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2Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15This unit is ideal for animal therapy where the unit can be powered by battery whilst in its carry bag, and be protected from the elements. Call for latest offersAnimal Therapy Productstrimbio offers a vast range of products all at very competitive prices Mobile Ultrasound with Battery & Carry BagLaser & Light Therapy From £295.00+vatWe also offer a range of Reconditioned Devices including Ultrasound, Laser, Doppler and more for Veterinary use, please visit our website for more details. 01403 597597 www.trimbio.co.uk sales@trimbio.co.uk New Digital H-WaveBio - Mag (Magnetic Therapy)Vetkin-Tape® Kinesiology Tape Vetkin-Tape® is a tape that sticks well and gives maximum results for animals as it is 20% larger than human tapes, comes in 3 sizes and starts at £6.25+vat per roll.Plus much more…..Supply and Service of Medical Devicestrimbio offers a vast range of products all at very competitive pricesAnimal Therapy Products Vetkin-Tape® Kinesiology Tape A robust tape with good ventilation. Vetkin-Tape® has 25% increased adhesiveness to other tapes. It is 20% larger than Human tapes and gives maximum results for animals.Photizo Vetcare Light Therapy UnitA simple-to-use, non-invasive treatment tool to accelerate natural healing and provide drug free pain management for degenerative conditions. £9.95 +VAT£232.50 +VATExtra Wobble CushionThis large wobble cushion (55cm dia.) is ideal for animals as £69.95 +VATNEW Digital Vet H-WaveThe new Vet H-Wave has been upgraded with xed and adjustable frequencies, a backlit screen and a lighter battery. The Vet H-wave uses a signal £1750.00 +VATIntelect Mobile Ultrasound with Pro Carry BagThis unit is ideal for animal therapy where the unit can be powered by battery whilst in its carry bag, and be protected from the elements. Call for latest pricing offerHand Held LaserA hand held system that does not require protective glasses and runs off standard AA batteries. The unit is extremely hard wearing, portable and effective within supercial and soft tissue injuries.Intelect Mobile Laser PackagesThese packages are ideal for all Animal Therapy Practicians as we can mix and match the probes & clusters to suit the required eld of treatment.Neurotrac Sports Muscle StimA dual channel muscle stim unit which has 15 preset programmes and the option to store 3 of your own custom programmes.£69.95 +VATBiomag 2 Base UnitThe Biomag 2 unit has a range of frequencies offering a range of treatment options from soft tissue injuries, fracture repair enhancement and pain relief.Prices start from £495.00 +VATthat is natural to the body. It emulates the H waveform found in nerve signals and therefore enables greater and deeper penetration of a low frequency current, whilst using signicantly less power than other machines. £295.00 +VAT2 limbs can be easily placed on the cushion, for balance and proprioception work.01403 597597 www.trimbio.co.uk sales@trimbio.co.ukCall for latest pricing offeranimal therapy ad 01 19 final.indd 1 01/02/2019 19:47

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3 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15GET IN TOUCH: Hannah Ashton – Editorhannah@animaltherapymedia.co.uk Georgia Keegan – Editorgeorgia@animaltherapymedia.co.uk Beth Lorraine - Sales Manager info@animaltherapymedia.co.uk Donna Boddie - Sales Manager donna@animaltherapymedia.co.ukVet Festival 2019 ____ 6Animal Therapy Solutions __________ 9Photizo __________ 10Canine Massage Guild ____________ 12Justo Development 14Willow Equine _____ 16Rooting for Carrot Stretches _________ 22Kate Mallatratt: Taking the Lead ___ 26Tony Nevin: Osteopathy and Manual Therapies in the media ______ 31Levi’s Blog ________ 34Fractures _________ 36Musculoskeletal Development of the Puppy ________ 41Annabelle Galt & Louise Robson: From Racehorse to Dressage Horse ____ 46New Home? ______ 50M A G A Z I N EAnimalerapyWelcome! It seems a bit strange wishing you all a happy new year in February, but as this is the rst issue of the year, we hope 2019 has so far been a good one for you and you have lots to look forward to.e team here did a sterling job of giving up various things in January. Chocolate being the biggest challenge but we made it, just. Not sure we feel any lighter or our jeans any looser, but I think we saved a few monetary pounds.January can always be a slow month, but the team really hit the ground running as we have so many exciting plans for 2019. Since conception in 2015, Animal erapy magazine as steadily grown, both in recognition and in readership. We proudly share our magazine with over 13,000 like minded people each quarter. We thought it was about time to chat to our readers as to how we are doing. Aer launching a survey, we have put many plans in place to make the magazine and our website the true hub for educating, sharing knowledge and promoting great people and products. We have a huge list of experts who are set to write fascinating articles and we will soon be bringing to you amazing opportunities to join us for days out learning anything from 'a day in the life' to watching procedures and expanding your knowledge. We will bring you more on this very soon. Keep an eye on our website.In the meantime we hope you enjoy this issue and watch out for those blooming daodils, snowdrops and all the other spring owers picking their heads up.from all at Team Animal erapy MediaISSUE 15Issued QuarterlyCONTENTSwww.animaltherapymedia.co.ukWhile every eort has been made to ensure that information is correct at the time of going to print, Animal Therapy Media Ltd cannot be held responsible for the outcome of any action or decision based on the information contained in this publication/website. The publishers or authors do not give any warranty for the completeness or accuracy for this publication’s content, explanation or opinion. No part of this publication and/or website may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form without prior written permission of Animal Therapy Media Ltd and/or the authors of the articles within. Permission is only deemed valid if approval is in writing.Front cover photo: Bounders Dog PhotographyThis unit is ideal for animal therapy where the unit can be powered by battery whilst in its carry bag, and be protected from the elements. Call for latest offersAnimal Therapy Productstrimbio offers a vast range of products all at very competitive prices Mobile Ultrasound with Battery & Carry BagLaser & Light Therapy From £295.00+vatWe also offer a range of Reconditioned Devices including Ultrasound, Laser, Doppler and more for Veterinary use, please visit our website for more details. 01403 597597 www.trimbio.co.uk sales@trimbio.co.uk New Digital H-WaveBio - Mag (Magnetic Therapy)Vetkin-Tape® Kinesiology Tape Vetkin-Tape® is a tape that sticks well and gives maximum results for animals as it is 20% larger than human tapes, comes in 3 sizes and starts at £6.25+vat per roll.Plus much more…..

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5 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15LEUCILLIN Animals Skincare were delighted to show their continued support of dog sports, sponsoring for the second year the 36th Aviemore Sled Dog Rally. e biggest event in the British sled dog racing calendar, this annual event attracts more than 3,000 spectators, 1,000 dogs and 250 mushers with breeds including Canadian Eskimo Dogs, Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Malamutes, Samoyeds and Greenland Dogs. e event takes place over the picturesque forest trails that weave around Loch Morlich at the foot of the Cairngorms.e Aviemore Rally is a real spectacle and exciting weekend of action, entertainment and education for all involved. e Mushers Market opens the event on the Friday evening, mushers collect their numbers and receive race times, it’s an opportunity to meet the sponsors and purchase your essentials for the weekends racing ahead. Due to a hard frost covering the trail in a treacherous layer of thick ice, racing on the Saturday almost didn’t happen. With the incredible help of the Forestry Commission, Scotland and a lot of hard work from both organizers and competitors to get the trails safe, racing began!Leucillin sponsored musher Peter Jones, also event organiser and four-time winner of the rally, said: “It has been a brilliant weekend, on Sunday we had snow which was a dierent trail again. It was a good covering for most of the trail, however not enough in some parts so we had to run the rigs again. Everyone had a good time.”Leucillin Antiseptic Skincare is an incredibly versatile spray, whichprovides protection against infection. With an extensive range of applications Leucillin is the perfect product to have in your rst aid kit. Leucillin is fast, eective, reliable and safe, it dramatically reduces bacterial load with no hypersensitivity reactions or usage constraints.Leucillin “tests free” for use in all competition, canine and equestrian.Working in harmony with the bodies immune system, Leucillins high ecacy fast acting formula is a straight to use product which can be used to cleanse and ush cuts, abrasions and punctures straight away with no diluting or rinsing involved, Leucillin irradiates germs on contact! Leucillin sponsored Peter and Karen Jones owners and breeders of Team Coldfeet Huskies say “Leucillin had become a major part of the medical kit and is used on many occasions. Leucillin is fantastic, at the moment I’m using it on one of our huskies torn back foot, 1-2 days it’s already healed and closing up, since we have found your product we won’t be using anything else ever again!”Leucillin are proud to sponsor a broad range of canine and equestrian sports, including CaniX Fur Nations Canicross Events, BHSRA events and races including Sleding, bikejoring and canicross and the TREC GB Summer League. Sports are a widely and inclusive way to exercise with your pet and helps owners create a bond with their animals. Canix UK has been running events for nearly 10 years and has seen a spike in popularity in recent months, with more clubs and events popping up around Britain. “At CaniX we are delighted to have Leucillin sponsor our Fur Nations Canicross Events. Canicross is the sport of cross-Country running with your dog, and our Fur Nations events will have competitors from Scotland, Wales and England battle it out in the biggest Canicross series in th U.K. Leucillin has proved to be a “must have” product in our Dog First aid box, and that of many of our athletes: from a quick spray on a graze or help with healing post-operative wounds, cracked noses or split tails, - all have us reaching for the purple bottle! We are proud to be supported by Leucillin.”Dawn RichardsFur Nations Canicross EventsLeucillin is an incredibly useful tool for any animal owner to care for their animals skin from the outside in. Coming in a range of four sizes it perfect for the rst aid kit both at home and at events as a quick reaction to a wound picked up out whilst out on the trail.To nd out more about Leucillin, please visit the website:www.leucillin.co.ukLeucillin RRP50ml Leucillin Dropper £4.99150ml Leucillin Spray £7.50250ml Leucillin Spray £9.99500ml Leucillin Spray £14.99LeucillinKeeping animal athletes in tip top condition from the outside in!

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6Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15Tickets can be purchased here: https://www.vetfestival.co.uk/delegate-info/ticket-informationFor more information about VET Festival, please visit: www.vetfestival.co.uk.The rapidly developing eld of animal rehabilitation is in the spotlight at this year’s VET Festival with two internationally-renowned rehab practitioners sharing the very latest thinking in a dedicated stream. Canadian physiotherapist Laurie Edge-Hughes holds a BSc in Physical Therapy and a Master’s in Animal Studies in Animal Physiotherapy.She is also certied in medical acupuncture and canine rehabilitation therapy. A skilled clinician and instructor, Laurie taught the rst canine physiotherapy courses in Canada, the USA and Australia and now lectures around the world at physiotherapy and veterinary congresses and as part of university programmes. At VET Festival, she will update delegates on topics including the role of laser treatment in rehabilitation, the conservative management of medial shoulder hypermobility and of cruciate deciency. She will also discuss conditioning the canine athlete.Sandra Hudson graduated from Texas A & M University with a BSc in Animal Science and an MBA from St Edwards University, later becoming one of the rst Certied Canine Rehabilitation Practitioners to graduate from the University of Tennessee. She is recognised internationally for her work in canine exercise therapy and conditioning and is experienced in methods including electrical stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound and aquatic therapy. At VET Festival, Sandra will discuss topics including rehabilitation techniques for cats and for small and senior dogs. She will discuss rehab techniques for the elbow and carpal joints.VET Festival 2019 Rehabilitation in the Spotlight7-8 June 2019 | Loseley Park, SurreyVETERINARY EDUCATION TOMORROWVET Festival, now in its fth year combines inspiring, world-class CPD for the whole veterinary team with an outdoor ‘festival’ atmosphere. In addition to a comprehensive clinical programme, this year’s event focuses on the wellbeing of veterinary professionals with global wellness guru, Lara Heimann, the keynote speaker and a star attraction. Lara is recognised globally for the unique vinyasa yoga style she has developed and regularly leads international retreats and workshops.To help delegates who are also parents, a unique ‘Family Hub’ tent in which they can watch key lectures via a livestream and participate fully in the learning on oer while their children play is also being introduced this year. A variety of activities including dressing up, arts and crafts and reading will be provided for children, together with a soft play area and an area for nursing mothers. The Family Hub is generously supported by MWI Animal Health. Commenting, Nicole Cooper, event director, said: “Rehabilitation is increasingly recognised for the role it plays in helping animals recovering from illness or trauma to regain tness and it can also help healthy animals, for instance working dogs or those involved in agility, to increase their tness and performance. “We are privileged to welcome Laurie and Sandra, two distinguished and pioneering rehab clinicians to VET Festival this year and we are sure that our delegates will learn a great deal from them and be able to take practical solutions back to their practices in order to help their own patients. “VET Festival is truly unique in bringing together cutting-edge, inspirational veterinary learning, fun and the great outdoors. Free admission to the VETFest™ Live Party Night is, of course, always a major attraction! We’re delighted at the enthusiastic response from delegates to this year’s programme and are looking forward to meeting them at this year’s event.”

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9 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15Animal erapy Solutions LimitedA career in Equine Sports Massage Therapy – do YOU have what it takes…???The Best job in the world…….Working as an Equine Sports Massage Therapist is the ultimate career for a practical and empathetic person keen to understand how to improve the horse’s performance to optimum levels with massage therapy. Knowing that you have helped your client team to achieve their personal best – whether that be at the World Championships or a local show – is a hugely gratifying feeling. The Level 3 Diploma in Equine Sports Massage trains therapists to the highest standards to be the counted among the best in the industry. Therapists have the privilege of working with a huge variety of clients and horses across all levels and disciplines, and become an integral part of the horse/rider healthcare team.The Diploma course qualies graduates to join the Equine Sports Massage Association (ESMA) – the most well established and foremost Association of its kind. The training is also accredited by the Animal Health Professions Register (AHPR). Graduates of the course are generally self employed, can manage their time exibly, may have the opportunity of working on horses at competition or at yards …. and are qualied to work on the rider too, so provide a genuinely comprehensive service. What’s not to like??But it’s tough…….Training to join the Equine Sports Massage Association starts with the Open Awards Level 3 Diploma in Equine Sports Massage Therapy (RQF) delivered by Animal Therapy Solutions Ltd.The training takes place over a minimum of 8 months, with intakes commencing both September and March. Students attend monthly 2-day tutorial, lecture and practical sessions to ensure they remain on track with progress. Each cohort of students progresses through the whole course together which means that they benet from peer support throughout the demanding, thorough and rigorously examined training process. Tutorial and pastoral support is also oered by our dedicated team who want all students to achieve their best. ATSL recognises the personal, nancial and time commitment made by students to achieve the Diploma but oers reassurance that successful graduates are amongst the most highly regarded within their eld. We know our students are dedicated to their chosen vocation and we do our utmost to help them succeed.Helen Tompkins, who leads the ATSL training, currently fulls tutor/lecture roles for MSc Veterinary Physiotherapy programmes in several Universities, in addition to oering clinical placements for veterinary science and physiotherapy students. Experienced external lecturers also contribute to the L3 Dip ESM delivery to maintain the highest quality of up to date training. Equine Sports Massage Therapy . . . Be the Best!! Animal Therapy Solutions Limitedwww.animaltherapysolutions.co.ukwww.equinemassageassociation.co.ukOpen Awards Level 3 Diploma in Equine Sports MassageLeading to membership of the Equine Sports Massage Association and direct entry on to the Animal Health Professions Register.Leading our industry standards with excellent training delivered from a dedicated base in Devon by an experienced team.Apply for an Information Pack for 2019/20 entry to: Helen Tompkins MSc - htompkins@btinternet.comwww.animaltherapysolutions.co.uk

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11 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15 11Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 14laser light, but also provide easy to use devices without the need for protective eye-wear.The courses are an opportunity to learn about the benets of red and infrared LED light on health. Plus to optimise how modern research has produced the most eective wavelengths and dosage for therapeutic use. Enabling the clear navigation of scientic terminology, the courses will oer practical considerations for eective phototherapy. In addition to explaining the dierences between laser and LED light, the courses will focus on the concept, practical application and best practice of modern LED phototherapy devices. Oering practical sessions using Photizo Vetcare, the course specically for animal health and welfare professionals, highlights this unique hand-held LED device that is pioneering usage in veterinary practice, in animal physiotherapy and in holistic practice across the UK.Photizo Vetcare is designed for home use as it is so simple and safe to use without training. However these CPD courses developed by Danetre Health will provide the platform to more advanced understanding in the emerging eld of photo-biomodulation with modern LEDs.The Photizo Vetcare device has so far set a precedent with modern LEDs in promoting natural healing across a host of musculoskeletal conditions, atopic skin issues and in accelerating wound healing. Not least it’s portable design and pre-programmed 30 seconds doses of evidence based red and near-infrared LED light, which stimulate a deep bio-stimulatory eect at a cellular level.Highlighting the need for Photizo’s new CPD courses, Chloe Parrett of C.M.P Therapies, enthused: “I’ve been using Photizo light therapy as an integrative tool for a while now and love it but would still like to learn more from all the latest research on emerging LED phototherapy. This CPD will be very useful for my practice to get the most out of using red light therapy in my practice”Ruth Milner, Danetre Health’s MD added: “We have been planning our CPD courses for sometime and we’re delighted to have partnered with ThinkTree Hub as the ideal professional platform. Our aim is to de-mystify Phototherapy as a modality as well as clearly dening the considerations for practitioners when choosing, utilising and recommending a modern LED phototherapy device. Studies and LED technology now means there is a safe, cost-eective and home use device solution which can be comparable to laser based counterparts”.Together with ThinkTree Hub the courses have been designed with a thorough syllabus that ensures a structured approach to discovering the potential of Phototherapy from the theory, to the conditions it can treat through to valuable practical hands-on experience. Visit Danetre Health’s website on the CPD courses:https://www.danetrehealthproducts.com/phototherapy-cpd-course-now-available/Above: District Nurse Carla Finzel. Below: Todd.

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12Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15THE Canine Massage Guild, a network of highly skilled professional Clinical Canine Massage therapists, has created its Integrated Veterinary Care Initiative (IVCI) which aims to raise awareness of the science-based complementary therapy and build relationships with vets in the treatment of soft tissue injury rehabilitation and chronic pain management.The IVCI is a resource that demonstrates how clinical canine massage can give integrative, progressive veterinary practices a signicant competitive edge and oers vets, vet nurses and Practice Managers the following:• A comprehensive and informative 16pp brochure featuring in-depth information about clinical canine massage, its applications and goals, as well as the code, practice and ethics of Guild therapists• Vet and pet owner information sheet to aid discussion about the suitability of the therapy for their dog • Dedicated online enquiry page for the veterinary community• Lunch ‘n’ learn informal talks or more formal presentations by Guild members• The facility to verify the training and background of any Canine Massage Guild therapist with whom you choose to work through our online Therapist Register.As previously announced, the Guild is currently working with both Winchester and Sparsholt Universities to formally research the ecacy of clinical canine massage and produce a suite of evidence from various studies including double blind trials. Guild founder and creator of the “Lenton Method™”, Natalie Lenton, comments, “We have launched this project to let vets know that canine massage therapy is a highly eective adjunct to helping dogs rehabilitate from soft tissue injuries and for chronic pain management of orthopaedic conditions such as arthritis. The brochure goes into great detail about exactly how clinical canine massage works and which symptoms it aims to address, with results expected within 1-3 sessions. Most importantly, from a vet’s point of view, our therapists never treat dogs without their permission and always communicate back to the vet with a written report. As the brochure explains, our Members undertake the 2 year Clinical Canine Massage Practitioner Programme, externally accredited by LANTRA and are then required to undertake continuing professional development. We believe that this is the Gold standard in canine massage education.”Many veterinarians have embraced clinical canine massage both for their own dogs and their clients’. Veterinary Surgeon Douglas Paterson, BVM&S MRCVS, says, “After an extremely positive experience taking my own 13 year old crossbred dog for clinical canine massage with a Guild member I have started increasingly referring clients for the treatment. I nd massage useful as an adjunctive therapy for arthritis and spondylosis in older animals, and also useful for improving recovery and post-operative morbidity for orthopaedic surgical cases. Douglas continues, “My personal experience and feedback from clients is positive: this therapy improves mobility and comfort levels and is a very useful add-on to a therapeutic regime which usually includes NSAIDs. As an aside, my wife found the massage appointment to be a very positive bonding experience between owner and dog, giving the owner a benet from the session as well as the patient.” Vets can learn more about the IVCI, request materials and further information, and access the Canine Massage Guild Therapist Register at www.k9-massage.co.uk. e Canine Massage GuildIntegrated Veterinary Care Initiative (IVCI) to Support Client-Centred PracticesABOUT THE CANINE MASSAGE GUILDClinical Canine Massage Therapy is unique to members of the Canine Massage Guild and typically sees results in 1-3 sessions based on an ethical client approach model and the unique integrative blend of 4 disciplines of massage alongside the exclusive *Lenton Method™. For chronic pain management, soft tissue injury rehabilitation, and orthopaedic and neurological condition support, clinical canine massage blends myofascial release, both the direct and indirect approach, sports massage, deep tissue massage and Swedish massage as well as the trademarked myofascial release protocols from the Lenton Method™, a three-pronged approach that incorporates advanced palpation skills, BodyMapping (an actual map of the body that is used to determine common areas of muscular injury and issue as well as myofascial pain developed over the course of 10 years) and ‘The 7 Protocols’, a unique set of myofascial release techniques that produce long lasting results. Clinical therapists are also trained in a further 50 techniques, as well as the assessment of orthopaedic and neurological conditions essential for patient referral back to their consenting vet to ensure paramount client care. Written reports are also provided to the consenting vet and sensible home care plans are provided to the owner.The initial Clinical Canine Massage Practitioner Programme is delivered by the Canine Massage Therapy Centre Ltd. over a period of 2 years and it is externally accredited by LANTRA. Upon completion and pass of written and practical examinations therapists are able to join the Canine Massage Guild and commit to Continuing Professional Development (25 hour/year minimum). The CMTC provide exclusive CPD for Guild members including manual lymphatic drainage, facilitated stretching, skill reviews, neuromuscular refacilitation, ventral MFR and other clinically appropriate bodywork courses. Animal welfare, consumer protection, clarity of law and professional standards are the Guild’s core values alongside providing the best service possible to dogs, their owners and vets. The online therapist register includes members from the UK, Ireland, Spain, Italy and Malaysia.To contact the Canine Massage Guild please visit www.k-9massage.co.uk

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14Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15AS an animal musculoskeletal practitioner, you are largely left to your own devices when deciding on the best treatment plan for your cases. Although you only work with the permission of the treating veterinary surgeon, the responsibility to make the right clinical decisions is largely yours. Your professional knowledge base and experience is the foundation for your clinical decisions but how current is your knowledge in each area of your practice? Can you honestly say that you are up to date with the most recent research, on which each of your decisions should be made? With autonomy comes responsibility. Responsibility to the referring veterinary surgeon, the owner and most importantly the patient. As a largely self-directed practitioner it is your responsibility to ensure that your decisions are based on the most current and relevant concepts in each area of your practice. During your initial course of study, you were introduced to your profession and given the opportunity to explore theories and concepts that were current at the time. You will have developed a good understanding of the topic as a whole and become competent in all the key areas of your trade. This fundamental training was essential to set you on your career path, but research moves on. It is an industry requirement to undertake a certain amount of CPD a year; ensure that your continuing professional development (CPD) is deliberate and meaningful to your practice. Identify your own areas for development and professional goals and be intentional about the CPD you undertake. Following the acquisition of new knowledge, take time to reect and consider how you can, or even if you should, implement new techniques or protocols into your practice. At Justo Development we are experienced in delivering CPD to animal musculoskeletal practitioners. Rather than the usual online CPD format of webinars or recorded lectures our courses oer a dierent approach. Although these delivery modes are useful and are often included as part of our courses, we want to oer you the opportunity to study in a way which will deepen your knowledge and make your learning experience relevant to your own specic practice. In the current digital age, information is readily available. With good research and independent learning skills you can become your own mentor. You can seek out information from the literature and from other professionals - you can essentially become your own tutor. Studying in this way requires higher order thinking skills which are critical, reective, creative and logical. Our courses will help you to develop the skills to address complex issues and deepen your understanding of the key areas of your profession.Our courses• We oer bitesize CPD of around 6 hours and longer format CPD in Exercise Rehabilitation. Our courses comprise: • Lessons and directed learning• Essential reading which is provided• Independent reading time for further research into the subject tailored to your specic interests and practices• Discussion with classmates• Tasks designed to help you process and contextualise new research and information and its relevance to your practiceReectionWhen you study with us you get access to relevant journals as well as core textbooks online with the exercise rehabilitation courses. We are very excited to launch our new brand and website for 2019 and look forward to sharing our knowledge through the new medium of our blog as well as videos and free information pages on our website. Our vision is to provide a continuous stream of learning opportunity for practitioners which they can undertake in the comfort of their own home and at their own pace. We will be launching a series of new bitesize CPD throughout the year; start dates can be found on our website. Another great opportunity exists in our exercise rehabilitation series. We oer Diploma courses in Equine Exercise Rehabilitation and Canine Exercise Rehabilitation. Each Diploma comprises four individual courses which can be taken at the learners own pace. The rst three courses in the series are online with the nal course, leading to the Diploma, including an attendance workshop and case studies. These courses can be taken as stand-alone courses or as components of the Diploma. You can decide as you go along. So why Exercise Rehabilitation? We aim to provide CPD that lls gaps in knowledge and we have identied through feedback that rehabilitation through exercise in an area where many MSK practitioners feel they would like to deepen their knowledge and expand their skills. Exercise Rehabilitation is a branch of Physiotherapy where the patient is rehabilitated through movement, specic exercises, strength training and gait retraining. It is where the canine patient learns to walk again after neurological or orthopaedic surgery or during conservative management of a debilitating condition. It is where the equine patient can be assisted to correct the compensatory locomotion that is causing repetitive injury. In either case it is where injured patients regain their strength and condence. Exercise rehabilitation is vital to ensure that patients have the very best chance of regaining quality of life, reducing the chance of further injury and pain. Correct exercise, delivered at the optimum time, can be the dierence between a positive or negative outcome.We want to hear from youWe want to share our knowledge in a way that is most useful to you. Give us your ideas about where you would like us to create CPD. Perhaps you have an idea for our next blog title? Perhaps you have a burning question that you would like answered? Please email your ideas to us at katie@justodevelopment.com We understand that with busy practices it is not always easy to get away for attendance courses. The format of our online courses allows for deep learning at a slow pace which is not often achieved on a one or two day course. Lectures can be replayed and lessons can be revisited giving you the chance to explore the subject fully. Our courses are structured so that you can take your learning of the topic in any direction you choose and make it relevant to your practice and your clients. Justo DevelopmentContinuing Education in Veterinary Rehabilitation

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16Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15REHABILITATIVE and corrective work, post-injury or treatment, is all managed in a way specic to the individual horse. So much is on a case by case basis. Some horses are diagnosed, treated and shod with corrective methods and rehabilitated thereaer with a better starting point.Working from the ground upWILLOW EQUINEA great team of professionals from vet, to farrier, to trainer, to physio is of the utmost importance to give the best chance we can of return to full work. We nd it best to approach the training holistically so that the horse is treated and worked from the ground up. e old adage of “no foot no horse” proves case in point.Horses from various disciplines require slightly dierent training methods. Dressage horses have dierent strengths and weaknesses to a racehorse for example. e tone of the various muscles groups for either discipline are visible even to the layman. Eventers oen need correct throughness, self-carriage and suppleness to optimise performance. Dressage horses may need a stronger core, trapezious and gluteals for push from behind and li infront. However, each are assessed and worked according to their ability and weakness. ere is enormous advantage to having your horse professionally rehabilitated aer injury or to improve competition results. Rehabilitation aer treatment is one of the most important phases to ensure success with returning to full work & tness. Whether it be an elite athlete or a pleasure horse the attention to detail is the same. Rupert Barker PhotographerIn most cases corrective shoeing is complementary and a necessity in part of the horse’s rehabilitation.“At Willow Equine, we are in the unique position that we can diagnose, treat and rehabilitate horses ‘under one roof’ with input from each member of the team. Returning each horse to full function unfortunately often gets fragmented and the results decline accordingly. Ideally, each case should be followed through all aspects of veterinary diagnosis and treatment after which implementing any essential remedial shoeing then rehabilitation to begin on vet recommendation. Once a diagnosis has been made, a treatment plan is discussed and implemented. Some of these as an example by previous cases are including more cutting edge veterinary medicine IRAP, PRP, anti-inammatory medications which we have seen much success with.Once the treatment programme has been successful, The rehabilitation can begin. This can begin immediately and taken for as far and as long as is required. Many horses have already reaped the benet of this “package” which obviously can be adjusted to each owners requests. This programme can take the horse from exercising on a large indoor oval horse walker to specic lunging and long reining and eventually ridden training.” Dr Svend Kold Dr Med Vet, CUEW, RFP, MRCVS. RCVS Specialist in Equine Surgery (Orthopaedics)

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17 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15continued overleafCASE STUDY 1A top level dressage horse in late teens presented with hind leg lameness. Both bilateral suspensory branches were injured. Through a few rounds of IRAP, corrective shoeing with lateral extensions and careful rehabilitation work, he regained full soundness and returned to work towards Grand Prix. This horses rehab was begun by walking on the indoor oval horse walker twice a day for 20 minutes for 10 days. This increased to 30 minutes for a further 2 weeks. Once this was achieved he started with long reining. This is a great tool when control of speed, bend and straightness is important. Again, mainly walking with trot gradually introduced on the long sides so that the limbs were not subjected to loading imbalances. After assessments at each progress point the next stage was introduced. Once he was sound moving from straight lines to big circles with changes of rein it was time to get going under saddle. At this point some may be hacked depending on their temperament, or turned out on in a small paddock for mental relaxation. However, it is not advisable for some as this can be a precarious stage in the rehabilitation process since the ligaments and tendons are beginning to gain strength and cope with the weight bearing. Once the assessment from the vet and farrier are positive, balanced transitions can be included with the additions of a little canter. Lunging with the Equi-ami was used to help him regain topline and core strength. He was also on vet recommendation put on a joint and topline supplement which provided the building blocks to the weak areas. His routine involved walker in the morning followed by the Activo-med PEMF /Massage rug. In the afternoon he went under the solarium to help blood ow, warm up his back and e best method of explaining how the process works is by examples through case studies.hind-quarters followed by lunging or ridden. Late afternoon he was hand grazed. In the stable he had ad lib access to hay from haybar, wore a FIR Back on Track sheet, and leg wraps. During his time here at Willow Equine the dentist, physiotherapist and nutritionist also saw him to give their opinion. A team eort is important for the best possible result. When horses are in our programme we fully support the physiotherapists involvement as an integral part of the plan. For this horse it involved releasing his hamstrings and gluteals which were slightly tight due to the compensations he was employing to take weight o his hind legs. A TENS (or ESTIM?) machine was also used on his back to help release tension again due to holding himself incorrectly. This process from diagnosis to full rehabilitation took 7 months. Rupert Barker Photographer

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19 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15In summary, careful programming of any rehabilitative work and/or conditioning and strengthening can be the turning point in a horses career. Done correctly, it can be the basis of a success story.Willow Equine Ltd07967 130634willowequineltd.comCASE STUDY 2An eventer who was sent to us to strengthen and condition is also a great case to outline the success of a targeted training programme,. He arrived fairly t so we had a solid basis to start on. His main points of weakness was his topline area in general. His gluteals, longissimus dorsi, trapezius were all targeted in specic ways. His routine involved going on our indoor oval horse walker in the morning followed by the activo-med rug. These rugs have proved very successful in aiding any tightness but also the eect it has on the horses demeanor is tangible. Late morning he was worked over poles initially. The rst stage involved walking over 8 poles for 10-15 minutes. These were placed 5 footsteps apart so the foreleg had to lift up every other step. At the end of the poles he was turned on a fairly small circle. This method is used specically to target the SI area and the trapezius muscles. This was done every day during his 6 weeks stay. On the lunge he was set in reasonably high side reins (image 3). He found this hard initially as he was used to using his strong hamstrings and splenius muscle to work in an outline. Using the side-reins in this way ensures the use of the whole of the top-line in a correct way with the poll up. Under saddle he was trained to push from behind into a forwards feeling but not leaning contact. This ensured throughness and strengthening of his back.When working with horses under vet care or training liveries, each one has a bespoke programme package tailored to suit their needs. Once any weakness is identied it is important to target the strengthening work in a way to promote healthy muscle building rather than fatigue and stress. Every case brings unique challenges as every horse is dierent. Niki Compton BSc (Hons), BHSAIEither through conformation problems, hoof balance or a symptom caused by another condition, Eg Hock problems that require medication, normally come from injury or strain. This might be exasperated by a base narrow conrmation. The tting of lateral extensions will provide support and help speed up recovery time while working together with the veterinary and rehabilitation treatment. Shoeing would normally take place on the day of medication or a few days later so the horse has all the help it needs and every aspect of the horses problems are attended to. There is no point treating one problem and not addressing others that might have an adverse eect on its recovery. The more you can do at the rst stage of the horses recovery the more likely it is to return to work. Robin Compton DipWCF

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20Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15PUPPY JOINT HEALTHJoint care for puppiese rst step in keeping your dog activeMANY pet owners think that it’s only older dogs that need support for their joints and are unaware that puppies can also benet from joint supplementation. It’s reported that four out of ve older dogs have a joint disease, such as osteoarthritis. However, the condition can develop from an early age following problems with bone and joint development. As arthritis is a degenerative disease and there is no cure, giving your puppy the best possible start to life is crucial to try and avoid the problems that reduce mobility and cause sti joints. Maintaining your dog’s optimum joint health is key and supporting their joint structure as they grow can also help to maintain their quality of life.It’s a delight to see young puppies play ghting and gambolling around in the garden, park or in the house. In fact, this ‘play’ is an important part of your pet’s development both mentally and personality wise, in terms of strengthening and developing bones and other body tissues to be t for purpose.A joint supplement for your puppy can aid optimum joint health during in these early days and during play. Key ingredients, such as Chondroitin combined with Glucosamine can help to give your puppy extra joint protection. ey are also an important building block for cartilage and support joint structure.Consider using a natural joint supplement for your puppy, like nutraquin, which supports joint structure, helps to maintain your puppy’s optimum joint health and improves mobility and exibility. e product contains 100% active ingredients without any bulking agents or llers, so you know exactly what you are giving to your puppy. To help support your puppy in their early years, there are positive things you can do, which include:Diet Feed your puppy a good quality diet and ensure your puppy maintains a good weight for their breed and size. Excess weight can put pressure on their joints. Your vet will be able to recommend the best diet for your pet’s needs. ExerciseDon’t over exercise your puppy. Although it may be tempting as they have lots of energy, too much exercise can damage their joints. According to The Kennel Club, puppies should get ve minutes of exercise per month of age, up to twice daily. For example, 15 minutes (up to twice a day) when three months old, or 20 minutes when four months old. Short walksLong walks or runs should be avoided in the early stages. Mild exercise regimes, together with a balanced healthy diet are all part of a sensible and responsible way to care for your new puppy.Prevent jumpingAvoid encouraging your new pet to jump up at you on their hind legs as this can put uneven stress on both hind and front legs at a young age. Make sure members of the family are aware not to over exercise or play too boisterously with your puppy. Natural supplementsA natural supplement that contains Glucosamine and Chondroitin can help to maintain healthy joint function in your puppy. Speak to your vetYour vet will be able to assess how your pet interreacts with you as an owner, or as a family so they can give you the appropriate, contextual, advice on joint health. Regular vet visits will ensure your pet’s condition can be monitored frequently. If you are concerned about your pet’s joint health you should consult your vet, as they are best placed to oer the best advice to ensure the health and wellbeing of your pet.

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22Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15A four-week trial targeting Equine Spinal and Abdominal muscles via baited stretches to determine if there is any visual or measurable alteration in the length and curvature of the oracolumbar spine. For the purpose of this study, I looked at the muscles of the back, trunk and pelvis that provide stability, exion and extension of the vertebral column, and why they are important to the bio-mechanics of the horse and its soundness. My motivation for this was to study how back pain manifests itself as an inability to perform and whether simple, regular, dynamic in-hand stretches could produce a change in the shape of the horse’s thoracolumbar spine and musculature and lead to improved posture and pain reduction. Stubbs et al applied similar physiotherapeutic and motor control principles to the horse to assess the eect of dynamic mobilisation exercise on size and symmetry of multidus and the deep spinal stabilizing muscles. ese results were evaluated ultrasonographically, comparing the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the deep spinal stabilising muscles before and after the programme. e nal positive results showed asymmetries in multidus CSA between right and left sides decreased and hypertrophy occurred. e potential relevance here is that dynamic mobilisation exercises can be a useful rehabilitative technique for horses where multidus has atrophied due to back pain. (Hauptman 2011) But I wanted to see if there was an external “visible” dierence that could be shown to owners for evidence that this programme would have a positive eect on the tone of the abdominals and epaxial muscles needed for healthy, strong spinal support.Rooting for Carrot Stretchesby Sarah Robinson, Phys Dip Dist (IAAT)Strong versus Weak PosturePain, Muscles and PerformanceWe know pain in back muscles can create a guarding response. If the muscle fears pain it will protect itself from movement by stiening and over-tightening. is semi-contracted state can ultimately become the normal way of functioning. So now the brain can validate the response whether its remembered, anticipated or even actually still present! e resulting “Pain cycle” is now aecting the entire system, resulting in atrophy of the multidus and aecting the entire spinal stability. In humans it is well documented that back pain is associated with changes in the volume of back muscles. Bed rest and inactivity has a negative eect on human muscle thickness (Abe et a 1997) and that 80% of low back pain in humans presented with atrophy of the lumbar multidus. Interestingly, the multidus does not automatically resume normal function following recovery from an episode of back pain treated with pain relief alone. Specic physiotherapeutic exercises such as abdominal crunches and sit-ups were required to restore the size and function of multidus and that these interventions reduced the rate of recurrence of injury and pain from 84% in untreated control subjects to 30-53% in patients who received specic targeted exercises.(Richardson 2001)The importance of good posture

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23 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15continued overleafPosture is the position in which the horse’s body is held. Good posture uses less energy and provides a structure for strength, athleticism and good health. Core muscles work more eciently if they are correctly aligned, which means they can support the body and allow the horse to move his limbs more freely. If he is free from pain, he is more capable of becoming truly physically t and reach his full potential. As Physiotherapists, riders and owners we have a responsibility to keep muscles evenly toned and aligned, reduce strain, spasm and fatigue and look aer our horses’ backs. If we compromise the horse’s posture, we lead to even the most basic movements becoming dicult. Recent teaching suggests good posture in a horse is gained through “Pilates” exercises for horses. Joseph Pilates taught athletes to “develop the stabilising muscles required for postural strength in order to improve the quality of movement”. Pilates endeavoured to strengthen core muscles such as the abdominals and hip exors in conjunction with correct breathing techniques, body alignment, relaxation, centering and concentration. e original six principles applied to people were concentration, control, centre, ow, precision, and breathing with a huge emphasis placed on the last element. (pilates, 2018) It’s understandable that not all of this technique (breathing, centering, relaxation) can be applied to the horse, so my trial is concerned with improving core strength and stabilising the spine.The Equine BackFor horses to have free owing movement, their muscles work together in groups. e four main muscle chains are: • Forelimb protraction chain• Forelimb retraction chain• Spinal extensor chain. These muscles sit above the spine and in front of bone. Tension in this chain can inhibit correct function of the spinal exor chain.• Spinal exor chain: these muscles sit below the spine and behind the bone.For good posture and a strong core this exor chain needs to be kept in good tone. It works in opposition to the spinal extensor chain and all the muscles can be activated through dynamic baited stretches.e gluteal muscles of the hip tie into the long muscles of the back (longissimus dorsi and latissimus dorsi) and the deep muscles of the spine (multidus). ese in turn connect to the muscles of the top and sides of the torso and upper neck. ey form a chain of muscles that go all the way from the hind legs to the poll, on each side of the spine. At every stride, this upper muscle chain moves and stretches; we sit on it as we ride. Anything that interferes with this, such as a pinching saddle, an unbalanced rider, or hands that force the neck to stien and contort, can cause the horse to drop his back, making the horse sti and hollow, and trapping his hind legs out behind so he cannot reach under himself. is is the most common cause of poor movement in ridden horses. is is a reminder that the horse is just a continuous system of pulleys and levers. If one part of it is damaged or constricted then performance is aected. If we can strengthen the abdominal muscles the weight bearing capacity will be improved and help prevent back injury.The Targeted Muscle GroupsContraction and spasm of Epaxial muscles cause the spine to hollow. To support the spine the Epaxial (dorsal to the vertebral column), hip exors and Abdominal muscles can be kept supple, exible and strong with a programme of baited dynamic stretches. If the horse drops his back over a long period of time the major back muscle Longissimus Dorsi, will pull the spine away from the shoulders and dip. Gravitational Pressure, both from above and below the spine, is placed on the entire thoracolumbar region which is trying to maintain the link between fore and hind limbs. e posture is now severely compromised and the entire system weakened.Epaxial, Hypaxial and Hip Flexors

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26Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15MANY people consider getting a dog for more exercise and while dog walking has positive benets for both owner and dog, exercise can have a negative impact on a dog’s health and wellbeing if his welfare needs are not adequately met. ere are a number of considerations that will impact his walk so, as the song says, if you don’t know how to do it, I’ll show you how to walk the dog.Harness or collar?Holistic veterinarian Dr Peter Dobias advocates a harness. He places much importance on the health of the neck and cervical spine for overall wellbeing. Jerks on a collar might misalign joints and strain muscles. e trachea and oesophagus could also sustain damage from collar pressure as could the thymus gland and thyroid gland due to their location. Repeated yanking and pulling places pressure on the major blood vessels leading to the head, and may even result in Taking the leadby Kate Mallatratt A Dip CBM, PPG, Canine BehaviouristWalks are joyful times for many dogs. © Bounders Dog Photographyeye complaints. Neck trauma could be indicated by secondary leg lameness and paw licking too. Flexi-leads clipped to a collar may cause a whiplash injury if the dog sprints to the end of the lead and is jerked backwards. McTimoney chiropractic check-ups are essential for balancing the musculoskeletal system if you feel your dog may have sustained neck trauma.As well as potentially doing less physical damage, a harness gives you more control and an older, frail or special needs dog may appreciate the additional support and guidance a harness brings. ere are many types available and nding one that suits your dog’s shape, weight and size is vital, but avoid those that tighten when your dog pulls or restricts movement. If looking for a harness for a puppy, the Perfect Fit range comes in three individual pieces, each of which can be replaced as your puppy grows.Teaching a dog to wear a harness is a skill that can be taught to puppies even before they can go out walking. Some dogs nd having a harness placed over their head frightening and back further and further away until you are chasing them around the room. To avoid confrontation, think of the harness as a ‘head target’ that your dog comes forward to put his head into. Oering the harness as a visual cue for the behaviour (of putting his head into) gives him control and choice over the situation.If your dog or puppy is anxious about wearing a harness or dislikes the sound of the clips being fastened, enlist the help of a positive trainer otherwise try the following steps:1. Holding a piece of food (with ngers pinched together), place your hand through the head hole of the harness.2. Put the treat just in front of your dog’s nose. Lure his head through the head hole by slowly withdrawing your hand backwards towards your body, as if you were pulling his nose towards you on an invisible thread.3. Reinforce his behaviour by feeding him with an open pony-feeding hand when his head is through. (Note your hand position changes: ngers together is a visual cue for luring and open palm is a visual cue that your dog can take the food.)4. Drop a few morsels on the oor and whilst he is distracted eating these, fasten the side clips.At every stage, evaluate what your dog is learning. Is he eagerly coming forward for the treat in your ngers, or is he backing away because you are placing the harness over him? Once your dog is kitted out, it’s time to venture outside. Canine CareConsidering your dog’s needs on walks

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27 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15continued overleafWalking in partnershipWe expect our dogs to walk at our side with ease, but if you have tried to speed up or slow down to match your partner’s stride you will appreciate how dicult it is to maintain a change of rhythm. Any dog much larger than spaniel size will not comfortably trot at an adult’s side, and this incompatibility causes gait disturbances such as pacing. Pacing occurs when both legs on the same side land and push o together. A dog that is comfortably trotting will have diagonal pairs of legs landing and pushing o together. You may need to vary your speed to accommodate your dog’s pace: a fast pace may increase excitement and a slow pace may bring about calmness and an opportunity to take in more of the environment. Pulling is a common complaint and we oen inadvertently ‘teach’ our puppies to pull on their rst outing. e cute puppy who enthusiastically drags you towards a wonderful scent or a friendly person, is learning that pulling works. Your puppy or adult dog must learn that a tight lead gets him nowhere and a loose lead enables him to move forward.Remember to let your dog sni as much as he likes on his lead walks, aer all he ‘sees’ the world through his nose. As long as his lead is slack, let him ‘read the news’ to his heart’s content. Since your dog’s brain is geared for olfaction, to deny him the opportunity to sni could be considered be sensory deprivation. Lead walking is of course just one form of exercise and there are many other types that your dog can enjoy.O-lead exerciseTurning to other forms of physical activity, how much and what type is best depends on many factors including age, size, health, metabolism, stress/anxiety levels and breed type. Sight hounds such as greyhounds and lurchers enjoy short bursts of sprinting while dogs with exaggerated body shapes like dachshunds or basset hounds are better suited to steadier walks, and giant breeds such as Great Danes require less exercise than some of their smaller cousins. Some dogs benet from stay-at-home enrichment days once or twice a week if exercise is over-arousing or if exposure to the outside world is likely to trigger anxiety.Puppy walks are for learning valuable life skills rather than exercise, and over-exercising can be detrimental to health. Puppies and young dogs have areas of cartilage on the bone that calcify as the dog matures and until these growth plates have closed, they are more susceptible to joint damage. Excessive ball chasing with sprinting, sudden stops, sharp turns and jumping, can put strain on joints at any age but especially in juveniles. Although they appear to be having fun, dogs will chase balls until they drop as chasing is instinctive. Repetitive ball play keeps them in a Lauren Aston, Exeter, UK. Tel: 07875 951632 kate@PickPocketforagers.com www.PickPocketforagers.comLauren Aston, Exeter, UK.Recommended by canine professionals and vetswww.pickpocketforagers.comEMAIL kate@PickPocketforagers.comTEL07875 951632My young border collie Thessie LOVES her PickPocket For-ager. It occupies and mentally stimulates her and is helping to improve her nose work skills ready for competition. As a canine behaviourist and nose work competitor, I strongly recommend these to all dog owners. David Svennelid, canine behaviourist & trainerSwedish Dog Academy | www.swedishdogacademy.comThe puppies in my class LOVE exploring the PickPocket Forag-ers – one even ate his evening meal from it! In my grooming salon, the PickPocket Forager helped to make puppy Angel’s first visit really enjoyable and she happily snuled in the pockets while being combed. This made her first grooming experience really positive.Karen Backhouse, APDT trainer & groomerGuiding Paws Training | www.GuidingPaws.co.ukI purchased the PickPocket floor forager as I love the idea of gentle foraging to keep Digger, my Dachshund, engaged. When it arrived, I was amazed at the quality of the product and also love that it can be washed and dried easily. I would highly recommend whole range of PickPocket Foragers!Claire Bradford, Dog owner Sophie never tires of her PickPocket Foragers! She has a floor forager, a crate forager and a set of pouches. Foraging is obviously so very rewarding and no maer how often we use them, they are always met with the same happiness and excitement, and no frustration. They are easy to use and yet can be adapted each time to make them a lile dierent. I think Sophie loves the soft feel of the fleece too, as she of-ten sticks her nose in the pouches and rummages about just for pleasure! And I love the fabric - it feels so soft, washes so easily, dries so quickly and looks so prey.”Sherri Steel, Dog ownerenriching dog’s lives through foragingForaging fun!Mentally stimulatingDeeply enrichingBoredom-bustingPerfect for all ages & breedsCase studies BLINDNESSScout was rescued as a puppy after being found wandering the streets of County Durham. He carries the double-merle gene, an unhealthy combination causing serious hereditary problems. Scout is blind in one eye and has limited vision in his other - but his disability has never stopped him. Scout has won many accolades including his Bronze Good Citizens Award and is a Pets As Therapy (PAT) dog. Scout’s ‘mum’ vet nurse Tracey explains how foraging helps Scout:EXERCISE RESTRICTIONGolden retriever Sophie unfortunately sustained cruciate ligament injuries, which take months to heal. As Sophie was on restricted exercise and confined to a puppy pen, her owner gave her a PickPocket for mental stimulation and to assist with rehab. Initially Sophie foraged lying down but progressed to standing to forage with the Pickpocket crate forager tied to the pen at nose height. This introduced gentle weight-bearing exercise for a few minutes. Happily Sophie is now making an excellent recovery – but still loves her daily PickPocket-ing! GENERAL ANXIETYCute cockerpoo Harry needed distracting from some unwanted behaviour. Canine behaviourist Lucy Aalders of Leaps & Hounds explains: “I recommended a PickPocket to Harry’s owner and Harry immediately loved it! Of the many interactive toys we tried, the PickPocket was the most successful in diverting Harry’s aention away from barking, chasing, jumping and licking, and the foraging motivated him to eat more.” “Scout’s eye problems mean he cannot chew for long periods of time as pressure builds up in his ‘good’ eye. This is why I really appreciate the benefits of forage enrichment with PickPockets as they are completely safe for him – and I love hearing him happily snuling!”.Tracey Ison, RVN, Dog owner & Vet Nurse“Sophie’s PickPocket was a real life-saver! She desperately needed something to occupy her without placing strain on her knees and the PickPocket was ideal. The PickPocket real-ly helped with her rehab – and the cats liked it too!”Alders, Leaps & Hounds, East Devon, UK“Lovely Lucy recommended your PickPockets and we’re de-lighted. We hit a milestone recently when the doorbell rang and instead of constantly barking and running madly around, Harry only barked once and continued with his PickPocket! I was amazed (and a very proud dog-mum!). Thank you!”Lauren Aston, Exeter, UK.Case study1Case study2Case study3Recommended by canine professionals and vetsForaging fun!Mentally stimulatingDeeply enrichingBoredom-bustingPerfect for all ages and breeds• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travelenriching dogs’ lives through foragingEasily ties onto crate or penAvailable for small, medium & large cratesKeeps dog standing for grooming, clipping nails and cleaning ears etc.Set of three pouches nest inside each otherVary levels of difculty by how you fold, arrange or ll each pouchHandy for travelLies at on oor with pockets perpendicular to each otherPerfect for your dog’s dry (kibble) dinnerAvailable in small & large sizes with deep or shallow pockets• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel• Easily ties onto crate• Available for small,medium & largecrates• Keeps dog in standfor grooming, clippingnails and cleaningears etc• Lies flat on the floor• Perfect for deliveringyour dog’s dry(kibble) dinner• Available in small &large sizes with deepor shallow pockets• Set of three pouchesnest inside each other • Vary levels ofdiiculty by how youfold, arrange or filleach pouch• Handy for travel

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28Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15Have you ever considered the number of decisions that your dog makes every time they go for a walk and how instrumental you, as the owner, are in shaping those decisions? I currently own three dogs, one of which, Scout, was born severely visually impaired and this presents additional challenges on our daily walks. Blind or visually impaired dogs require their owners to be their eyes, to help them to avoid hazards, to steer them safely around obstacles and to maintain their condence at all times when out and about. For these dogs it can be a scary, unpredictable and noisy world out there when they are surrounded by darkness.Observation is key to helping dogs like Scout, and watching him and learning from him pays great dividend. But as much as we were instrumental in Scout’s basic training, he taught us heaps in return.Scout was initially walked on a harness with a double-ended lead. One end was clipped to a ring on the back of the harness, the other end to a ring on the chest piece. This gave us the ability to steer Scout gently around obstacles Blindness doesn’t stop Scout enjoying his walks © Tracey IsonCASE STUDYScout – walking a blind dog by Tracey Ison RVN(bins, cars parked on the pavement, lampposts etc). Scout soon learnt that gentle pressure on the lead meant that there was an obstacle coming up and his pace would slow. Initially a tasty tit-bit was oered for each successful negotiation of an obstacle.We quickly learnt that Scout needed to hear our voices when we walked to know that we were always close - cue general chatter about the daily news and weather! Our other two dogs also wore additional metal tags on their collars and the constant jangling as we walked ensured that Scout knew he had company. (If Scout was our only dog, I would have attached bells to my shoes to create the same eect.)Scout prefers to walk alongside fences and walls and he seems to use them as a guide, helping him to maintain a forward motion. Scout can also detect areas of shade as he passes through them (we assume he senses a slight drop in temperature). He has learnt that there is a potential obstacle there and will slow down to be guided around it.On familiar routes, Scout has “mind mapped” the walk: he knows where the kerbs are and where the interesting sning places are (sning is his favourite activity!). Scout even taught himself to listen to the beeps at pedestrian crossings, waiting to cross safely every time!Scout meets a lot of people and other dogs on his walks. He is introduced very carefully to unfamiliar dogs as he greets a new dog by wrapping his paws around them, which some dogs can nd quite unnerving.Walking a blind dog certainly enhances your own awareness of your surroundings and makes every walk an enjoyable experience.DOG WALKING28 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 14READER OFFERYour Dogs Needs is oering 10% o COMPLETE Perfect Fit Harnesses for ATM readers. This oer is available until 31 March 2019. Please use the discount code PFHATM at checkout. www.yourdogsneeds.co.uk

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29 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15state of over-arousal and adrenaline levels high, and may exacerbate underlying issues such as arthritis, so please ditch the ball chucker and perhaps consider scent games instead. Scent work can be incorporated easily into walks. You could throw a handful of moist highly scented titbits into the grass for your dog to seek, or perhaps lay a track by marking a trail with liquid stock poured on the ground, placing the odd biscuit along the way. Scent games should be interspersed with ‘natural’ sning time so encourage your dog to explore his environment. Nose work engages both mind and body and if time is of the essence, your dog will still benet from a ‘sni ’ around the block. Scent games are also ideal for tiring a puppy who is too young to go for long walks and a very simple foraging enrichment game is rolling your pup’s kibble (dry food) into a towel and letting him sni out his dinner.Quality exercise includes sustained smooth movement, which produces the ‘feel good’ hormone serotonin and releases pleasure endorphins helping to oset stress. Given freedom, most dogs will divide their time between walking, trotting and sning, of course. Vary your dog’s exercise over the week with some on and o lead work, play dates and swimming, longer hikes and shorter strolls.Whatever type of exercise your dog enjoys, there is one common skill he needs to master for everyone’s peace of mind: a reliable recall.RecallTeaching a reliable recall is one of the most valuable skillsyour dog can learn and recall should be taught in puppyhood to build strong foundations for the teenage years. In my experience, it is not practiced nearly enough especially around distractions.Recall oen falls on deaf ears due to the dog being put back on the lead, admonished for running o, distractions such as other dogs to play with, squirrels to chase, rabbit scents to follow, and genetic traits. Recall has several components: breaking o from an engaging activity, orientating towards you and returning.e reinforcer for returning must be strong enough to compete with environmental ‘attractions’ so nd an activity that your dog highly favours. If using treats, choose highly scented titbits – homemade liver or sardine cake are rm favourites in our house. To increase the value of the treats, bowl them along the ground for your dog to chase to bring out his predatory chase drive or scatter a handful on the grass to forage for. If your dog isn’t food motivated, use play as your reinforcer and always have two balls or tugs to hand to entice him back with one. Blowing a whistle rather than shouting your dog’s name can improve recall as the sound carries further than a voice, is unique to recall and is not potentially over-used like a name. It’s also consistent in its delivery and holds RESOURCESBeko, M PhD (7 February 2019). Allowing Dogs to Sni Helps them Think Positively. Available from https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/animal-emotions/201902/allowing-dogs-sni-helps-them-think-positively?fbclid=IwAR3KsJZ1rkMZtN63nXsesOgIPDymMwvjJehPkN-v9C860dVSa0HGTW0HkBkDobias, D DVM (October 2016). The mysterious connection between your dog’s neck and the internal organ health. Available from https://peterdobias.com/blogs/blog/why-women-rule-and-how-this-connects-with-your-dog-s-healthHill, D (2013). Exercise in Dogs: how much is enough? www.dogvideoindex.blogspot.co.ukLaurence, K (unknown). Loose lead walking. Canine Online Learning and Resources online course, Learning About Dogs. www.learningaboutdogs.comLaurence, K (unknown). Recall workshop. Learning About Dogs Ltd www.learningaboutdogs.comno emotion, unlike speech. To teach your dog that the whistle sound means he gets a reward, startat home by blowing the whistle before mealtimes and/or play sessions until your dog is anticipating a reward on hearing the sound.Test his learning by whistling when he is absorbed in another activity. Does he come running to you? If so, you are ready to take this ‘on the road’.Please remember to practice recall oneverywalk, call your dog back oen, and always reward. Your whistle is a promise - don’t break it.ConclusionMerlin my collie is in his 80s in human years and our walks are slow but highly pleasurable. e herding of his youth has been replaced with meandering leisurely along the grass, nding scent ‘treasures’, stopping here and there for more information, then walking a few paces and perhaps scent marking. Scent is his roadmap for which direction to wander in and inuences his decisions. When we reach home he slumps contentedly into the armchair and dozes. Does he dream of scent, I wonder? For our dogs, walking is so much more than exercise.Encourage your dog to explore their surroundings © Anita Hope‘Reading the headlines’ © Bounders Dog Photography

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33 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15very under experienced people who spend much of their time working for free in order to gain experience, which in turn creates unemployment for those experienced individuals who would have been doing those same jobs. Couple that with the present generation’s desire to job hop, rather than nd their niche and then excel at it, and you have the perfect storm that we now nd ourselves in when it comes to trying to introduce a new genre to animal based programmes.In a nutshell that is what any of us has to contend with when trying to get animal therapies out there.So what can we do to improve our chances of success in the media?is very much depends on what we want to say, and where we want to say it.Articles are a great way to start. You can write what you want to say (within reason), and tailor it to suit the particular readership for that publication. You will need to word it such that it is dicult to alter the meaning if an editor decides to “contribute” their input.If you are asked to contribute a piece for television rst nd out where it will be broadcast (channel and or network), what time of day (this will give you a massive clue as to the type of viewer), and what other features are likely to be included in the same programme. If it is a news item these points will have less meaning, but will still give you an idea as to how to pitch what you say.Most of us are rst, and foremost, therapists. We are not trained to be media savvy.is article is focused on the general media, and getting our stories out to the general public. erefore it is essential to remember this when talking on camera, or into a radio microphone. I’ve lost count of how many times I’ve been stopped mid sentence and asked if I could simplify what I say. Nowadays I have to remember to explain things in greater depth to my patients!Tony Nevin, BSc (Hons) Ost, DO is Clinical Director on the MSc Animal Osteopathy programme, run through the McTimoney College of Chiropractic, Oxon. He also lectures nationally and internationally; runs unique wildlife workshops; and is a prolic writer, presenter and broadcaster. His radio show “The Missing Link” on Corinium Radio is the only one of it’s kind and is rapidly gaining a loyal listenership. You can catch his earlier shows, and specialist podcasts by following his Mixcloud page titled Tony Nevin.For more than 6 years he chaired the Society of Osteopaths in Animal Practice (SOAP) before it rebranded and became the Association of Animal Osteopaths (AAO).For more information contact Tony at +44 7831 759339. www.zooost.com www.horseost.co.uk www.coriniumradio.co.uk www.mixcloud.com/tonynevin Where possible try to have easily replicable pieces to say. is is important because it is almost unheard of to shoot a scene in one take. Most camera crews consist of a camera operator, and maybe someone else to hold a mic, or direct/ask you questions. Occasionally you will have a full crew if it’s something like “e One Show” or a studio based production. When we have lmed pieces for the BBC’s “Animal Park” series the crews are skeleton due to the fact that they are lming several items at once spread over the whole park. Where they are excellent is in their storyboarding, and their post-production snagging. For the last piece we lmed with them they must have phoned me eight times to double check I was happy with the voice over that Kate Humble was going to do for it! What’s more she then recorded what I’d said word for word. Not an easy task if you’ve ever had to follow one of my conversations!With anything TV based be aware of any expressions you have when talking. Make sure you are happy with your appearance, and make sure what you’re wearing looks professional and appropriate for the task in hand. is sounds obvious but can get overlooked.If you are thinking of doing a piece on the radio then appearance doesn’t matter, except with the programme presenter. Make sure you are taken seriously.With radio try not to breath out into the mic, or deeply inhale. Even with a mic shield and pop lter it will be heard. Try to inhale away from the mic before you begin speaking. A tip is to smile before you begin to speak. is will come across in your voice. With a radio interview it is easier to have some notes to hand. Keep it simple. Bullet points work well. You don’t want to sound like you’re reading from a script. Best of all try not to wae.Finally, we are all passionate about our chosen careers. Whatever you write about or say in the media, please remember to be respectful of your own profession, and that of all others. Some elements of the media like to fan the ames of controversy and will try to get you to say something derogatory about another profession. Don’t be led down this path, but rather try to steer the conversation back to what you do. Apart from mainstream media there is an ever-growing online, digital market. In my next issue I will look at what we can do to enhance our professional footprints here too.Some of the TV work we have done can be found online. Below are a few of the titles and datesBBC1 e One Show, April 2012ITV e Alan Titchmarsh Show, September 2012ITV “All change at Longleat” episode 2, 2015 BBC1 Animal Park Easter Special, 2017BBC1 Animal Park Summer Special 2018 episode 11 Corinium Radio e missing Link, broadcast every week on Mondays at 11.00am and Fridays at 3.00pm. Previous shows are available on Mixcloud on the Tony Nevin channel33 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15

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34Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15TRAINING the young horse is like raising a child. Now I may not have children of my own but I have 6 siblings and watched Nanny SOS once so I feel qualied to make that comparison! Two main factors will inuence how your young horse evolves and takes to your chosen discipline. Nature and Nurture. The dam and sire of your horse will have a signicant inuence on his personality and physical capabilities. How you choose to work with that is crucial. The rst thing I do when I start educating a young horse is work out what personality I’m working with. If they are nervous, I exude calmness. If they are cheeky and an opportunist, then I don’t squash them but channel it and make what is right and wrong clear, so they can throw their energy and willingness in the right direction. If they take time to absorb new tasks then I slow down the pace so they do not get confused. Just like you’d imagine a teacher in a classroom in a primary school would do. If it is a mare, I cross my ngers and pray to god! There should be a two way respectful relationship in training, but it’s always best to have 51% of the say. Mares don’t always have as clean a reputation as geldings but the more we are learning about their reproductive cycles and organs, the more we are able to help them be comfortable in work and therefore more reliable. There are thousands of spin os to this subject but just like raising a child, training a dog (or spouse), you have to know the person you’re working with physically AND mentally. The ‘end product’ is so rewarding. A horse that understands your questions and trusts you enough to let your reassurance override their ‘Flight or Fight’ instincts will enable you to reach the highest level of your capabilities. How my mother did this with 7 of us, I’ll never know!Another important point to remember when training young horses is that they will get muscle fatigue as their muscles activate and develop. Although you are often dealing with various behaviours as they grow, sometimes they may feel tricky due to soreness. This can be avoided. Therapeutic muscle maintenance is really important and unless you have a 6ft Swedish masseuse on call there are some great rugs that can help reduce stiness and aching. I’ve found using the Back on Track range between physical therapies really help my lot stay supple even when the work intensies.Levi’s BlogTraining the youngsters. The building blocks for a solid career.LEVI HUNTLevi regularly runs clinics up and down the country. If you would like an opportunity to experience his expertise, wit and charm rst hand you can contact him via his facebook page - Levi Hunt Equestrian or through his long suering PA - Nicky on 07771 610027Levi Hunt - Grand Prix International Rider for Great Britain, British Dressage Young Professional of the year 2016, Regional British Dressage Team Trainer, UKCC3 Coach

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36Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15THE word fracture is not something any horse owner wants to hear. It oen brings to mind euthanasia as the only sensible option. However, fractures don't necessarily represent an immediate life-threatening problem; new advances in surgical procedures mean that many types of fracture can be repaired and in a lot of cases the horse can make a full recovery.FracturesPutting the pieces back togetherby Dr Emiliano Espinar Garcia-Pego CertEP MRCVS, Espinar Equine, www.horsevetberkshire.co.ukIn this article, we will give an important insight into bone development, as well as explaining dierent types of fracture, why they happen and how we diagnose them. In order to understand fractures, we rst need to know a bit more about bones . . . lets crack on!ere are several anatomical types of bone in the horse's skeleton; at bones (including the skull and parts of the pelvis) short bones (including the pasterns and carpal bones in the knee), sesamoid compact bones (i.e. the navicular bone), irregular bones (the vertebral column) and nally long bones (including the cannons and femurs). ese bones have dierent functions and are developed by two distinctly dierent ossication processes. e growth of these various bones is dierent and the maturity of the bone changes. is is an important consideration when deciding how much exposure there should be to higher intensity training.Long bones take generally longer to grow and also the bones can ossify at dierent times. Let's look at ossication times of long bones (diagram below).So if growth plate fusion or full bone growth is slow . . . can early exercise damage it?High intensity exercise in an immature bone can certainly be detrimental, however there can be misconceptions on where the balance between exercise and development is. To explain this, we need to understand about bone remodelling.Use it or lose it . . . Bones are dynamic and exible!Bone remodelling is an active, continual process repair of micro-damage to bones caused by everyday stress (occurring during normal activity) by rstly resorbing mature bone tissue and then replacing it with new bone tissue. is keeps cells healthy and strong, and allows the bones to keep supplying calcium to the body.During remodelling the architecture of bone changes continuously to adapt to mechanical stresses. e more stress, the more functionally will be remodelled. It also depends on the type of stress.

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37 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15is functional remodelling is also going to allow bones to be somewhat exible and capable of bending. A pelvic bone can compress up to 2cm(!) when galloping. All bones can bend, more so long bones.An important fact is that bone takes time to change and adapt to athletic stresses (generally around 6 months' time). So if we have a recently broken 2 year old oroughbred and we expect him to race 6 months from initial training, we are really pushing biological boundaries. e bone will be likely to get weaker because of the increased stress in a short time without being given the time to adapt. Also growth plates are likely to be damaged as they are soer parts of the bones.On the other hand there has been research where they have introduced continued overleafyoung stock (from 6 months of age) to gradual exercise and found a long term benet compared to a nonexercise group - if this process is done gradually and patiently. So, not good to wrap them in cotton wool until they are 5 either.is is also a consideration in convalescent horses undergoing long periods of box rest as they will inevitably lose bone strength; sometimes visible in X-rays! erefore any rehab program of such horses should include a period of exercise adaptation similar to the time they have been convalescent.Bone remodelling is also responsible for the replacement or reshaping of bone following injuries like fractures. It is usually in a state of balance known as homeostasis (where osteoclasts break down bone and osteoblasts make new bone at the same rate). If osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster than the osteoblasts can rebuild, it can lead to osteoporosis.What is a fracture?A fracture can be dened as a medical condition where the continuity of bone is broken. is means that it does not have to involve the whole cross-section of a bone; it could just be a crack on the outer periosteum. ere are dierent types of fracture and they are described according to how they aect the bone.Generally speaking, the types of fracture on the le hand side of the table are more dicult to treat and carry a more guarded prognosis. Also special consideration has to be taken to the size/weight of the horse. e prognosis of some fractures can be better on a less than 300 kg horse/pony. Virtually every bone in the horse's body can be fractured, but fractures of the long bones (bones of the limb) are more signicant. As there is very little so tissue covering the bones in a horse's leg, these fractures tend to be open, and when the bone is sticking out of the skin there is a high risk of infection. ese fractures can therefore be extremely challenging to treat, usually involving complex (and costly) surgery, with risks of further complications during recovery, as horses are not designed to remain still for long periods of time!CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURESOpen ClosedOpen wound is present Skin is still intactDisplaced Non-displacedBone has moved from its normal position Bone is cracked but is in its usual position.Comminuted SimpleThe bone is broken into multiple pieces The bone is broken into 2 pieces(fragments are present)Complete IncompleteA break - across the whole bone A crack - partially across the boneUnstable Stable

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38Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15FRACTURESVERY COMMON LESS COMMONNon-weight bearing lameness Pointing or placing one limb forwards when standing.Limb is obviously broken or fractured. Limb collapses or folds when bearing weight.Swelling of limb. Dropped elbow, cannot support weight.Abrasion, scrape or wound to limb. Bleeding from limb.Abnormal foot or limb placement at rest.General or recent lamenessCracking, popping or crunching (crepitus) when limb is moved.Limb or joint is unstable or has excessive range of motion.Pain on nger pressure or palpation over the areaere are also avulsion fractures, where a tendon or ligament pulls from its attachment point and takes a piece of bone with it. ese are usually dicult to heal due to the associated movement of the damaged tendon or ligament.Right: An articular fracture is one that crosses the surface of a joint and these types of fracture oen carry a guarded prognosis as well because of the high level of bone movement at the fracture site.Far right: When a small fragment of bone separates o, these are known as chip fractures. ey can also occur aer exercise and are commonly found in racehorses. If a bone chip is within a joint, degenerative joint disease may develop.What are the clinical signs of a fracture?In most cases a horses will be non weight-bearing lame and reluctant to move. ere may be other visible signs of distress such as sweating, rapid heart beat and rapid breathing.e table below shows some of the clinical signs of a fracture. However these are not specic as we will discuss below.Other fractures may not be obvious at all – incomplete fractures or those involving a bone that is not directly involved in weight-bearing (i.e at bones) may present with few localising clinical signs or a less severe lameness. Likewise, in some cases horses with non-displaced fractures of the sha of the radius and tibia may present with a mild lameness only. Stress fractures typically result in lameness which is intermittent and of varying severity - usually associated with an increasing How do fractures occur?Fractures can be a result of trauma such as an impact from a kick, or a fall. ey can also be caused by stress from repetitive mechanical loading, such as stress fractures.Stress fractures can occur because the demands of mechanical loading and impact aect normal bone homeostasis. As discussed earlier, the horse's body rst has to remove damaged bone before it can replace it with healthy new bone; if the rate of bone removal is greater than the rate of new bone formation then this could result in a stress fracture. ese are a well-recognised cause of lameness but are oen dicult to diagnose as they may only involve a hairline, very thin or partial fracture of a bone - however if le undetected they could progress into a more serious complete fracture. Stress fractures can occur in all horses that undergo repetitive exercise but are commonly found in racehorses.

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39 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15intensity of the horses’ training regime. Horses with bilateral stress fractures oen present with a history of a “shortened” gait, rather than an obvious lameness. is is why a veterinary examination is always recommended.How are fractures diagnosed?ere are various procedures that can be used to diagnose a fracture; depending on the circumstances some may be more appropriate than others. Unless a fracture is immediately apparent (i.e. bone protruding through skin or a limb that is at an unusual angle), clinical examination by a veterinary surgeon is the rst step. Also remember that severe lameness in a horse can also be caused by a foot abscess or septic arthritis for example.A thorough lameness examination is needed to eliminate the lower limb as the cause of lameness, before In the next article we will look at what to do if you suspect your horse has a fracture, the dierent treatment options available including surgical repair, and how to decide whether euthanasia is the better option for the horse.Some fractures such as this incomplete pastern fracture can be diagnosed clinically. Please don’t stand in front of the horse if you attempt this palpation.progressing to diagnostic imaging. e fracture site can oen be identied by noting the response to manipulation or palpation of the limb.When a fracture is suspected, nerve blocks are avoided as a positive block will allow horses to bear weight with catastrophic consequences. When we identify the area aected, Radiography is very useful at identifying fractures and follow-up healing evolution. However non displaced stress fractures can be particularly challenging to spot and other diagnostic modalities such as Nuclear Scintigraphy (bone scan) can be very useful, especially in the rst few weeks of development. Be aware that some ‘fresh’ nondisplaced fractures may not be seen in X-rays immediately, however they may be more apparent on X-rays taken 2 to 4 weeks later. At that time bone reabsorption would have exposed the fracture before healing occurs.Nuclear scintigraphy is the preferred imaging modality for identifying stress fractures. e horse is injected with a radioactive substance and areas of bone that are more active than others absorb more of this substance (therefore emitting more radiation) which can then be seen via a special camera. Although scintigraphy requires transportation to a hospital facility, which in some cases is not always practical, it does allow us to assess bone activity and identify areas of active remodelling.

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41 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15DOGS are one of the most morphologically diverse species as they can range from a 1kg Chihuahua to a 100kg English Masti. With gestation ranging from 58 to 68 days all puppies begin life at a similar size, with no teeth and their eyes closed. ere is little dierence between gestation timescales, however growth and size post-partum varies greatly, depending on the breed (Table 1). Although there is such a variation in size, nutritional and exercise advice for the rst twelve months of life scarcely diers. is can have an impact on the growth of a puppy and result in a number of pathological and skeletal conditions.Long bones, are responsible for providing strength and structure to the body to enable locomotion (Figure 1). e cartilaginous precursors of long bones are laid down during the foetal period. At birth the scapula, os ischi, os ilium and the cartilaginous scaoldof the diaphysis are almost totally replaced by bone. Ossication begins in the diaphysis where cartilage is enclosed by forming an outer layer of bone. As a result, the still rapidly dividing chondrocytes (cartilage cells), are forced to arrange themselves on top of each other forming columnar cartilage. e growing cartilage isforced to grow in peripheral directions as the cortex now prevents outward expansion and makes bone form lengthways. As the cortex thickens, diused chondrocyte nourishment decreases. Capillary vessels begin to sprout through gaps in the bonecortex and supply nutrients, osteoblasts and osteoclasts to the diaphysis, enabling the initiation of endochondral ossication (Figure 1).Endochondral ossication continues until the animal has reached maturity. e process involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage to bone by osteoblastic cells. Primary ossication centres are located in the diaphysis of long bones where osteoblasts lay down new bone towards bone ends. Secondary centres of ossication then develop at the epiphysis, where mineralisation occurs and results in the development of true articular cartilage. Osteoclastic cells then begin to remove bone from the centre of the diaphysis which forms the marrow cavity and trabeculae of the cancellous bone. e epiphyseal (growth) plate remains cartilage-bound to enable bone to continue lengthening. Once the dog has reached its full size, growth will cease and the cartilage in the growth plate is replaced by bone, creating a total and bony skeleton (Figure 2). Depending on bone type and region within the body, growth plates will close at dierent times (Table 2).Musculoskeletal Development of the PuppyBirth – Twelve Monthscontinued overleafby Georgia Lewis PhD Candidate, BSc (Hons) Veterinary Nursing Science, RVNDog Dog Breeds Weight Rapid Growth Timescale to FullySize Range (kg) Period Grown (Entire)Toy Chihuahua, Pomeranian, < 5 Birth–11 weeks 6 – 12 months Maltese, Toy PoodleSmall Jack Russell Terrier, 5 - 10 Birth–14 weeks 8 – 12 months Dachshund, Pug, Miniature SchnauzerMedium Border Collie, Cocker 10 - 25 Birth–16 weeks 8 – 18 months Spaniel, BeagleLarge German Shepherd, 25 - 40 Birth–18 weeks 11 – 18 months Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Bulldog, Boxer, Siberian HuskyGiant Great Dane, Masti, > 40 Birth–20 weeks 12 – 24 months St. BernardFigure 1: Development of a Long Bone; Le: Open Growth Plate During Endochondral Ossication, Right: Ceased Cell Proliferation and Maturation in Closed Growth Plate.Table 1: Table Depicting Dog Size, Typical Breeds, Average Weights and Growth Timescales. (Hawthorne et al., 2004)Veterinary Specification Supplementsin CEREAL-GRAIN-FREE SUPER PREMIUM DOG FOODS01845 565630 or (062) 85401 www.vetspec.com“VetSpec Joint Mobility is part of Bertie’s feeding plan, and helps him stay ﬁt and active and in peak condition to compete in his Agility competitions.” Jackie GardnerIdeal for:- • Dogs with poor mobility • Dogs in hard physical work • Following skeletal injury • Recovery from limb and pelvic operationsJaccira Bertie Boy, known as Bertie at home is a championship agility dog owned by Jackie Gardner.for dogs

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42Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTHAside from the size of the dog, there are a number of factors that can contribute to their growth and development. Depending on the size of specic breeds, puppies have exponential growth until they reach certain ages (See Table 1). Males takelonger to reach adulthood than females, so their sustained growth needs to be considered with the following factors.DietPuppies begin weaning and start eating solid food from three weeks of age. ey are fully weaned from their dams by the time of rehoming at typically around eight weeks. During the rst twelve months, it is crucial that growing puppies have a sucient diet which meets their high energy requirements. Dietary imbalances are commonly seen in growing dogs, so it is important to ensure a dog’s diet is suitable for its age and breed. Resultant malnutrition from under-feeding can cause stunted growth and overfeeding can result in obesity. Obesity has a direct impact on joint and limb formation due to increased loading forces on joints. is can result in the malformation of a joint, leading to conditions such as secondary osteoarthritis. Although obesity is a risk factor in all young breeds, it can have a greater impact on larger breeds due to excess weight being carried on growing bones for longer growing periods. In order to ensure prevention of malnutrition, puppies should be fed a diet that consists of a calculated calorie intake, utilising an individual resting energy requirement (RER) (Table 3). e RER, is the minimum amount of energy a dog requires to maintain homeostasis at rest, and can be calculated by the formula; 70 x (Bodyweight [kg]) 0.75To avoid malnutrition and consequential pathological conditions or skeletal deformities, a sucient diet must also include specic nutrients and minerals. Larger breeds are susceptible to over supplementation of nutrients, which can result in a number of skeletal conditions. It is important to be aware of the size of the puppy and it’s potential growth to ensure it is given a diet with the correct amounts of the following;CalciumCalcium is vital for the development and maintenance of bone and is absorbed through the intestines. e average adult healthy dog requires 0.1 to 0.2 mmol/L per day, however growing dogs will require a higher level of calcium in their diet to account for bone growth. It is especially important to ensure puppies have ample time to feed from their dams and avoid premature weaning. Increased levels can result in hypercalcaemia. is is detrimental in giant breeds as more than 3.3g of calcium per 100g can cause osteochondrosis, whereas this only results in microscopic irregularities in miniature breeds. Low levels of calcium; less than 0.55g per 100g Growth Plate/ Physis Approximate Age ClosureScapula: Supraglenoid tubercle 4 – 7 monthsProximal humerus: greater tubercle to humeral head 4 monthsProximal humeral physis 10 – 13 monthsDistal humerus: lateral and medial condyle parts 6 weeksDistal humerus: medial epicondyle 6 monthsDistal humerus: condyle to diaphysis 5 – 8 monthsProximal radius 5 – 11 monthsProximal ulna: olecranon 5 – 10 monthsProximal ulna: anconeus 3 – 5 monthsDistal radius 6 – 12 monthsDistal ulna 6 – 12 monthsAccessory carpal bone 2 – 5 monthsProximal metacarpal i 6 monthsDistal metacarpals ii – v 5 – 7 monthsPhalanges 4 – 6 monthsPelvis: acetabulum 4 – 6 monthsPelvis: iliac crest 12 – 24 monthsPelvis: tuber ischii 8 – 10 monthsProximal femur: neck 6 – 11 monthsProximal femur: greater trochanter 6 – 10 monthsProximal femur: lesser trochanter 8 – 13 monthsDistal femur 6 – 11 monthsProximal tibia: medial and lateral condyle 6 weeksProximal tibia: tuberosity to condyle 6 – 8 monthsProximal tibia: condyle to diaphysis 6 – 12 monthsProximal bula 6 – 12 monthsDistal tibia: physis 5 – 11 monthsDistal tibia: medial malleolus 5 monthsDistal bula 5 – 12 monthsTuber calcis 3 – 8 monthsLifestage RER Requirements< 4 months 3.0 x RER50% - 80% of adult weight 2.5 x RER> 80% of adult weight 1.8 – 2.0 x RERTable 2: Approximate Ages for Epiphyseal Plate Closure. (Hammond and McConnel, 2013)Table 3: RER Requirements for First Twelve Months of Age. (Hemmings, 2018; Gajanayake et al., 2011)PUPPY DEVELOPMENT

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43 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15for giant breeds and 0.05g per 100g for miniature breeds, can cause pathological fractures as a result of osteopenia and osteoporosis.Vitamin DVitamin D is crucial for the growth of bones and calcium absorption. It has a signicant role in maintaining the skeletal calcium balance which promotes bone reabsorption and subsequent function of the parathyroid hormone. A diet decient in vitamin D can result in osteomalacia and rickets in all breeds. It is imperative puppies are fed a good quality diet, recommended by a veterinary surgeon, as they require supplementary amounts of vitamin D, due to their inability to photosynthesise sucient amountsthrough their skin from natural sunlight.ProteinProtein is also an important factor for a dog’s growth. A puppy’s protein requirement peaks at weaning and generally requires 22% to 23% of protein daily. A diet low in protein will result in weight loss and retardation or cessation of growth. As larger dog breeds will continue their growth for longer, it is important their diet does not reduce protein at the same stage as small and miniature breeds. Increased protein in a puppy’s diet can result in skeletal abnormalities and become a potential contributing factor for conditions such as hip dysplasia due to increased development of the acetabulum and femoral condyles. As a result of the ill-tting joints, this can progressinto degenerative joint disease and secondary osteoarthritis.PhosphorusPhosphorus is believed to combine with calcium to strengthen and aid the structure of bone. It is important to maintain the calcium-phosphorus ratio to ensure there is adequate calcium within the bones. Young, growing dogs are recommended to have a daily phosphorus intake of 2 to 3 mmol/L.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSHome Environment Puppies can be rehomed from eight weeks of age. is results in a variation of environmental factors impacting how the puppy will develop. In a new home, owners should avoid allowing puppies the use of stairs and also from playing on slippery surfaces to avoid harsh impact on growing bones and joints. e handling of puppies is important and should be carried out with great care. Owners with young children should be especially mindful when the children interact with the puppy to ensure no injury is caused. Similarly, it is also advised that puppies within multi-dog households should be monitored when interacting with other dogs in the home. Young dogs’ bones are not fully developed and are unable to sustain stress or force due to their epiphyseal plates still being cartilaginous (Figure 3). Exercise therefore must be limited until dogs have reached maturity to prevent injury. It is advised that a dog isexercised for ve minutes per month of age. Stairs and large slopes should be avoided to prevent any damage to the puppy’s growth plates.NeuteringTypically dogs reach adolescence and sexual maturity between six to 18 months. For behavioural and potential health reasons, dogs are usually neutered between six and 24 months of age. Neutering is the removal of reproductive organs and results in a consequential decrease in gonadal steroid production. Gonadal hormones regulate skeletal growth and it was Figure 3: Depiction of Radiographic Puppy Bone Development; Le: at 1 week, Centre: at 6 weeks, Right: at 12 weeks of age.Figure 2: Complete Ossied Skeleton of a Dog Post Growth Plate Closure.continued overleaf

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44Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15Georgia Lewis, PhD Candidate, BSc (Hons) Veterinary Nursing Science, RVNAnimal DepartmentHartpury University, Hartpury, Glos, GL19 3BEanecdotally believed that early neutering stunted growth through inhibition of hormones. Decreased levels as a result of early neutering in fact delay growth plate closure and lead to elongated long bones. ese elongated limbs can result in altered function of muscular anatomy which also predisposes the dog to muscle, tendon and ligament injuries and calcication. Males take longer to reach full maturity so early castration can result in underdeveloped muscles and denition as well as elongated limbs. A similar state of poor muscle development also occurs in premature spays. Owners and veterinary sta should be mindful that dogs havereached their adult size before neutering to reduce the chance of delayed growth plate closure, unless it is for a diagnosed issue.CONCLUSIONe growth of a dog is very complex. Due to the diversity within the species, bone growth can range from six months to two years. Other factors, including a puppy’s diet and exercise, can inuence the development of bones. As a result, bone malformation leads to secondary conditions such as degenerative joint disease and osteoarthritis. It is important for breeders, owners and veterinary sta to be aware of these factors to ensure dogs develop at the correct rate to reduce the repercussions of poor development in the dog’s later life stages.REFERENCESAspinall V. and Cappello M. (2009) Skeletal System. In: Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook. 2nd Edition. China: Butterworth Heinemann. Pp. 29 – 44.Corral C. (2018) Canine Hip Dysplasia: Aetiology and Treatment. The VeterinaryNurse. 9, pp. 2044 – 2065.Flynn A. (2003) The Role of Dietary Calcium in Bone Health. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 62, pp. 851 – 858.Gajanayake I., Lumbis R., Greet G. and Girling S. (2011) Nutrition and Feeding. In: BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing. 5th Edition. Gloucester: BSAVA. Pp. 305 – 345.Ginja M., Gaspar A. R. and Ginja C. (2015) Emerging Insights into the Genetic Basisof Canine Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. Pp. 193 – 202.Hammond G. and McConnell F. (2013) Radiology of the Appendicular Skeleton. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Radiography and Radiology. Gloucester:BSAVA. Pp. 241 – 301.Hart B. L., Hart L. A., Thigpen A. P. and Willits N. H. (2014) Long-term Health Eects of Neutering Dogs: Comparison of Labrador Retrievers with Golden Retrievers. PLoS One. 9, pp. e102241.Hawthorne A. J., Booles D., Nugent P. A., Gettinby G. and Wilkinson J. (2004) Bodyweight Changes During Growth in Puppies of Dierent Breeds. The Journal of Nutrition. 134, pp. 2027 – 2030.Hazewinkel H. A., van den Brom W. E., Van ‘T Klooster A. T., Voorhout G. and Van Wees A. (1991) Calcium Metabolism in Great Dane Dogs Fed Diets with Various Calcium and Phosphorus Levels. The Journal of Nutrition. 121, pp. 99 – 106.Hemmings C. (2018) Nutrition for Puppies. The Veterinary Nurse. 9, pp. 458 – 462.Kiefer-Hecker B., Kienzle E. and Dobenecker B. (2018) Eects of Low Phosphorus Supply on the Availability of Calcium and Phosphorus, and Musculoskeletal Development of Growing Dogs of Two Dierent Breeds. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 102, pp. 12868.King L. K., March L. and Anandacoomarasamy A. (2013) Obesity and Arthritis. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 138 (2), pp. 185 – 193.Modina S. C., Veronesi M. C., Moioli M., Meloni T., Lodi G, Bronzo V. and DiGiancamillo M. (2017) Small-sized Newborn Dogs Skeletal Development: Radiologic, Morphometric and Histological Findings Obtained from Spontaneously Dead Animals. BMC Veterinary Research. 13, pp. 175 – 185.Nap R. C., Hazewinkel H. A. and van den Brom W. E. (1993) Calcium Kinetics inGrowing Miniature Poodles Challenged by Four Dierent Dietary Levels of Calcium. Journal of Nutrition. 123, pp. 1826 – 1833.Nap R. C. and Hazewinkel H. A. W. (1994) Growth and Skeletal Development in theDog in Relation to Nutrition; A Review. Veterinary Quarterly. 16, pp. 50 – 59.Oviawe E. I., Yakubu A. S., Kene R. O. C. and Shehu S. A. (2018) RadiographicEvaluation of the Appearance and Closure Time of Growth Plates of Radius and Ulna Bones in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research. 1, pp. 1 – 6.Salmeri K. R., Bloomberg M. S., Scruggs S. L. and Shille V. (1991) Gonadectomy inImmature Dogs: Eects on Skeletal, Physical and Behavioural Development. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 198, pp. 1193 – 1203.Salt C., Morris P. J., German A. J., Wilson D., Lund E. M., Cole T. J. and Butterwick R. F. (2017) Growth Standard Charts for Monitoring Bodyweight in Dogs of Dierent Sizes. PLoS One. 12, pp. e0182064.Tal M., Parr J. M., MacKenzie S. and Verbrugghe A. (2018) Dietary Imbalances in a Large Breed Puppy, Leading to Compression Fractures, Vitamin D Deciency, and Suspected Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 59, pp. 36 – 42.Von Pfeil D. and Decamp C. (2009) The Epiphyseal Plate: Physiology, Anatomy and Trauma. Musculoskeletal Compendium. 31, pp. 1 – 13.PUPPY DEVELOPMENTHartpury is a specialist educational provider located in Gloucestershire with more than 3,600 college and university level students studying postgraduate and undergraduate degrees, A-levels and diplomas in the areas of sport, equine, animal, agriculture and veterinary nursing.

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46Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15From RaceHorse to Dressage HorseTHOROUGHBRED DRESSAGEby Annabelle Galt and Louise RobsonTHE relationship between retrainer and veterinary physiotherapist is vital in a horses riding career, whether it be at the initial stages of retraining, or maintaining and developing your ex racehorse into a riding horse in their chosen discipline. For most of the retainers the basic retraining follows the same pattern/line; however, it is sometimes easier to have a direction as to where they are headed to allow us as retrainers and veterinary physiotherapists to tailer the programme accordingly. At all stages of retraining as well as a good relationship between the retrainer and veterinary physiotherapist should be achieved, it also very important to have good communication with your; vet, farrier, saddler and feed supplier to make sure that everyone is working in symbiosis to help the horse develop to the best of their ability whilst changing both mentally and physically. Over the next few articles we are going to look at how we tailor the retraining ridden programme with veterinary physiotherapy guidance for the discipline that our ex racehorses are in. We will not only be looking at the ones in the beginning stages of retraining, but also the ones who are years into their new career, and how we maintain and develop them with consideration to their history. We are going to look at variety of disciplines at a variety of levels that ex racehorses are retrained into and how the training and physiotherapy programmes vary and develop accordingly.Eventing suits many ex racehorses, especially those who have gone from National Hunt, point to Point and Chasing, as it uses their breeding and purpose for speed and agility in the cross country phase. However, the technicality of the dressage and the scope required in the showjumping phase can lead to potential issues as we have to use the ex racehorses conformation against them. When we challenge their conformation we are potentially looking at injury and training problems/issues due to their struggle.It is our job as retrainersand veterinary physiotherapists to help prevent and forsee injuries or training problems due to adapting into their new role. We always want our athletes to be happy, sound and willing to work. It will be normal for your ex racehorse to be ‘sore’ along the way (think starting going to the gym on new years day aer having never gone before…) but its how we develop and tailor the programme accordingly to help repair, re train and develop our ex racehorses. Before we start any re training programme each horse is seen by a vet and assessed for injuries/soundness and well being. Towcester Equine oversee the care of the horses at thoroughbred Dressage and work closely with Louise and Annabelle.

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47 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15ACASE STUDY:Name: The Last Hour aka Harry (2011)Trainer: Martin WanlessRan 12 times under rules, 6 Point to Point and 7 Chase races Retired May 2018, spent the summer of 2018 in a eld before starting retraining in November 2018Proposed discipline: EventingHarry loves to jump and jumps well. He was purchased with the hope that he will become an eventer. Of course, during his re training an open mind is kept in case his body or his mind does not allow for his new path. The ‘nal picture’ from racehorse to eventer will look very dierent than that of a racehorse to dressage horse. The rst main dierence will be the look of the overall picture. The dressage horse will have a rounder appearance across their whole body, whilst the eventer will/may appear more like a greyhound/marathon runner appearance.So where are we starting? Firstly both Annabelle and Louise look at each horse in a static and dynamic form to assess their conrmation and plan any possible issues that may arise/occur:Left Lateral view: (left side view)(photo right)1 The forelimb is set on behind the vertical, which would only encourage the weight falling onto the shoulder.2 Longissimus-dorsi muscle is weak(negative for new career).3 Good length of back(positive for new career).4 The neck is long and weak (to be expected) The neck has been used as his balancing aid for quite some time so we need to be aware that once mobility in the neck is achieved, other areas of weakness may be highlighted.5 Where the forehand has been loaded for so long, hypertrophy is evident through pectoral musculature (increased muscle mass).An area to develop would be cervical and thoracic portions of the trapezius muscle to aid towards elevation of the scapula/shoulder coupled with cranio-dorsal and caudo-dorsal movement. continued overleaf(carnio-dorsal is towards the front of the horse and up, and caudo is towards the tail and up. This can be achieved and developed through the use of pole work (and the exercises shown below)Caudal View (Hind View) (photo opposite top)1 Pelvic symmetry according to bony landmarks are symmetrical (green and red lines) 2 Imbalance/aysmmetry can be seen between the left and right pelvic limb musculature with notable weakness through the left gluteal muscle groups, hamstrings and quadriceps.Cranial View (Front View)(photo opposite bottom))1 Asymmetry between thoracic sling musculature with notable hypertrophy to right pectoral, biceps brachiocephalicmuscle groups.Taking into consideration these asymmetries, it should be noted that when tting a saddle for your ex racehorse at this stage you will need to consider some sort of extra support/shim pads to allow for the disparency.In this case Harry has a thicker shim in his left shoulder to aid the development of musculoskeletal balance.From the overview of Harry, as a retrainer I would expect the following feel once on board/appearance in the long reins:1 Strong in the left rein due to the smaller left shoulder and more dominant right shoulder2 To drop me slightly to the right under my seat bone 3 Struggle with right canter leadFrom a physiotherapists point of view I would expect:1 Reduction in stride length in the left hind2 O loading onto thoracic sling musculature – shifting weight forwards, potentially favouring right thoracic sling musculature.3 Would feel as through he is wanting to push his weight more onto the right fore and right rib cage (will struggle with bilateral bend globally through spinal segments).This is a good time to note that a balanced rider who is conscious of all of these potential factors is crucial so they can asses as the training progresses, whilst working closely with their veterinary physiotherapist. Looking for to develop and help through its change:1 Increased balance between dorsal and ventral muscle chains 2 Encourage the horse to start to shift the weight caudally (to the hindlimb) 3 As you shift caudally you reduce over-loading to thoracic sling musculature (taking the weight o the forehand).

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48Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15THOROUGHBRED DRESSAGEe beginnings of long reiningHarry under saddle with a long frame but understanding of basic concept of a contactBaited stretches (carrot stretches) All horses are going to have a side that they favour, especially with the range of motion through the neck. We need to be able to create equal exibility. The rider can do this by including this into their daily routine. It will allow you to assess their development/soreness/range of exibility on a daily basis to co ordinate with your training schedule and how you may need to adapt as you progress1. Chin between Fetlocks The movement: Carrot from nose, to the oor in-between the two forelimb fetlocks. Why: We use this exercise to aid towards exion of the para spinal musculature (muscles under the saddle) and assist towards strengthening of the neck, back and abdominal muscles2. Nose to Girth Bilateral (both sides) The movement: Carrot from the nose towards the girth area of the horseWhy: Aids towards increasing lateral exibility (side to side) and strength for the neck and back. Encouraging range of motion and aiding towards the reduction of historic muscular compensations i.e using their neck to balance 3. Nose to Flank The movement: Carrot from the nose towards the ank of the horse. Some will be able to reach further than others, take your time with these stretches.Why: Aiding towards increased mobility of the neck globally targeting more of the base of the neck. Also helps to strengthen; the neck, abdominals and back muscles. Each stretch needs to performed three times and aim to hold the stretch initially between three and ve seconds. You need to be aware of (apart from the potential of missing digits) that your ex racehorse may nd it quite hard as their neck has been used as their balancer rather than being able to ex through the neck. If your horse can only perform a little bit of a correct movement this is far more benecial that performing n incorrect stretch for a longer period of time. Your ex racer may try and tilt their head, try and move around to achieve a more comfortable position (this is cheating). If at any time you are un sure, consult your veterinary physiotherapist, or vet Long reiningLong reining and working through the labyrinth targets core musculature, encourages exion through the thoracolumbar spine and also aids towards ring of the abductor muscles. This should be executed at the walk. We are looking to:1 Increase range of motion, particularly in the left hind2 Strengthen globally3 Develop straightness therefore reducing asymmetry in the hindlimb and forelimb 4 Develop the concept of corners. (which they have never learnt whilst running round a race course!) The Labyrinth is a great pole work exercise to start with any re trainer as it allows your exracer to work in a straight line (which they are most comfortable with) whilst working on their mobility and exion. As their training and strength improves you can start to encourage them to log res on a curve, but we will explore this in the coming articles. Ridden work As Harry’s future is based in the eventing eld (although I would do this with most if not all of my re trainers regardless of discipline) I would have him hacking/working out across the land as soon as I felt comfortable/ For some, it may take some time to establish control in the arena before heading out, each horse takes their own time and works at their own pace. They associate elds and open spaces with galloping/fast work. In their new roles they have to now be able to stay calm, focused and begin to work in a balanced way on uneven surfaces.

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49 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15Annabelle Galt has an MSc in Veterinary Physiotherapy, having graduated from Harper Adams University. She is an active member of The National Association of Veterinary Physiotherapists (NAVP) and the Register of Animal Musculoskeletal Practitioners (RAMP). Annabelle is passionate about working with the ex race horse and is proud owner of Highland Patriot (ex race horse) who is competing with success on the eventing circuit at three star level. Annabelle established the practice in 2008 and has developed a successful client base, covering all equestrian disciplines, working with partnerships that range from grassroots to Olympic level competition. Annabelle advocates a team approach, and works closely with treating vets to create eective and achieveble rehabilitation programmes for the equine athlete. Louise Robson specialises in the retraining of racehorses, primarily into dressage, but also for other disciplines. She retrains racehorses for HM the Queen with her most notable horse being Quadrille who is currently competing at Intermediate I dressage level. Louise runs a stable called Thoroughbred Dressage and works closely with Godolphin and the Retraining of Racehorses organisation. Working on a range of surfaces will also increase neuromuscular and proprioceptive feedback. Hills and being able to work in all three paces will help build up muscles and reduce of the dependancy of the forehand. It must be mentioned that most racehorses are used to working in pairs or groups, so may not be willing to work comfortably in an open space by themselves. Most ex racers at this stage are unsure of what the leg now means i.e. it can stabilise them and support them as opposed to just meaning ‘go.’ A vast majority would have been long reined as youngsters so will nd comfort in the establishing of the ground work to help build and strengthen them.If your horse takes some time to be able to work sensibly in the arena I would suggest that at this stage everything is kept large/big. Nothing smaller than a 20 metre circle. I would focus on large changes of direction, taking note of if your ex racer leans one way more than the other (in Harry’s case, leans more on the right leg due to struggling with right bend) and how you can begin to improve the change in balance and direction by increasing the frequency of which you do so. Figure’s of 8, serpentines and shallow loops will help you begin to allow your ex racehorse to understand being able to move their neck, shoulders and hind quarters on dierent lines to each other whilst remaining in balance and will also begin to address the asymmetry shown in the static pictures.Start in the walk, and build to the trot and possibly the canter. If you have a horse with a large canter I would try and start cantering out in open spaces, but with your gure of 8/shallow loops in mind, as it gives your horse more time to turn without the connement of an arena fence. It will also give you as a rider more feedback as to whether or not they're leaning/falling out through a shoulder, or struggling to bend as their is no arena fence for them to lean up against. It may be in this stage that ‘an outline’ isn't necessarily achieved. Your ex racer may be slightly longer in the neck and even, possibly slightly wooden/set down the rein. Remember that it will take time for them to be able to learn and strengthen up enough to allow them to no longer use their neck as a balancing aid. As a veterinary physiotherapist I would expect at this stage for a horse to present with muscular guarding behind the back of the saddle, underneath the saddle, through the pelvic girdle, poll, jaw and neck. All because they are using their body in a dierent way. Some riders may say that they have witnessed the following behaviours:1 Reluctant/unwillingness to move forward2 Head and neck inversion 3 Through change of direction a slight drop of the hindlimb (usually on the weaker of the two hindlegs)4 A strong hold of one particular rein 5 The feeling of sitting wonky/being moved around from side to side in the saddle Each horse presents with their own histories, soundness, behavioural issues. It can take from three months and beyond to change a muscle memory, so with this in mind, nothing should be expected too quick, too soon. At this point from both a veterinary physiotherapist and re trainers point of view it is all about small gains. Your ex racer may be able to achieve and sustain something for only short periods of time. It is important to keep the work varied and not strive for perfection at the early stages. As the Thoroughbred brain is so quick and intelligent it is easy to possibly over push or expect too much of them too soon. For a long term, happy sound horse, it is all about time, patience and working with the professionals that surround you to help develop your horse best.

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51 Animal Therapy Magazine | ISSUE 15The College of Animal Physiotherapyis the longest-established animal physiotherapy college in the UK and trains students from around the worldAnimal PhysiotherapyIs this the career for you?There’s no need to be a human physiotherapist rst! Visit our website to see how we can help you develop your skills or start a new career.Our Equine and Canine Massage courses will complement and develop your work with animals.01844 290545 admin@tcap.co.uk www.tcap.co.uk Magnetopulse II Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field machine Blue and red light phototherapy plus six different magnetic field frequencies enabling a wide range of therapy treatments for joints, bones, ligaments and muscles Package includes: Magnetopulse II unit, phototherapy head, leg applicator and charger. RRP: £900 +VAT Promotional price: £700 +VAT Dual outputs allow two applicators to be used together. Other accessories are available. We also stock Electrovet and Long and Shortwave Ultrasound machines. Please contact us for a price list, training opportunities and CPD. The College of Animal Physiotherapy admin@tcap.co.uk | www.tcap.co.uk | 01844 290545 magnetopulse IIPulsed Electro-Magnetic Field machineBlue and red light phototherapy plus six different magnetic eld frequencies enabling a wide range of therapy treatments for joints, bones, ligaments and muscles.Dual outputs allow two applicators to be used together. Other accessories are available.Package includes:Magnetopulse II unit, phototherapy head, leg applicator and charger.RRP: £900 +VATPromotional price: £750 +VATMagnetopulse II Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field machine Blue and red light phototherapy plus six different magnetic field frequencies enabling a wide range of therapy treatments for joints, bones, ligaments and muscles Package includes: Magnetopulse II unit, phototherapy head, leg applicator and charger. RRP: £900 +VAT Promotional price: £700 +VAT Dual outputs allow two applicators to be used together. Other accessories are available. We also stock Electrovet and Long and Shortwave Ultrasound machines. Please contact us for a price list, training opportunities and CPD. The College of Animal Physiotherapy admin@tcap.co.uk | www.tcap.co.uk | 01844 290545 We also stock Electrovet and Long and Shortwave Ultrasound machines.Please contact us for a price list, training opportunities and CPD.01844 290545admin@tcap.co.ukwww.tcap.co.ukWe are working for excellence in animaltherapy through ourregistered animal therapistsIAAT exists to provide vets, owners and insurance companies with a register of trained professionals in a number of disciplines:  Physiotherapy Osteopathy Animal Manipulation Massage HydrotherapyIAAT is run by its members, for its members andis committed to providing a professional andproactive association. It is a high profile organisation that boasts a large number of international members.To find a fully qualified and insured therapist please use our postcode search on our website: www.iaat.org.ukTo register as a therapist, or for more information, please contact: info@iaat.org.uk or 01844 290545We are working for excellence in animaltherapy through ourregistered animal therapistsIAAT exists to provide vets, owners and insurance companies with a register of trained professionals in a number of disciplines:  Physiotherapy Osteopathy Animal Manipulation Massage HydrotherapyIAAT is run by its members, for its members andis committed to providing a professional andproactive association. It is a high profile organisation that boasts a large number of international members.To find a fully qualified and insured therapist please use our postcode search on our website: www.iaat.org.ukTo register as a therapist, or for more information, please contact: info@iaat.org.uk or 01844 290545

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