role a viable career pathway. I currently take referrals from vets / vet practices and work under their direction, it works well, so it is denitely an option. Human nurses make a career out of district nursing, so why can veterinary nurses? You work by day as a veterinary nurse and then go out as a DVN. When do you sleep? Very good question! Ha ha! I think I sleep standing like horses do!Carla qualied in 2001 as a veterinary nurse then worked in general practice for 5 years. She then progressed onto emergency and critical care full time on night shifts for 9 years at a referral vet hospital.In 2015 she founded the DVN - District Veterinary Nurse role and DVN Development Group. In 2018 she campaigned the movement of raising standards of veterinary nursing care, home-based nursing clinics, client concordance and embracing the human-animal bond within the veterinary profession.She is a campaigner for One Welfare-One Health, so that veterinary practice and care becomes inclusive to all members of society, making veterinary practice compliant with the Equality Act 2010.And nally she is an active volunteer for StreetVet. Advocate of the Deaf community. A Dementia Friend Champion and supporter of ‘Say Aphasia'I stop when the job is done. Currently I am swamped with vet referrals. If I do not provide this crucial veterinary nursing care to their clients oen the only other option is that their patients could be euthanised. No vet worth his / her salt would want to break a loving and meaningful bond between a human and an animal if there is a sensible solution in place - I am that solution! Post-surgery, diagnosis of a degenerative condition, short or long term illness, most animals will need home care by their owners between vet visits. is may not always be possible. Whether the owner suers from a physical or mental disability or a horrendously busy working schedule of their own...whatever - everyone is entitled to be supported by a district veterinary nurse. By 9am in the morning I usually have done 4 house visits to administer meds to patients - that is just the beginning of the day... I will not go on ... I get home about 10:30pm at night, then may need to catch up with last minute vet referral emails. I can then sleep with great peace of mind for I have protected these bonds. Some days I cover a 20mile radius which is by no means what I want any DVN to cover - when established I would like teams of DVN’s all over the country, covering a 5 mile radius on shi pattern between the hourse of 6am to 10pm at night Monday to Sunday -- at present I am doing it all any day of the week I am needed. continued overleaf

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20Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17How are vets responding to the DVN role? Amazing. ere is not one vet in this country or overseas that has said a bad thing about the vision and aims of the DVN campaign. ey all tell me DVNs will be sent from heaven. ey support the Vision and Aims, those being:• That all owners and patients are oered district veterinary nursing support as part of a prescribed treatment plan when discharged from any veterinary premises• That all animals receive their veterinary treatment when the owner’s situation or the patient’s health may prevent this from being delivered by the owner• Without judgement and accessible to all. A District Registered Veterinary Nurse should be a vision of the “NOW” readily oered by vets no matter what the circumstances, to help support the veterinary profession in delivering the ve freedoms and One Health One Welfare.• That District Registered Veterinary Nurses form part of social prescribing and contribute to the professions compliance with the Equality Act 2010.• That Registered Veterinary Nurses have a clear route for career progression and an alternative career path in dierent aspects of the community, with the opportunity to develop and utilise additional transferable skillsTell us about a case you have dealt with as a DVN that has really stuck with you? ere are so many cases that in 4 years have been turned around. Each and every patient and owner mean everything to me. It is like I adopt them both and want to make sure they are so supported and that they know “You are not alone caring for your animal. We are here, the vet and I, we’ve got you! I’ve got you!”DISTRICT VETERINARY NURSEI have achieved remission on diabetic animals. I have ensure quality of life to cancer patients. I have tube-fed animals for disabled people. I have saved animals from having eyes enucleated because administering 3 dierent types of eye meds, spaced 15mins apart, 4 times a day - does require the skill set of a qualied veterinary nurse. I have been the support of pet owners with motor neuron disease and with dementia not able to medicate their animals. #IfItWereYourAnimalCompanion - how would you like to be supported if you were not able?How can people get involved?If you are a vet who wants DVNs or a RVN who wants to become a DVN then please get in touch. Contact information can be found at - www.carlanzelvetnurse.comOr you can simply support us, share our posts, our hashtags and if you have a few spare pennies you can support us through our crowd funding page - https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/carla-nzelDo you have to be a VN to help or can other volunteer get involved? With human district nurses DNs, you have to have been qualied and practising as a nurse for minimum of 2 years then you can progress onto further training to become a DN. District veterinary nurses DVNs would need training in dealing with vulnerable people, an essential part of the work. ere is tremendous need for suitably trained dog walkers and pet sitters - which is not the work of a DVN - who does the nursing - I mean I assist the vet in putting in place the nursing plan of the patient and there can be alongside a dog walker or pet sitter to assist with that side of the care of the patient. Should an non-qualied person be administering complex wound management care to a patient? Should a non-qualied person be doing physiotherapy on a patient? Absolutely not. It would not be like that with human patients.I can be somebody’s mother but that does not qualify me to do a human district nurse job. If my child needed physiotherapy, you need a suitably qualied physiotherapist not just someone who is quite good at massage! e human oncology consultant would not expect the neighbour to pop in and be a Macmillan nurse - so why are pet owners expected to be all these things. Not only are they worried and upset, they also do not have the skills-set to do this level of nursing care properly and eectively. We should all work as a multi-modal team to ensure the welfare of our patients and well-being of the pet owners and the veterinary teams on the front line who are so empathetic and compassionate towards their clients but do not have the outreach network of district veterinary nurses.A DVN can work alongside organisations like StreetVet, PDSA, RSPCA, Cinnamon Trust and Our Special Friends. I collaborate with them when I am needed - under veterinary referral of course.

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22Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17PHOTIZOPhotizo shines its light on an African dream Helping horses and donkeys at the Gambia Horse and Donkey Trustby Anna Webb on behalf of PhotizoBroadcaster, Author, Trainer has studied natural nutrition and therapies with the College of Integrated Veterinary erapies (CIVT)When veterinary physiotherapist and lecturer Danielle Barnes was invited to volunteer at the Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust (GHDT) she jumped at the chance, not just once, but twice and with a third visit in the planning. e GHDT is a small charity registered in the UK and e Gambia. Founded by the late Stella Marsden OBE and her sister Heather Armstrong in 2002, the GHDT aims to reduce rural poverty in e Gambia by improving the health, welfare and productivity of working animals.On both occasions Danielle’s aim was to combine her physiotherapy with her teaching skills and educate both the carers in the clinic as well as in the local community about the benets of physiotherapy to equines.Danielle Barnes explained: “ From the moment I arrived I was taken aback by the knowledge and experience that the Trust’s sta have regarding veterinary care of these animals. ey work tirelessly to help the welfare of donkeys and horses that in turn play a massive role in the farming community. A healthy working animal can increase a family’s income by up to 500%, and buying an animal is a big investment for a family. Helping to keep their animals healthy in one of the poorest countries pays dividends for the whole community, not least the animals themselves.”Packing a Photizo Vetcare with her on both occasions as Danielle was aware that this handy device was sure to come in useful. For her initial trip, e College of Animal Physiotherapy donated a unit for Danielle to take with her and leave at the GHDT for on-going use. For the second trip, Danetre Health – the sole UK distributors of Photizo – donated another Vetcare unit.e rst trip was one where Danielle was able to expand the team’s knowledge by teaching the principles of physiotherapy, and when it can be used as rehabilitation to support the on-going care already oered. e Photizo Vetcare being so easy to use became a point of interest straight away, especially as the results when using the red light device achieved such evident results.Danielle enthused: “I have integrated Photizo’s Vetcare into my own practice in Hampshire for several years. Designed by physiotherapists for physiotherapists it promotes the natural healing for musculoskeletal conditions and wounds very eciently. No doubt my visits to GHDT put the device to test on some extreme injuries and nasty wounds, but I’m pleased to say Photizo proved it’s worth everytime.”One of the rst residents Danielle helped at the Trust was a horse named Wassadu who had been a victim of a mine explosion. He had already been in the Trust’s care for a year and with careful rehabilitation he was doing well, and was quite a celebrity at the centre. Part of his daily care and rehabilitation was to ush out his wound. Oering Photizo into the mix for his recovery helped not least to reduce any pain and inammation, but to encourage blood ow, and the lymph system to get to work, encouraging the wound’s draining and promoting natural healing.On Danielle’s second visit to the GHDT, Photizo was on hand at all times. One of her rst cases was to assess the progress of a donkey named Jeeko who Danielle had treated on her previous trip.Jeeko had suered severe tendon damage. To conduct the current assessment of the tendon damage safely, Jeeko was sedated and laid Wassadu Photizo treats his wound caused by a land mine explosion22Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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23 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17on a mattress. As well as referring to the most recent radiographs of the tendons, Danielle used an ultrasound for an additional picture of the tendons. Photizo Vetcare was used immediately to help relieve any inammation and pain before Danielle proceeded with tissue therapies to encourage the tendons to stretch and aid weight bearing of the lower limb. Similarly a donkey named Meredith who was a new resident was sedated before Danielle could proceed and oer a full assessment as to why she had such an unusual placement of her limb. Again Photizo was used prior to so tissue work being applied to encourage the normal positioning of the limb.It wasn’t only equines that benetted from Photizo during Danielle’s second visit. e resident dog called Mack was very lame. Danielle used the trusty Photizo along with a range of movement and stretching techniques to make Mack more comfortable. Danielle recalls: “ Mack became so relaxed he nearly fell on me.”e work at GHDT was hands-on from day one. Helping the team with their daily medication rounds, feeding, applying y spray and y fringes to the equines. Danielle explained: “ It was an honour to be so welcomed and given the chance to ‘get stuck in” from exercising some recently castrated donkeys, walking them around the centre to helping clean out and organise their storage and tack rooms. Perhaps one of the most rewarding aspects was go on a ‘trek’ with the team. We visited the local community helping administer worming and antibiotic treatments and carry out TLR and foot trims. One of the main objectives was to swap their hand-made bits, which oen cause damage to the tongue and lips, to ones donated from the UK and other countries.”One donkey named Kembo captured Danielle’s heart from her rst visit to GHDT. It goes without saying that his on going recovery was plain to see on her second visit. Kembo recognised Danielle immediately the second time around and came running when she called his name: testament to Danielle’s midas touch. Benetting from physiotherapy, massage and treatment with Photizo, his future looks bright thanks to Danielle’s expertise and the charity’s commitment to rehabilitate every equine in their care.Since Photizo’s Vetcare’s launch in 2013, it’s success oering non-invasive treatment is being embraced by Vets, Vet Nurses, animal physiotherapists, and health practitioners.Using its pre-programmed doses of red and near infrared LED light, Photizo works at a cellular level stimulating a key receptor in the mitochondria to help increase the production of ATP in any damaged cells. Subsequent systemic eects are then observed to accelerate and promote an ecient natural healing process or to manage pain and inammation in chronic degenerative pain conditions, especially for animals with compromised healing Ruth Milner, MD of Danetre Health commented: “Photizo is a modern phototherapy tool that uses the advancements in LED technology to maximum eect. From years of research it delivers scientic evidence pre-programmed doses of red light at the optimum frequency levels. Its success out in the eld at home and abroad is down to its handy size and portability. But not least to the fact that LED light source is incoherent and therefore completely safe to use without the need for laser goggles. e science is building on the power of Phototherapy (photobiomodulation) as an innitely adaptable and complementary modality.”Above: Demonstrating the healing power of Photizo. Right: Treating Jeeko's damaged tendons23 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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25 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17CRYOTHERAPY, or cold therapy as it is more simply known, is one of the most eective methods of alleviating soft tissue aches and pains and healing. Cold therapy can aid the healing of musculoskeletal injuries both old and new, and can also help to prevent them.Cold treatment has an analgesic eect, which means it numbs the tissue. This brings instant relief to the horse. When soft tissue is damaged, the blood vessels leak uid into the surrounding tissues. This leads to an inammatory response, leading to swelling and pain. Cooling these tissues at a new injury site causes blood vessels to constrict, limiting the leakage that leads to inammation. Reducing the temperature of the tissue itself also reduces the metabolic rate helping it to survive.With an older injury, it’s the return of the blood to the area after the cold is removed that is most useful. The renewed circulation brings a new urry of white blood cells and natural chemicals to the area that helps destroy dead cells. This cycle of cooling and warming at intervals helps generate a pumping action in the tissue that can encourage and speed healing.To nd out more visit www.fmbs.co.uk or call 01494 883433.CryotherapyCold Saltwater SpasLarge units designed to accommodate the horse in a safe, comfortable way. When the doors are closed, the unit lls with cold water, with or without salt (which has additional benets).A spa can be used for tendon and ligament injuries, soft tissue damage, inammation, hoof related issues, arthritis, concussion and laminitis. When lled with salt water, it can also be used to support natural wound healing, and also helps to further reduce swelling.Cyrotherapy machinesThese units run from a mains electricity supply and provide boots and pads which have a ow of coolant consistently running through them. This provides the areas covers with a consistent pre-selected temperature to cool to and a low level massage eect via the movement of the uid. FMBs Therapy Systems recommend the Frio machine as we like the accuracy and reliability.Ice BootsHere at FMBs we recommend the Ice Horse Boots. These are easy to use wraps providing uniform compression and coverage to reduce inammation and heat from various parts of the horse’s body, including hard to reach places such as sties, backs and hooves. There are a few dierent ways in which you can cool your horse’s legs:FMBsTop: Ice Horse Stie wrapsAbove: Ice Horse Suspensory wraps Left: Ice Horse Hoof bootsRight: Frio Cryotherapy machineProducts include:• Tendon wraps• Suspensory wraps• Knee wraps• Hock wraps• Stie pads• Back pads• Knee to fetlock wraps• Full hind hock to fetlock • Hoof boots• Emergency wraps.The cold packs will freeze to a snow-like consistency within 4-5 hours. Being snow-like they mould to the horse’s leg for maximum coverage and you don’t end up with any warm strips as there are no small pockets or seams in the ice packs causing the edges to warm faster. Additionally, the ice packs will stay cold for up to 2 hours (or longer if kept with ice packs in a freezer bag or box), which is very benecial when travelling to day shows with no access to a freezer or even just your yard. Ice Horse also provide a good range of products for people and dogs and the ice inserts can be purchased separately should you need extra cooling without the need to buy additional boots.

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26Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17 Vincente Dog Who Taught Me Anything Was PossibleBy Lisa StilwellEssex Rivers Clinical Canine Massage, Member of the Canine Massage Guild and University Clinical Trials Co-OrdinatorMeet Vincent – an 11 year old Masti X who lives with Keedra and the rest of his human and canine family.Vincent has several veterinary diagnoses including: • Bilateral Hip Dysplasia – a condition where there is a malformation of the hip joint.• Spondylosis – a degenerative condition of the spine characterised by the formation of bony spurs.• Osteoarthritis – degeneration of the joint cartilage and underlying bone aecting multiple joints.• Previous bilateral Cruciate Ligament surgery.Owner’s PerceptionIn September 2018 I was contacted by Keedra. Vincent had been very unwell and she had made the very dicult decision that it was time for Vincent to make his nal journey. He was on a lot of pain relief, unable to enjoy walks, and the previous 10 months had been very dicult. Keedra felt that Vincent had no quality of life.Keedra heard about Clinical Canine Massage from a friend whose dog I had treated earlier that year and was aware that I had trained for 2 years with the Canine Massage erapy Centre in 4 disciplines of massage; Swedish, Sports, Deep Tissue and Myofascial Release, and specically the Lenton Method™. She put her trust in me, I was her very last resort Vincent’s appointment at the Vet was cancelled.Clinical Canine Massage TherapyI remember very clearly the rst day that I met Vincent, he came to the door to greet me, a beautiful gentle giant with the sweetest nature. As we went outside to assess Vincent’s gait and posture I must confess, my heart sank. Vincent was able to shue along no more than a few steps before stopping for a rest. We spoke in depth about Vincent’s medical history and his Clinical Canine Massage treatment plan. We agreed that it was clear that the main priority was to provide comfort to Vincent in his nal few weeks, Keedra and the rest of the family were realistic about Vincent’s prognosis but hopeful that they would all have one last Christmas together.As I palpated Vincent’s muscles assessing for tenderness, changes in tone, injuries and changes in temperature it was evident that Vincent had many muscular issues including:Myofascial Pain – a condition that aects the fascia (connective tissue) that envelopes every organ, muscle and bone in the body. When fascia becomes restricted it becomes dysfunctional and causes many symptoms such as restricted range of movement, tight skin and an increase in pain sensitivity.Hypertonicity – higher than normal resting tone in the muscle caused by a persistent state of contraction. Vincent felt like a rock the rst time I touched him, he was hard and inexible and had extremely poor range of movement in all four limbs.Strains – tears in a muscle caused by over stretching. Vincent had multiple strains.

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27 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17 How Did The Lenton Method™ Help Vincent?Prior to the application of the Lenton Method, used exclusively by Canine Massage Guild Members, I prepared Vincent’s muscles and fascia by using a selection of other techniques from the four disciplines of Swedish massage, sports massage, deep tissue and indirect myofascial release massage. e 2 year Clinical Canine Massage Practitioner Programme run by the Canine Massage erapy Centre and further Continuing Professional Development with them have provided me with close to 200 massage techniques. Each dog is an individual who receives a bespoke treatment tailored to their individual needs.Each time I have treated Vincent he has trusted me, worked with me and become one of my most trusted teachers. Vincent is a very special dog, he taught me that anything was possible!Vincent’s Improvement• Visibly looks and seems much happier in himself• More relaxed• Improved mobility• Sleeping better• Able to go through the dog ap again• Improvement in chronic pain leading to a reduction in medicationAer three initial treatments I have continued to see Vincent on a monthly basis, I last saw Vincent in July 2019, he is now in the very twilight of his years. Following his treatment Keedra posted a lovely recommendation.“Vincent had his tenth massage today. I can not believe how massively they improve his quality of life. September 2018 he was booked for his nal journey to the vet. He’d had £4000 of platelet therapy, and his meds were on maximum at just under £600 a month. He went at. His pain was excruciating and he had no interest in life. My boy could only walk 10 steps maximumbefore folding up and laying down. It was such a shame to see on a massively stoic dog, with a happy go lucky nature. I tried Lisa Stilwell at Essex Rivers Clinical Canine Massage, but honestly didn’t expect much. Well thank God I did!! He’s still with me, and most of all happy. Lisa cannot cure his problems, but boy can she can reduce the muscle pain caused by them!! Vin celebrates his 12th birthday in around 7 weeks!! A huge milestone for a masti. Clinical massage has given us more time. Its been a gi, a second chance to enjoy his autumn years properly”e Lenton Method is currently being trialled by Winchester University and Sparsholt University in the worlds rst ever clinical trials in canine massage therapy.The ocial online register of Clinical Canine Massage Therapists can be found at www.K9-MassageGuild.co.uk Put the spring back in your dog’s step withResults you can see & your dog can feel in just 1-3 sessionsAre you seeing any of the following:• Lameness / limping / stiffness• Difculty going up or down stairs• Performance issues in sporting dogs• Orthopaedic conditions: Arthritis, Hip Dysplasia• Problems getting in / out of the car• Slowing down or disinterested in walks• Hopping or skipping on back legs • Slowing down before their time• Gait or posture irregularities• Neck / back / shoulder issues• Reluctant to be handled• Biting or nibbling hind limb / wrists• Change in behaviour: snappy, depressed• Crying pain or yelping• Nerves or anxietyProudly assisting Sparsholt & Winchester universities with the world’s rst ever clinical trials on clinical canine massage therapy.@www.Visit our website for more information and to find your local therapist today!

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28Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17TheraPlate UK are the ocial UK, Ireland and European distributors of the totally unique and advanced therapy platform, TheraPlate. MANUFACTURED and built in the US, the TheraPlate is a product of over 30 years research and development utilising advanced, patented Vortex Wave Circulation Therapy. The TheraPlate can be used to support sports conditioning and recovery of humans, horses, dogs and other animals. Used by vets, rehabilitation specialists, international dressage riders and Olympic showjumpers and eventers, the TheraPlate can help to maintain both working animals and pets through daily sessions or as part of a rehabilitation program. Behind TheraPlate UK is a wealth of equestrian experience as well as animal lovers, with the mission of the company being to support wellbeing and performance. Director of TheraPlate UK, Dominic Fox, founded the company after retiring from a successful horse racing career spanning over two decades. As with any high-risk sport, Dominic has had his fair share of injuries and is no stranger to recovery and rehabilitation. Dominic’s career took him all around the world from Introducing TheraPlate UKVortex Wave Circulation Therapy“Here at Ballypatrick we use the TheraPlate as part of our daily routine. It really helps with warm up and cool downs so that each horse feels their best. I’m really impressed with the TheraPlate and the horses all enjoy it!”Greg Broderick, Irish Team Showjumper and Olympian. “We have been using the TheraPlate for some time with our client’s dogs. They all take to it incredibly well. We have had such fantastic feedback from clients, especially with dogs following a rehabilitation program with us. We couldn’t be without it.” North East Canine HydrotherapyDubai to America, racing at some of the most prestigious venues. It was whilst working in America that Dominic rst discovered this unique therapy platform. The TheraPlate has played a vital role in Dominic and his family’s recovery from injuries, so naturally when oered the opportunity to distribute the TheraPlate to the European market, Dominic and his wife Francesca jumped at the chance, with Francesca quitting her job the next day! Dominic and Francesca had seen rst-hand the eects of this unique therapy platform on both racehorses and humans and have total faith in the product. Dominic and Francesca’s passion for equestrian performance and commitment to giving back to the sport is at the forefront of the company. It’s this passion which drives the company forward as TheraPlate UK continues to grow from strength to strength. Now branching into the animal sector further, the TheraPlate has fantastic feedback from vets and chiropractors alike who have used the TheraPlate as part of a program with smaller animals. What sets the TheraPlate aside from other therapy platforms on the market is its unique, patented technology. Vortex Wave Circulation Therapy does not vibrate and is the result of over 30 years research and development in the USA. With a range of unit sizes to suit horses, humans and other animals, the benets of Vortex Wave Circulation Therapy can be enjoyed by all. The TheraPlate is completely mobile and easy to transport with handles and screw in feet for convenience, making it eortless to take to shows or events to support performance, warm up and cool down. The smallest unit (K4) is just 2ft x 2ft, ideal for smaller animals as well as housing at home. The largest unit, the K21 TheraPlate, can hold over 3,000lbs but is still light enough to be transported and operated by a simple dial system on the control box with plenty of accompanying support online and via the free downloadable app. The exclusive benets of the TheraPlate are enjoyed by satised clients all around the globe, reporting positive improvements to their animal’s performance and recovery from injury. The TheraPlate is available to purchase with exible nance options through Moorgate Equestrian Finance. For further information visit www.theraplateuk.com or contact TheraPlate UK directly on 0800 955 2016 or hello@theraplateuk.com.

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33 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Tackling Inherited Orthopaedic Problems in DogsSchool of Veterinary MedicineVet School Main BuildingDaphne Jackson RoadUniversity of SurreyGuildford, GU2 7ALSURREY.AC.UK/VETFor further information please go to: http://www.dbrg.uk/dbrg-symposium-2019.htmlor contact Carol Fowler at - carol.fowler@dbrg.uk. Places are limited to 150 so reserve your place quicklySymposium for vets, vet students, dog owners, dog breeders,vet nurses, breed health co-ordinators, dog welfare organisations, and anyone interested in canine welfare.Sunday 6 October 201910.00 – 16.00£55 per person£25 Students and Breed Health Co-ordinatorsPromoting the breeding of sound, healthy dogsAnimal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 16Lauren Aston, Exeter, UK. Tel: 07875 951632 kate@PickPocketforagers.com www.PickPocketforagers.comLauren Aston, Exeter, UK.Recommended by canine professionals and vetswww.pickpocketforagers.comEMAIL kate@PickPocketforagers.comTEL07875 951632My young border collie Thessie LOVES her PickPocket For-ager. It occupies and mentally stimulates her and is helping to improve her nose work skills ready for competition. As a canine behaviourist and nose work competitor, I strongly recommend these to all dog owners. David Svennelid, canine behaviourist & trainerSwedish Dog Academy | www.swedishdogacademy.comThe puppies in my class LOVE exploring the PickPocket Forag-ers – one even ate his evening meal from it! In my grooming salon, the PickPocket Forager helped to make puppy Angel’s first visit really enjoyable and she happily snuled in the pockets while being combed. This made her first grooming experience really positive.Karen Backhouse, APDT trainer & groomerGuiding Paws Training | www.GuidingPaws.co.ukI purchased the PickPocket floor forager as I love the idea of gentle foraging to keep Digger, my Dachshund, engaged. When it arrived, I was amazed at the quality of the product and also love that it can be washed and dried easily. I would highly recommend whole range of PickPocket Foragers!Claire Bradford, Dog owner Sophie never tires of her PickPocket Foragers! She has a floor forager, a crate forager and a set of pouches. Foraging is obviously so very rewarding and no maer how often we use them, they are always met with the same happiness and excitement, and no frustration. They are easy to use and yet can be adapted each time to make them a lile dierent. I think Sophie loves the soft feel of the fleece too, as she of-ten sticks her nose in the pouches and rummages about just for pleasure! And I love the fabric - it feels so soft, washes so easily, dries so quickly and looks so prey.”Sherri Steel, Dog ownerenriching dog’s lives through foragingForaging fun!Mentally stimulatingDeeply enrichingBoredom-bustingPerfect for all ages & breedsCase studies BLINDNESSScout was rescued as a puppy after being found wandering the streets of County Durham. He carries the double-merle gene, an unhealthy combination causing serious hereditary problems. Scout is blind in one eye and has limited vision in his other - but his disability has never stopped him. Scout has won many accolades including his Bronze Good Citizens Award and is a Pets As Therapy (PAT) dog. Scout’s ‘mum’ vet nurse Tracey explains how foraging helps Scout:EXERCISE RESTRICTIONGolden retriever Sophie unfortunately sustained cruciate ligament injuries, which take months to heal. As Sophie was on restricted exercise and confined to a puppy pen, her owner gave her a PickPocket for mental stimulation and to assist with rehab. Initially Sophie foraged lying down but progressed to standing to forage with the Pickpocket crate forager tied to the pen at nose height. This introduced gentle weight-bearing exercise for a few minutes. Happily Sophie is now making an excellent recovery – but still loves her daily PickPocket-ing! GENERAL ANXIETYCute cockerpoo Harry needed distracting from some unwanted behaviour. Canine behaviourist Lucy Aalders of Leaps & Hounds explains: “I recommended a PickPocket to Harry’s owner and Harry immediately loved it! Of the many interactive toys we tried, the PickPocket was the most successful in diverting Harry’s aention away from barking, chasing, jumping and licking, and the foraging motivated him to eat more.” “Scout’s eye problems mean he cannot chew for long periods of time as pressure builds up in his ‘good’ eye. This is why I really appreciate the benefits of forage enrichment with PickPockets as they are completely safe for him – and I love hearing him happily snuling!”.Tracey Ison, RVN, Dog owner & Vet Nurse“Sophie’s PickPocket was a real life-saver! She desperately needed something to occupy her without placing strain on her knees and the PickPocket was ideal. The PickPocket real-ly helped with her rehab – and the cats liked it too!”Alders, Leaps & Hounds, East Devon, UK“Lovely Lucy recommended your PickPockets and we’re de-lighted. We hit a milestone recently when the doorbell rang and instead of constantly barking and running madly around, Harry only barked once and continued with his PickPocket! I was amazed (and a very proud dog-mum!). Thank you!”Lauren Aston, Exeter, UK.Case study1Case study2Case study3Recommended by canine professionals and vetsForaging fun!Mentally stimulatingDeeply enrichingBoredom-bustingPerfect for all ages and breeds• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travelenriching dogs’ lives through foragingEasily ties onto crate or penAvailable for small, medium & large cratesKeeps dog standing for grooming, clipping nails and cleaning ears etc.Set of three pouches nest inside each otherVary levels of difculty by how you fold, arrange or ll each pouchHandy for travelLies at on oor with pockets perpendicular to each otherPerfect for your dog’s dry (kibble) dinnerAvailable in small & large sizes with deep or shallow pockets• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel

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34Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Three Day Online Conference Unites Vet Rehab Therapists around the world 15-17 November 2019THE VET REHAB SUMMIT 2019, the third annual online conference hosted by Onlinepethealth, is set to be bigger and better than the preceding Webcon 2017 and 2018 and Hydrocon 2018, uniting Onlinepethealth’s three platforms – small animals, equines and hydrotherapy – into one three-day online learning and networking experience. The Vet Rehab Summit will cater to Veterinarians, Vet Technicians and Veterinary Physiotherapists who work with small animals, equines or in hydrotherapy. Attendees will participate in the conference from the comfort of their homes or oces, without the inconvenience of having to take time o from work or the expense of travelling. They’ll also reap the benets of some of the world’s leading vets and vet rehab therapists who can be gathered together at one conference ‘venue’ at a far lower cost than would be the case if they had to travel. Attendees can tailor their attendance to their specic interests, participating in just the lectures and discussions that interest them, or be present throughout the conference. World-renowned leaders in their elds will cover a myriad fascinating topics, reecting the latest research and recent practical applications in areas such as hydrotherapy for neurological dogs, the equine athlete, and obesity in small animals. As may be expected from any conference, international product developers and suppliers will be exhibiting at the Vet Rehab Summit, giving attendees the opportunity to learn about products in a way that is available only at an online conference. Watch product videos, download brochures and product research, and chat to or email exhibitors for up to 30 days after the end of the conference. The conference is set to deliver a leap forward in knowledge for all who participate.The conference has been made extra accessible in that all its material will be available for a month after the end of the live event, so that those who are not available 15-17 November may still benet from the presentations and communication with the exhibitors. It also gives those who participate in the live conference a chance to reinforce learning by re-watching the webinars as often as needed. This year, Onlinepethealth has added a little competition to the platform, so that from 16 August, when registration opens, participants can earn points and gain access to various parts of the conference for free, including key exhibitors and pre-recorded lectures. By participating in the competition, participants also stand a chance to win one of ten free registrations to the entire conference.This is truly an experience not to be missed for vets, veterinary therapists and hydrotherapists.For more information on the Vet Rehab Summit, visit: https://onlinepethealth-info.com/vetrehabsummit/VET REHAB SUMMIT

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36Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17EXERCISING dogs is critical to maintaining and optimising their health and welfare, however, dogs that are exercised inappropriately may be predisposed to injury. Whilst this is true of any dog, it is particularly prudent to ensure that an appropriate exercise programme is developed for those dogs undertaking sporting activities. ere is little evidence for appropriate tness programmes for sports dogs; furthermore, the requirements for any exercise programme will be dependent upon both the individual and the sporting activity. e requirements of dogs competing in dierent disciplines varies, hence exercise programmes must be tailored to the specic sport. For example, participation in activities such as sledding, herding and search and rescue requires endurance, whilst dogs participating in sports such as yball and agility are required to perform sharp accelerations and decelerations, turn and jump obstacles (Baltzer, 2012). Whilst we might primarily consider sports dogs to be at most risk of over-exercising, all adult dogs, perform a number of locomotor behaviours in their daily lives. Dogs may ascend and descend the stairs, jump in and out of the car and use a range of gaits from walk through to gallop when on a walk. Behaviours such as turning and other dynamic movements are of particular interest when studying locomotor behaviours as they are commonly implicated in the development of injuries. The biomechanical basis of injuriesree key components of training programmes for sporting dogs are frequency, intensity and duration of exercise (Marcellin-Little et al., 2005). Frequency can be dened as the number of exercises performed in a time period. Intensity can be dened as the load applied, for example, the speed at which the dog is moving, or the weight applied to them whilst moving. e duration can be considered as either the length of time the dog is performing the exercise, or the number of repetitions of an exercise that a dog performs. Injury can occur in a dog if the frequency, intensity and duration of exercises chosen are not suitable for the individual in question due to the underlying biomechanics of the movements that are involved. ere are some key biomechanical principles underpinning canine locomotion. When a dog’s limb contacts the ground it experiences a force called a ground reaction force (GRF), this is a principle based on Newton’s laws of motion and will occur regardless of the activity the dog is performing. e magnitude of the GRF is dependent on a variety of factors, with faster and sharp e dangers of over-exercising in the canine athleteby Luisa Dormer and Alison Willsmanoeuvres eliciting higher limb forces. Dynamic movements involving tight manoeuvres (such as those seen in agility) may represent an injury risk based on both the magnitude of the GRF experienced and the risk of slipping. Dogs have the benet of claws, which enable them to grip a surface and achieve quite an extreme lean into a bend without falling over. is is particularly the case for dolichocephalic breeds that have a narrow spacing between the forelimbs enabling them to lean into a bend in the manner of a motorcycle and maintain their speed (Alexander, 2002). If dogs do lean too much and overbalance or lose traction on the surface, they may fall and consequently risk injury from colliding with the ground and or an agility obstacle. Slipping can also occur during sudden accelerations if dogs lack traction with the surface (Williams et al., 2009).Jumping is another locomotor behaviour that may represent an increased injury risk, particularly due to the force experienced by the forelimbs when landing. Agility dogs jumping a hurdle at high speed experienced a forelimb GRF of four and a half times their body weight when landing (Pfau et al., 2011). In addition, dogs jumping down from the height of a large car boot experienced similar forelimb GRFs (Pardey et al., 2018) to those experienced during hurdle jumping (Pfau et al., 2011). is was an interesting discovery, as owners may not perceive the exertion of jumping down from the boot of a large car to be comparable to an athletic discipline such as agility. e diculty with research that measures GRFs is relating the magnitude of the Bikejoring. Photo: Fiona VaughanCANINE EXERCISE MANAGEMENT

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37 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17continued overleafforce to injury risk as it is not possible to quantify the eect of the force experienced on the internal structures of the limb in live dogs. When dogs compete in canine sports, GRF is not the only consideration in terms of injury risk. e exion and extension that the joints undergo during movements such as jumping is also important if these extend beyond the normal physiological range of movement. A recent study found that with increasing fence height, dogs had a signicant increase in extension of the sacroiliac region as they cleared the jump (Birch and Leśniak, 2013). In addition, increased exion of the forelimbs originating from the scapulohumeral and radiohumeral joints was noted during the take-o and aerial phases of the jump. e authors suggested that this exion could cause strain on the biceps brachii, repeated strain on which has been linked to bicipital tenosynovitis which has been reported to be a common condition in agility dogs (Canapp, 2007). Similarly, to GRFs, it is dicult to attribute a specic degree of exion or extension of a joint to injury predisposition, but particularly when observed in conjunction with increased force, joint angles should be taken into consideration. Risk factors in the development of injuriesWhether a dog sustains an injury as a result of exercise also depends upon the interplay between risk factors pertaining to the dog and to the environment. Factors associated with the dog include anatomical features relating to conformation such as limb length, stride length and range of motion. ese factors may not only predispose the dog to injury, but also inuence the type of injury they sustain. For example, poodles are more susceptible to compressive injuries due to their upright forelimb angulation, meaning they are less able to shock absorb their joints compared to other breeds (Davies, 2018). ere has been some suggestion that the experience of an agility dog might relate to its likelihood of sustaining an injury, with dogs having equal to or less than four years agility experience identied as an injury risk factor in a retrospective study (Cullen et al., 2013). A dierent study found no signicant dierence in the limb movements of experienced and inexperienced agility dogs on the A-frame (Williams et al., 2017). However, it was identied that inexperienced dogs used a dierent movement pattern compared to experienced dogs when jumping hurdles (Birch et al., 2016). Consequently, it is thought that the dierences observed between experienced and inexperienced dogs probably impact on their success in the sport but there is little evidence to suggest that experience aects likelihood of injury.Environmental factors that may predispose dogs to injury include the terrain upon which they are training or working and the inappropriate use of equipment that could result in chronic overuse injuries. Levy et al. (2009) suggested that the A-frame, dog walk and bar jumps used in canine agility put the shoulders and backs of dogs at increased risk of injury, and the same pieces of equipment were responsible for nearly two-thirds of injuries that resulted from contact with an obstacle. Common Injuries When exercising, dogs oen sustain injuries in one of three ways: 1) by acute trauma, 2) due to repetitive actions resulting in chronic overuse injuries and 3) as a result of pre-existing orthopaedic injuries or disease. Whilst acute injuries can themselves cause pain to the dog, they can also result in compensatory movement patterns that over time result in chronic, repetitive strain injuries. Chronic, repetitive strain injuries commonly present with subtle signs; for example, an agility or herding dog that has a reluctance to turn in a certain direction. Upon examination, dogs with chronic repetitive strain injuries may present with muscle weakness and/or stiness, swelling, heat and pain on palpation. ere is a lack of reliable data determining the incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in the canine population. It is postulated that this may be because denitive diagnosis of musculoskeletal injuries in the dog remains dicult despite improved imaging modalities (Rossmeisi et al., 2004). Furthermore, muscular injuries may be underreported, with only the more severe cases presenting at veterinary practices either as a result of owners failing to recognise subtle signs of injury in their dog, or because the injury resolves itself aer a short period. Previous research regarding the epidemiology of injuries among sporting dogs has tended to focus upon dogs participating in racing, sledding and canine agility activities. Canicross. Photo: Fiona Vaughan

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38Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17It has been reported that the most common cause of lameness in working, sporting and performing dogs are shoulder injuries (Cullen et al., 2013). e shoulder joint in the dog is complex, containing over twenty-ve muscles that allow the shoulder to undergo exion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction. is is further supported by Levy et al. (2009) who found that the most common site of injury for agility dogs was the back and shoulders. Cullen et al. (2013a) found similar results, suggesting that the front paw and shoulder were the most common sites of injury among dogs participating in agility competitions. Whilst the shoulder is purported to the most common site of injury, the most common type of injury sustained by working and sporting dogs is thought to be a muscle strain. Muscle strains occur as a result of the overstretching or overuse of a muscle-tendon unit and can be classied as mild, moderate or severe depending upon the presenting clinical signs (Anderson, 2006, p. 111). It is likely that many mild muscle strains go undiagnosed as they may not result in a change in gait or obvious pain or inammation. A muscle that has previously suered a strain injury will not retain normal exibility as a result of scar tissue formation; this predisposes the muscle to re-injury (Steiss, 2002). It has been suggested that as yball dogs tend to always turn on the box in the same direction, injuries to the carpus and tarsus are common early in the career of a yball dog (Baltzer, 2012a). It has also been proposed that since greyhounds also always turn in a single direction, injuries seen in greyhounds (such as stress fractures) may also be observed in yball dogs. In racing greyhounds, it has been demonstrated that the cyclic stresses caused by always running anti-clockwise resulted in uneven force being applied to the distal limb bones (Lipscomb et al., 2001). Racing greyhounds experience bone fatigue from repetitive cyclical loading where the microdamage induced either accumulates more quickly than the bone can repair or there is a delay between the damage occurring and the repair initiating. Where this microdamage is present in actively racing dogs, catastrophic complete distal limb fractures can occur. In contrast to agility and yball, canicross is an endurance sport hence the specic injury risks slightly dier. In a recent study by Lafuente and Whyle in 2018, the most common injuries dogs sustained were lacerations, abrasions and punctures, followed by muscle and tendon injuries. Dogs most oen sustained lacerations to the feet, but most recovered to return to competition.Recommendations to reduce injury riskIt is recommended that where activities involve fast, dynamic movements they be performed on a surface that can provide some traction to assist grip and some compliance to reduce the concussive impact of jump landings. A study identied that changing from grass to sand increased safety at some greyhound tracks (Iddon et al., 2014), however there are limited studies investigating the eect of surface on canine locomotion. Whilst sand surfaces can provide an ideal combination of grip and cushioning, if they are too deep this may be detrimental. Equine research demonstrated that horses that regularly trained on a surface that became deep in wet weather were more likely to sustain injuries than those that trained on rm ground (Murray et al., 2010).As agility dogs experience increased extension of the sacroiliac region when jumping higher hurdles, it is important that dogs do not jump hurdles outside of that recommended for their height. As the experience of the handler and the dog in canine agility was a factor associated with decreased injury risk, it could be suggested that inexperienced dog-handler combinations are avoided. Whilst limited experimental research has been conducted on the eect of a warm-up in dogs, based on some evidence from human and equine studies, many authors, including Baltzer (2012), have recommended that a ten to een minute warm-up of walking or trotting is advisable for dogs competing in canine sports. Where concern exists regarding the repetitive nature of jump landings, for dogs exiting the car, owners could consider investing in a ramp, particularly for dogs with existing forelimb pathologies or for those that are overweight. With regard to jumping agility or yball hurdles, owners should be careful to not over train their dog and allow sucient recovery times between sessions. As it has been purported that the unidirectional turn in yball could elicit similar cumulative injuries to those observed in racing greyhounds, it is important for owners and their veterinarians to be vigilant for signs of long bone pain in their dogs.CANINE EXERCISE MANAGEMENTTop: Box turn. Photo: Elise Everett Above: Hoopers. Photo: Elaine ArmstrongBelow: Flyball. Photo: Charlotte Hickey

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39 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Animal and AgricultureHartpury UniversityHartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BEwww.hartpury.ac.ukHartpury is a specialist educational provider located in Gloucestershire with more than 3,600 college and university level students studying postgraduate and undergraduate degrees, A-levels and diplomas in the areas of sport, equine, animal, agriculture and veterinary nursing.If dogs have existing injuries or other medical problems, it is important that owners consult with their veterinarian before they participate in canine sports. Research has suggested that maintaining a lean body mass can decrease the likelihood of dogs sustaining digit injuries when competing in agility (Sellon et al., 2008), hence it may be advisable that dogs that are overweight achieve a normal weight prior to participation in high intensity canine sports. In summary, whilst dogs can sustain injuries engaging in canine sports, these risks can be mitigated through taking sensible precautions such as building up training slowly, ensuring that dogs are of a healthy weight and incorporating warm-up regimes into training sessions. Where dogs partake in dynamic sports such as agility and yball, this should be performed on an appropriate surface that provides dogs with sucient grip. It is recommended that owners take their dog to their veterinarian on a regular basis to check that there are no underlying health issues that would make certain sports inadvisable and so that any potential injuries can be detected early.REFERENCESAlexander, R. M. (2002) Stability and manoeuvrability of terrestrial vertebrates. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (1), pp. 158-164. Anderson, A. (2006) ‘Muscle and tendon injuries’, in Houlton, J. E. F., Cook, J. L., Innes, J. F., and Langley-Hobbs, S. J. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal Disorders. Gloucester: BSAVA. Baltzer, W. (2012) Preventing injury in sporting dogs. Veterinary Medicine. 107, pp. 178-183.Baltzer, W. (2012a) Sporting dog injuries. Veterinary Medicine. 107, pp. 166-177. Birch, E., Carter, A., and Boyd, J. (2016) An examination of jump kinematics in dogs over increasing hurdle heights. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 12 (2), pp. 91-98. Birch, E. and Leśniak, K. (2013) Eect of fence height on joint angles of agility dogs. The Veterinary Journal. 198 (1), pp. e99-e102. Canapp Jr, S. O. (2007) The canine stie. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 22 (4), pp. 195-205. Cullen, K. L., Dickey, J. P., Bent, L. R., Thomason, J. J. and Moens, N. M. (2013) Survey-based analysis of risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility training and competition events. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 243 (7) pp. 1019-1024. Cullen, K. L., Dickey, J. P., Bent, L. R., Thomason, J. J. and Moens, N. M. M. (2013a) Internet-based survey of the nature and perceived causes of injury to dogs participating in agility training and competition events. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 243 (7), pp. 1010-1018.Davies, L. (2018) Care of the Canine Athlete. A Complete Guide to Sports Dog Fitness. Warminster: First Stone Publishing. Iddon, J., Lockyer, R. H. and Frean, S. P. (2014) The eect of season and track condition on injury rate in racing greyhounds. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 55 (8), pp. 399-404. Lafuente, P. and Whyle, C. (2018) A retrospective survey of injuries occurring in dogs and handlers participating in canicross. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 31 (5), pp. 332-338.Levy, I. M., Hall, C. B., Trentacosta, N. and Percival, M. (2009) A preliminary retrospective survey of injuries occurring in dogs participating in canine agility. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 22 (44), pp. 321-324. Lipscomb, V. J., Lawes, T. J., Goodship, A. E., and Muir, P. (2001) Asymmetric densitometric and mechanical adaptation of the left fth metacarpal bone in racing greyhounds. Veterinary Record. 148 (10), pp. 308-311. Marcellin-Little, D. J., Levine, D. and Taylor, R. (2005) Rehabilitation and Conditioning of Sporting Dogs. Veterinary Clinics Small Animal Practice. 35 (6), pp. 1427-1439. Murray R. C., Walters, J. M., Snart, H., Dyson, S. J. and Parkin, T. D. H. (2010) Identication of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses. The Veterinary Journal. 184 (1), pp. 27-36. Pardey, D., Tabor, G., Oxley, J.A. and Wills, A.P. (2018) Peak forelimb ground reaction forces experienced by dogs jumping from a simulated car boot. Veterinary Record, 182 (25), pp. 716-716.Pfau, T., De Rivaz, A. G., Brighton, S. and Weller, R. (2011) Kinetics of jump landing in agility dogs. The Veterinary Journal. 190 (2), pp. 278-283. Rossmeisi, J. H., Rohleder, J. J., Hancokck, R. and Lanz, O. I. (2004) Computed tomographic features of suspected traumatic injury to the ilipsoas and pelvic limb musculature of a dog. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 45 (5), pp. 388-392. Sellon, D. C., Martucci, K., Wenz, J. R., Marcellin-Little, D. J., Powers, M. and Cullen, K. L. (2018) A survey of risk factors for digit injuries among dogs training and competing in agility events. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 252 (1), pp. 75-83.Steiss, J. E. (2002) Muscle disorders and rehabilitation in canine athletes. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 32(1), pp. 267-285. Williams, J. M., Jackson, R., Phillips, C., and Wills, A. P. (2017) The eect of the A-frame on forelimb kinematics in experienced and inexperienced agility dogs. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 13 (4), pp. 243-249. Williams, S. B. Tan, H., Usherwood, J. R. and Wilson, A. M. (2009) Pitch then power: limitations to acceleration in quadrupeds. Biology Letters. 5 (5), pp. 610-613.

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40Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17RadiofrequencyIs it a game changer?INDIBA ANIMAL HEALTHby Helen Walsh, BSc, MCSP, HCPC, Clinical Lead U.K. & IrelandMy answer to this question now is easy, YES ! How I got to that answer begins 5 years ago, when I was rst introduced to INDIBA®; a radiofrequency device, rst engineered in 1983 to treat humans and developed further to be used on animals. MY HUMAN EXPERIENCEI was approached by an ex-colleague asking if I’d heard of radiofrequency being used by therapists, not really is it shortwave? Was my response. He started to try and explain the device and how it worked, I let him rattle on a bit about how it dramatically reduced pain, accelerated healing, managed inammation and you could treat both acute and chronic, on and on, until he started talking about stem cell proliferation. WHOAH, hold your horses! It does what?My cynical, critical brain that has been hard wired that way from all those critiques of research during my degree kicked in, “stop right there, there is no way that it can do all of that, is it a magic wand?” I scoed, my eyes rolling. is sounds too good to be true. I agreed to trial a device to prove my own opinion; there would not be any signicant dierence using INDIBA. is was despite being shown published evidence to the contrary and 90% of premiership football teams already using INDIBA!I was wrong, I fully admit it. My patients loved the treatment and to my constant surprise their outcomes improved. I have a list of complex polytrauma cases as well as run of the mill musculoskeletal patients with some professional sports thrown in for good measure. To test it out, I selected the very worst cases on my list to start with. A polytrauma patient with 12 months of non-unions in the spine, pelvis, femur and tibia. His leg was permanently ice cold to touch. On C.T. scans the plates and screws, along with the fracture conguration, looked the same as the day they went in. He was listed for further surgery and adamantly didn’t want it. So, we gave it a go as a last chance and without much hope. I treated directly over the metal work (it’s not contraindicated with INDIBA, a rarity with electrotherapy). He also had a pressure sore on his sacrum that aer 12 months had still not closed. On the advice of the medical department in INDIBA I treated around it without disturbing the dressings. To his, mine and his Consultants utter amazement, he started to heal. e following C.T 2 months later showed bone growth! Surgery was cancelled. e pressure sore closed in 6 weeks. His chronic pain reduced, and his muscles were getting stronger. He could walk without his crutches and make it upstairs. He was one of my worst cases. I started to believe the claims. Patients with Osteoarthritis (OA) improved signicantly, those with chronic tendinopathies were resolving, chronic back pain was reducing; I hasten to add that I continued giving advice, exercise prescription and manual therapy, the eect was cumulative. Prof. Tim Watson talks a lot about electrotherapy being an eective element of treatment in the whole package of care when used at the right time, at the optimum dose, with the best modality for the eect you want on that tissue. How is it doing this?INDIBA delivers an electromagnetic current at a constant and stable radiofrequency (RF) of 448kHz, this enables the device to have a sub-thermal bio-stimulation eect, meaning you can treat post operatively and in the acute stage of an injury, “e 448kHz frequency initiates a linear ion ow resulting in intercellular exchange and a cascade of biochemical processes in the cell” (Hernadez-blue et al 2016). By increasing the power (the RF remains the same), a thermal eect deep in the tissue results. ere is no restriction to the depth of treatment, hair and skin aren’t a barrier unlike other forms of electrophysical agents. Is It safe? For 19 years there has been ongoing molecular research that has proven this specic RF is safe, is eective at proliferation and dierentiation of stem cells including chondrogenesis, and they have established the transduction pathways (Henández-Blue et al 2014, Henádez Blue et al 2016 & Hernádez-Blue et al 2017). It’s been used on humans since 1983 in Spain and Italy and now is used globally with over 25,000 devices in use. INDIBA Animal Health was developed as a result of the success on humans with the Equine; VET905 and Companion animal AH100 being launched. e research is building, the results are consistent with the electromagnetic eld evidence which is vast as well as the unique eects to this type of application. CDcontinued overleaf

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42Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17TreatmentTo deliver the treatment you have an active electrode (in your hand that you can move) and a neutral one (return plate, in static contact). e electromagnetic current travels out of the active electrode into the body, the circuit is completed by the current travelling all the way through the body to the return plate. When treating horses, the plate is strapped to the sternum for the duration, while the therapist could be treating anywhere including over the sacroiliac joint. e current will pass through and around the joint, the same for a hock or a fetlock. ere are two main treatment modes that can be delivered; ‘Sub-thermal’ (no discernable heating eect in tissue) and ‘ermal’. e eects of Bio-stimulation, vascularization and hyperactivation are described in Figure 1. Recently there have been some key pieces of published research from Binoy Kumaran and Prof. Tim Watson. ey evaluated the treatment for its eect on blood ow, in the research they showed that even at low power output (bio-stimulation) there is an increase of deep blood ow, at higher power outputs (vascularization) there was a signicant increase in blood ow and volume (Kumaran, Herbland & Watson 2016). is year they published their knee OA research, an RCT in the NHS that showed clinically signicant reduction in pain by 66% (Fig.2.) as well as a 45% reduction in WOMAC scores that measure function in OA.ANIMAL EXPERIENCEIn veterinary medicine, the studies in horses and pets have had extraordinary results on the recovery of injuries and the management of pain. Case studies into tendinopathy, OA, Sacroiliac pain, desmopathies as well as trauma injury and post op recovery, to name a few, have been conducted with many more ongoing. e feedback from therapists globally using INDIBA animal health has been overwhelmingly positive with even the toughest dressage rider critics raving about the dierence in their horse. In many cases, therapists, who know the horses well and what they have been able to achieve with other electrotherapies have been delighted with the feedback from their riders who have noticed signicant changes in the horses movement. e animals are relaxed during the treatment with some almost falling asleep. As always, every animal is an individual and for those more sensitive patients, having the ability to increase and decrease the power output has made the dierence between being able to treat and not. Even at a low output we know the animal is still receiving the same dose of RF and as such is benetting just as much as those who are happy with a higher output from the onset.Dog owners have been delighted to see their arthritic best friend get their ‘bounce’ back. For therapists it can enable treatment of challenging cases whereby pain can be managed so exercise or manual therapy work can begin. Having only launched into the UK this year, expect to start seeing them pop up with educational events featuring Prof. Tim Watson amongst other leading names. 5 years later and I now work for INDIBA as the Clinical Lead in the UK since the oce opened here in November 2018. I’ve been using it since that rst introduction. Over the years I’ve been asked by uncertain therapists about it and hear those same objections I had. My advice to them is ‘try it!’. I now lecture on the science and application supporting clinicians and professional teams in their protocols with injury prevention and treatment. I look forward to what the future holds with this technology as there is so much scope, its completely changed my own opinion of electrotherapy and I’ve never read so much on biophysics! It has fascinated me, what if we can treat more without pharmaceuticals? I start my PhD early next year to contribute to the valuable research into radiofrequency at 448kHz. Fig.2. Fig.3 Post-op day 2, dog relaxed receiving INDIBA treatment. BIO-STIMULATIONSubthermal eﬀect on tissues and cells. The 448 kHz frequency induces intratissue biostimulation, which generates:· Movements in the extracellular matrix· Cell nutrition· Increased cell metabolismVASCULARISATIONIn addition to biostimulation and vascularisation:· Increased tissue microcirculation and vasodilation· Increased blood ﬂow· Oxygenation of cells and tissues· Tissue drainage· Increased cell metabolismHYPERACTIVATIONIn addition to biostimulation and vascularisation: · Increased cell metabolism· Detox eﬀect on the tissue, drainage of toxins· Modiﬁes the tissue balance to counteract ﬁbrosis and activate the endogenous tissue regeneration mechanismUSE WITH CAUTION IN VETERINARY Unique thermal and subthermal eﬀect, which aﬀects the tissuein three waysFig.1.

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43 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Cervical vertebral malformation is a complex syndrome involving compressive lesions of the spinal cord. e condition aects both the dog and horse and the true etiology is poorly elucidated and is subsequently determined multifactorial.e pathogenesis of the disease has dierences between species and breeds, yet the clinical signs and resultant global physiological eects are the same. e prognosis is generally guarded and much controversy surrounds its treatment.In this two part series of articles we explore both surgical and conservative treatment techniques.CERVICAL SPONDYLOMYELOPATHY (CSM) encompasses numerous spondylopathies of the canine and equine patient (Homan and Clarke 2013; Steven 2013; Murthy et al 2014). It is the predominant cause of ataxia in horses (Mattoon 2009; Hahn 2010; Carr and Maher 2014), and the most frequently encountered disease of the cervical vertebral region of large and giant breed dogs (Homan and Clarke 2013; Steven 2013; Lima et al 2015).Pathogenesise condition is characterised by extradural compression of the cervical spinal cord parenchyma or nerve roots and is considered analogous despite the etiopathogenesis diering between species (Levine et al 2008). It may arise as a consequence of abnormalities of the cervical vertebral body, intervertebral discs, spinal ligaments, or combinations of, respectively (Homan and Clarke 2013; Murthy et al 2014). Determination of the signalment and aected anatomy via diagnostic imaging, allows sub classication of the disease as either developmental or degenerative, however the aetiology and pathogenesis of both remains poorly understood (Armstrong et al 2014; Carr and Maher 2014; Murthy et al 2014). ere are two recognized forms of the disease in both the dogs and horse. While there is clear delineation of the signalment and pathophysiology of both the dog and horse, there is greater clarication and sub classication of causation in the dog; with osseous associated (OA – CSM) and disc associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA – CSM) referred to within the literature. e condition in the horse is however described using the broader terms of type 1 and 2 (Hahn 2010; Carr and Maher 2014).Canine Osseous Associated Cervical SpondylomyelopathyOsseous associated CSM typically occurs in young giant breed dogs such as the Burmese mountain dog, Mastis, Saint Bernard and Newfoundland (Delamide Gasper et al 2014); with Great Danes being over represented (Armstrong et al 2014; Murthy et al 2014). It is considered the static form of CSM as cervical spinal cord compression occurs secondary to vertebral canal stenosis as a result of proliferation, bony malformation and osteoarthritic changes of the cervical vertebral articular process, zygapophyseal joints, pedicles and dorsal lamina (Armstrong et al 2014; Murthy et al 2014). Compression is most commonly reported between the fourth (C4) and seventh (C7) cervical vertebrae (CV) (Steven 2013) and may occur dorsally, dorsolaterally or laterally. e sites of compression has been in part attributed to diering kinematics and biomechanical features of the neck with 3 times more axial rotation and torsion in the caudal CV versus the cranial CV (Johnson et al 2014). It is not known why the osteoarthritic changes occur within aected dogs (Armstrong et al 2014), yet due the early onset of disease presentation, Platt and da Costa (2012) suggest OA-CSM to be a congenital. It remains unclear if there is a hereditary component, however a familial predisposition was historically identied by Denny et al (1977) and it is thought that due to the high breed specicity there is likely a genetic component but this has not yet been investigated (Steven 2013). Cervical Spondylomyelopathy PART Iby Danielle Pountain, RVN, Dip HE CVN, Dip AVN (SA)continued overleaf43 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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45 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Equine Type 1 Cervical SpondylomyelopathyType 1 CSM is most commonly observed in young, rapidly growing male horses. Vertebral trabeculae bony abnormalities are similar to those seen in osteochondrosis and epiphysitis of the appendicular skeleton with cartilage retention and dissecting lesions of the joint surface being a macroscopic feature (Carr and Maher 2014). Type 1 CSM is believed to be a manifestation of developmental orthopaedic disease and aected individuals may demonstrate concurrent joint eusions, osteochondrosis and exural limb deformities, however a direct cause and eect relationship has not been identied (Rush 2009). Cervical vertebrae 3-4 and 4-5 are the most common sites of compression (Rush 2009).Equine Type 2 Cervical Spondylomyelopathyis form of CSM is most commonly reported in older horses and is described as static stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal secondary to OA of the caudal articular process joints, resulting in spinal cord compression (Homan and Clarke 2013).e cases of equine CSM are poorly understood and both forms of CSM in the horse are considered multifactorial with malformation, breed, sex, age, osteochondrosis of the dorsal articular facets, repeated microtrauma and nutrition all considered to play a role (Rush 2009; Levine et al 2010; Homan and Clarke 2013; Carr and Maher 2014). e physical sources of spinal cord compression are considered to be diverse, with vertebral canal stenosis, vertebral column malarticulation, articular process hypertrophy, ligamentum avum hypertrophy, physeal aring and synovial cyst formation reported. ese abnormalities may develop singularly or in combinations and the compressions occur predominantly at cervical vertebrae 5-6 and 6-7 (Rush 2009).CSM has been reported in most light and dra breeds. oroughbreds are considered to have a high breed predisposition with Rush (2009) suggesting approximately 2% of the population are clinically aected, while between 10-50% have characteristic developmental malformation of the cervical vertebrae without spinal cord compression.Clinical signse clinical signs may be either acute or insidious in onset and are oen progressive (Carr and Maher 2014; Platt and da Costa 2012), they do not dier between species or as a consequence of causation as the global pathophysiology of cervical spinal cord compression and the upper and lower motor neurone consequences are unchanged (Rush 2009; Martin-Vaquero et al 2014). e most common presentation in both the dog and horse is gait disturbance (De Decker et al 2012), however aected animals exhibit variable clinical signs and degrees of dysfunction, ranging from neck pain, behavioural changes, altered gait and posture (Carr and Maher 2014), ataxia, tetraparesis or tetraplegia (Lima et al 2015), as a consequence of degeneration of the ascending proprioceptive and descending upper motor neuron pathways that modulate temporospatial awareness and motor function (Carr and Maher 2014).Clinical symptoms are due to compression of the cervical spinal cord and degeneration of the ascending proprioceptive pathways and descending upper motor neurone pathways that modulate motor function and postural control (Carr and Maher 2014). Patients exhibit a wide based pelvic limb stance and hypermetric thoracic limb locomotion, with shortened protraction and lowered arc of ight (Rush 2009; Stevens 2013). Postural adaptions included lowered head and neck carriage and gait dysfunction can be exacerbated by circling, inclines, raising of the head and backing up (Rush 2009; Stevens 2013). Ataxia and proprioceptive loss is manifested in pelvic limb circumduction and truncal sway (Rush 2009). Horses with moderate of severe neurological decits will exhibit trauma of the cranial aspect of the thoracic limb and heel bulb due to overreaching with pelvic limbs as a consequence of poor proprioception (Rush 2009); while dogs with similar decits may exhibit excessive nail wear and trauma to the cranial aspect of the digits due poor ground clearance. e severity of clinical signs does not readily correlate with the severity of spinal cord compression with many patients exhibiting marked abnormalities when imaged with perceived neurological normalcy (da Costa et al 2006; da Costa 2010; Platt and da Costa 2012; Steven 2013; Murthy et al 2014;). ere is not yet a validated objective set of prognostic indicators to aid clinicians in treatment selection (Steven 2013). e pelvic limbs are unanimously reported to be more severely aected in presenting patients as the tracts that modulate their movement lie laterally to those that modulate the thoracic limbs and are consequently more severely compressed (Carr and Maher 2014).In the next article in this series we shall discuss diagnosis and treatment.45 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17

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46Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17THE use of home ‘self ’ treatment using electrotherapy1 is well recognised in human based physiotherapies. Typically, but not exclusively, using portable electrostimulation (i.e. TENS) units2, they oer advantages of regular treatments as well as reducing travelling and consultation time (to see a practitioner). Whereas electrostimulation is arguably the most common home electrotherapy for humans, this is not necessarily the case for canine patients. is article will review and discuss 3 types of electrotherapies (PEMF, LLLP, EMS)3 all commonly used for canine patients. I will then apply them to typical cases based on my perspective as a physiotherapist. Why use electrotherapies?Benets of electrotherapies include reduced swelling, relieving pain, enhancing healing and increasing muscle strength4. Typically, they oer short-term benets5 that assist with the earlier introduction of other physiotherapy-based modalities such as massage, mobilisation, stretching and therapeutic exercise.A potential drawback of electrotherapies is that they require frequent applications. For example:• To benet from PEMF therapy, daily or twice daily applications may be required6.• For LLLP acute conditions typically require some 4 to 6 applications, whereas chronic conditions may require 10 or more sessions7.• A study in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain found a cumulative eect for TENS in pain reduction after repeated applications8.Home electrotherapyA practitioner’s perspectiveby Alan Gardner, PgD A. Phys, MDip, DipMgmt, IAAT. Electrotherapies for home useAlthough any electrotherapy approved for canine use could be used ‘at home’, considerations such as application skills, contraindications and machine costs dictate those which are generally used. Of the 3 mentioned above EMS9 has been used for many years, PEMF10 nds widespread use today and with the increased availability and popularity of LLLP11 12, this too is now an option.ElectrostimulationElectrostimulation (which includes both NMES13 and TENS14) is the application of low intensity, pulsed current which delivers a ow of ions into tissue. is initiates chemical changes at the electrode / tissue junction. Electrostimulation has been recommended for home use for many years now15, with manufacturers oering ‘canine specic’ units16.Advantages of electrostimulation:• Modication of pain perception17• Induces muscle contraction18• Tissue growth and Increase in cell metabolism19Although this modality is proven and highly eective, it can be dicult to apply due to the need for clipping to apply electrodes20 and a need for precise knowledge of the patient’s anatomy21. It also has potential negative side eects including fatigue22 as well as the availability of other easier to apply modalities.PEMFArguably the easiest electrotherapy to apply to a canine patient, PEMF promotes tissue repair by subjecting the bones, ligaments, muscles and tendons to controlled electromagnetic elds23. It induces electrical charges around tissue cells. is improves the local blood and oxygen supply thus stimulating repair, giving pain relief24 and facilitating nerve regeneration25.Figure 2 PEMF is very simple to applyFigure 1 Applying electrostimulation

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47 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17continued overleafAdvantages of PEMF:• Area treatment with no clipping required• Limited side eects, even for long term conditions such as osteoarthritis• Treats a wide range of conditions including soft tissue, orthopedic and neurologicalPEMF is simply applied by having the dog lay on a mat. Dierent manufacturers recommend dierent treatment protocols and application LLLP (Laser)LLLP reduces local pain and inammation by stimulating cell mitochondrial activity, increasing production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) / specic enzymes, growth factors, and the formation of anti-bodies. e mechanism for this includes the release of Nitric Oxide, a small endogenous molecule with multiple positive eects on body systems28.times. For example, TCAP recommend repeated treatments every 4 hours for a minimum of 10 minutes26. OMI recommend twice a day for a minimum of 8-12 minutes whereas the canine epad friends system can be le running all day or triggered by the dog laying on the mat27. Interestingly they all have dierent pulse frequencies ranging from 3Hz all the way to 200Hz. For this reason, it is important to consult the specic user manual to apply the recommended frequency for any given treatment. CasesTable 1 represents typical case loads of a canine physiotherapist outlining; Objectives, recommendations for electrotherapies used at home, possible protocols and complimentary modalities. Home therapy Objective Complimentary Possible protocol**Atrophy Electrostimulation Prevent muscle Massage to Up to 15 minutesprevention wastage, particularly surrounding muscles @ 30 - 50 Hz twice in non-use of target limb daily Cruciate LLLP Tissue repair Massage to 8 – 10 treatmentsligament tear surrounding muscles over 2 – 3 weeks,(conservative) 4 – 8 J/cm per sessionHip dysplasia LLLP Reduce initial pain and Strengthening 8 – 10 treatments over(conservative) inammation before 2 – 3 weeks, 8 – 10 J/cm strengthening program per session area, can also use acupressure at 2 - 4 j/cm2 per sessionNon-specic PEMF Reduce soft tissue Massage / STR 2 to 3 times a dayMSK dysfunction* tension, promote repair using settings which improve blood owOsteoarthrosis PEMF Pain and lameness Strengthening 20 sessions, 3 times reduction a weekPost operation PEMF Reduce pain ROM As many times a day inammation as, possible following manufacturers recommendationsSpinal (muscular) LLLP Reduce pain Active stretching 8 – 10 treatments inammation over 2 – 3 weeks, 4 – 8 J/cm per session* Means diagnosis is non-specic i.e. ooading from right hind limb, limited range of movement of shoulder, etc. **Note: LLLP therapeutic dose will depend on factors which include type of unit used, fur density and depth of target tissue33. PEMF will depend on type of unit used and frequency employed34.Table 1 is given as a guide based on clinical experience using knowledge of the condition and preferred method for treating. It is accepted that modalities can be substituted and can produce similar benets35.

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48Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17Advantages of LLLP29:• Reduction of inammation and pain• Improved nerve function• Tissue repair and Increase in cell metabolismWavelengths around 800 nm have a maximum simulative eect30. ese wavelengths are typically achieved with Class IIIb and class IV laser systems. Advances in technology have bought costs of class IIIb systems down and rened the technology so that simple systems can now be used at home31. Safety protocols including wearing the appropriate safety glasses and ensuring that the canine patient eyes are not exposed to the infrared beam. Coaching for owners to correctly use LLLP at home is a critical part of the treatment protocol32.DiscussionAlthough electrostimulation can treat a wide range of problems as can be seen in table 1 “it is rarely used for anything other than increasing muscle strength in the presence of atrophy36”. So how objectively choose between PEMF and LLLT? If we consider a few key dierences:1. PEMF can be used for longer periods of time with no documented side eects37 (taking into consideration contraindications).2. PEMF can push energy deeper into the aected area; lasers have a shallower depth (typically 2 – 5 mm) *.3. PEMF can oer a full body session; lasers typically aect a smaller area in a single session.* Penetration is dependent on wavelength, tissue type and angle of application. Additionally, a 2mm penetration depth may give up to 1.2 cm in radiation38.Summarising the points above, PEMF can penetrate deeper tissue and cover larger areas. is makes it suitable for chronic conditions (i.e. osteoarthritis) or where frequent treatment with no prolonged breaks between sessions39 would be benecial (i.e. pain relief post operation). Additionally, where the issue to be treated is more area related (i.e. shoulder joint), PEMF oers the advantage of covering multiple muscles, even those located on the medial side of a bony attachment.LLLP appears to the most eective modality40 for reduction of pain41 (hip dysplasia or non-orthopaedic spinal conditions)42 in our case loads before beginning an exercise program and is comparable to therapeutic ultrasound for repairing tissue43 (conservative repair of partially torn ligament). erefore, where the condition is known and the area to treat remains relatively small, LLLP is an excellent option. SummaryElectrotherapies are widely used in physiotherapy for treatment of pain, enhance tissue healing and muscle stimulation. e use of electrotherapies at home can help optimise a patient’s recovery by oering frequent applications over longer periods of time. Modern technology has seen the development of PEMF and class IIIb LLLP (lasers) suitable for owners to apply to their animals. ese modalities have largely replaced the use of electrostimulation as the home ‘modality of choice’.Knowledge of which modality to treat a specic condition, coupled with recommended protocols are the keys to success, as well as training the owners to correctly apply the treatment and adhere to best practice guidelines to ensure both operator and patient safety. AUTHORAlan Gardner PgD A. Phys, MDip, DipMgmt, IAAT. Alan is an animal physiotherapist and practices at Hawksmoor, Nuneaton and Dunton Veterinary Clinic in the UK. He specializes in rehabilitation of performance dogs and improving gait post-surgery. At the Hawksmoor practice, there is a GAIT4DOG gait analysis treadmill which is exceptionally good for evaluating imbalances in pressure distribution of the canine limbs. This evaluation can quickly demonstrate compensatory patterns.www.smartpawsphysio.com alan@smartpawsphysio.comcontinued overleafELECTROTHERAPYFigure 3 Safe home application of LLLP. Photo courtesy of MKWFigure 4 The appropriate use of safety glasses is critical for LLLP application. Photo courtesy of MKW

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50Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 17www.animaltherapymedia.co.ukREFERENCES:1 Also known as electrophysical agents2 https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/services/physiotherapy/community/treatments-available/electrotherapy/3 Pulsed Magnetic Field Therapy, LASER, Electromuscular stimulation4 Hanks, J. Levine, D. Bockstahler, B. (2015) Physical Agent Modalities in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of Small Animals5 https://physioworks.com.au/treatments-1/electrotherapy-local-modalities [Accessed 20/07/19]6 Meyers, Bryant A.(2013) PEMF—The Fifth Element of Health: Learn Why Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy Supercharges Your Health Like Nothing Else! BalboaPress. Kindle Edition.7 https://k-laser.com/medical-professionals/faqs [Accessed 20/07/19]8 Cheing, G (2003) Optimal stimulation duration of TENS in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Article (PDF Available) in Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 35(2):62-8 · March 20039 Millis, D.L, Levine, D. & Taylor, R. (2004) Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Saunders, Missouri USA10 https://pulsepemfpro.net/pemf-therapy-for-dogs/ [Accessed 20/07/19]11 http://akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/laser-therapy-fordogs.html [Accessed 20/07/19]12 https://www.mkw-laser.de/en/veterinary-medicine/laserpen-la-x-p200/#1536217407679-eb0c7e0b-b52013 NMES typically operates at 2 - 50 Hz and are optimised to provide oedema (inammation) / scar tissue reduction and muscle strengthening. The higher frequency range is useful in patients that have suered nerve damage, as NMES can induce direct muscle contractions.14 TENS operates at +100 Hz and provides pain relief by stimulating sensory nerves. This encourages the animals own pain-gate mechanism and opioid systems to function.15 Millis, D.L, Levine, D. & Taylor, R. (2004) Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Saunders, Missouri USA16 Bockstahler, B., Levine, D., Millis, D. (2004) Essential facts of physiotherapy. Babenhausen, Germany.17 Watson, T. (2013) TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)18 Hanks, J. Levine, D. Bockstahler, B (2015) Physical Agent Modalities in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of Small Animals, Vet Clin Small Anim 45 (2015) 29–44 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.cvsm.2014.09.00219 Hahm, T, S. The Eect of 2 Hz and 100 Hz Electrical Stimulation of Acupoint on Ankle Sprain in Rats. J Korean Med Sci. 2007 Apr; 22(2): 347–351.Published online 2007 Apr 30. doi: 10.3346/jkms. 2007.22.2.347 PMCID: PMC2693606 Kitchen, S & Bazin, S (1998) Clayton’s Electrotherapy 10th Edition, Saunders Company, London, UK20 McGowan, C. Go, L. Stubbs, N. (2007) Animal physiotherapy21 Bockstahler, B., Levine, D., Millis, D. (2004) Essential facts of physiotherapy. Babenhausen, Germany.22 Walsh, D. (1997)TENS clinical applications and theory23 Goats, G. (1989) Pulsed electromagnetic (short-wave) energy therapy24 Ganesan, K. Chandrapuram, A. Balachandran, c. Bhakthavatsalam, M. (2009), Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic eld—a viable alternative therapy for arthritis. Article in Indian journal of experimental biology 47(12):939-48 · December 2009 Department of Biotechnology, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India.Source: PubMed25 F.M. Longo & T. Yang, Electromagnetic elds inuence NGF activity and levels following sciatic nerve transection (J. Neurosci Res 55( 2): 230-7, 1999)26 The College of Animal Physiotherapy (2011) Diploma in Animal Physiotherapy27 Oxford medical instruments (2018) PEMF ACTIVEMAGNET+ “MINI-MAT”USER MANUAL28 Mechanisms of Action for Infrared Light on Tissue Healing, Lumiwave (2007)29 Riegel, R.J, (2009) LASER THERAPY PRINCIPLES IN THE COMPANION ANIMAL PRACTI30 Kirchenbauer, U. Mink, M. (2014) MKW Laser systems31 https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-laser-therapy#at--home-use32 McGowan, C. Go, L. Stubbs, N. (2007) Animal physiotherapy33 Riegel, R, J. (2009) Laser therapy principles in the companion animal practice34 https://gopemf.com/how-often-pemf-treatment/35 http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/key-concepts-in-electrotherapy36 The College of Animal Physiotherapy (2011) Diploma in Animal Physiotherapy, Module 337 https://pemf-devices.com/side-eects-pemf-therapy-devices/38 Kitchen, S & Bazin, S (1998) Clayton’s Electrotherapy 10th Edition, Saunders Company, London, UK39 (14) (PDF) LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY VERSUS PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR INACTIVATION OF MYOFASCIAL TRIGGER POINTS. Available from: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/ 235746548_LOW_LEVEL_LASER_THERAPY_VERSUS_PULSED_ELECTROMAGNETIC_FIELD_FOR_INACTIVATION_OF_MYOFASCIAL_TRIGGER_POINTS [accessed Jul 30 2019].40 GD Baxter, AJ Bell, JM Allen, J Ravey, (1991) Low Level Laser Therapy: Current Clinical Practice in Northern Ireland, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(10)61696-341 Low, J. & Reed, A (2002) Electrotherapy explained, MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall42 Fuchtenbusch, A. Rosin, P. (2012) Laser therapy and laser puncture in dogs and cats43 Comparative Eects of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Injured Skeletal Muscle (2011) Ana Claudia Muniz Renno, A.C. Toma, R.L. Feitosa, S.M. Fernandes, K. Bossini, P. S. de Oliveira, P. Parizotto, N. Ribeiro, D.A. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery Volume 29, Number 1, 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Pp. 5–10 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2715Animal ﬁrst aid made easyIn June, Animal Therapy Media launched our ﬁrst Podcast and since then we have recorded many more.You can follow us on Mixcloud under Animal Therapy Media to hear our existing and new releases hot off the press.

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