Gathering the Red Record Booklet : simplebooklet.com

Program: Day 1, July 24WelcomeMargaret Burnham, Northeastern UniversityDan Cohen, Northeastern University James Hackney, Northeastern UniversityPatt Gunn, Underground Tours of Savannah9:15-9:45BNDA V2.0Showcase Joy Zanghi, Northeastern University10:55-11:10Margaret Burnham, Northeastern UniversityJay Driskell, Northeastern UniversityMelissa Nobles, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnologyGeoff Ward, Washington University in St. LouisBNDA V2.0 Launch 9:50-10:50 11:20-12:20Teaching With RacialViolence ArchivesModerator: Rose Zoltek-Jick, NortheasternUniversityHank Klibanoff, Emory UniversitySara Merlo, Northeastern UniversityAustin Zinkle, University of Kentucky12:20-1 LunchKeynote: Giving Voice to Silence:The Archiving of Memory Moderator: Margaret Burnham, NortheasternUniversityPatricia Williams, Northeastern University1-2Screening: HonoringHosea 2:15-2:45Lydia Beal, Northeastern UniversityJimmie Carter, son of Hosea CarterOur Data in the World Moderator: Raymond Wilkes, NortheasternUniversityJohn Giggie, University of AlabamaAda Goodly Lampkin, Southern UniversityLinda Mann, Columbia University2:45-3:45Joel Lee, Northeastern UniversityGiordana Mecagni, Northeastern UniversityGina Nortonsmith, Northeastern UniversityInteroperability Findings3:45-4:305:30 Reception Breakfast8-9 All in Room 160, Snell Library3

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Program: Day 2, July 25ConversationsGroup 1: Project Planning and Data Collection. Led by Jay Driskell, Northeastern University, andIsabella Garrison, University of Alabama | Room SL-255, 2nd floor, Snell LibraryGroup 2: Aligning the Technology. Led by Julia Flanders, Candace Hazlett, Joel Lee, and CaitlinPollock, all Northeastern University | Room 077, Snell LibraryGroup 3: Funding, Resources and Integrity. Led by Nikki Brown, University of Kentucky, and DavidCunningham, Washington University in St. LouisGroup 4: Federal and State Initiatives on Cold Case Records. Led by Keith Lampkin and AnwenTormey, Orleans Parish District Attorney's Office, and Hank Klibanoff, Civil Rights Cold CaseRecords Review Board 10:30-1212-1 Lunch Next Steps and Closing Remarks3Gina Nortonsmith, Northeastern UniversityBreakfast8-9 Monica Martinez, University of TexasMelissa Nobles, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyKeynote: The Road to Interoperability9:45-10:15 Welcome9:30-9:45Deborah A. Jackson, Northeastern UniversityPatt Gunn, Underground Tours of SavannahGina Nortonsmith, Northeastern UniversityAll Hands on Deck: Guided Conversations ona Potential National Project1-3Led by Giordana Mecagni, Julia Flanders, NortheasternUniversity, and Monica Martinez, University of TexasFor a fullguide, scanthe QR codeAll in Room 160, Snell Library, except where noted4

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Sessions: Day 1, July 24BNDA V2.0 Showcase Joy Zanghi, Project Archivist for CRRJ, will describe the updates, changes, and additions to theBurnham-Nobles Digital Archive.10:55-11:10BNDA V2.0 Launch 9:50-10:50 The newest version of the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive includes 275 new cases, 3,000 newitems. This panel will discuss the new additions as well as what this means for the study ofracially-motivated violence.Teaching With Racial Violence Archives11:20-12:20The panel explores how we use materials about racial violence in the classroom. We examineapproaches in various disciplines and educational settings, exploring the crossover lessons, topics,and the challenges with teaching difficult histories.Screening Honoring Hosea 2:15-2:45Honoring Hosea is a documentary chronicling the life, murder, and legacy of Hosea “Shant” Carter,a Black World War II veteran lynched in 1948 Marion County, Mississippi.This panel explores how the history we unearth supports communities, descendent families, anddecision makers as they grapple with the legacy of racial violence and engage in restorativejustice.Our Data in the World 2:45-3:455Our collections sit within a broader landscape of archival projects and practices that explore howhistorical experiences have shaped the current cultural and political worlds. How are memories ofthese events transmitted over time, and what roles do and should archives play in remembrance?Keynote: Giving Voice to Silence: The Archiving of Memory 1-2

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Sessions: Day 2, July 25Keynote: The Road to Interoperability9:45-10:15 The White Paper project suggests that there is support for a national database of racially-motivated crimes. In this panel, participants will imagine a future that starts with our data, andmoves toward a complete record of well-researched cases that integrates national, state, andcity/county data sources. Panelists will discuss how such a resource might affect the nationalconversation on race, shed light on the forgotten history of these victims and their families,and allow for deep research on patterns and dissimilarities.6All Hands on Deck: Guided Conversations on a Potential National Project1-3This will be an opportunity for all projects to discuss: feasibility, gaps, sharing and attribution, funding,governance and administration, and ways in which a national project could be used as tool for reparativejustice.Topic 1: FeasibilityTopic 2: GapsTopic 3: Sharing/attributionMOUsSharing data/formsTopic 4: FundingWhat will it takeNational fundingLocal project funding Topic 5: AdministrationOrganizationHosting and maintenance Governing Topic 6: National Project as Tool forReparative JusticeConversations10:30-12Group 1: Project Planning and Data CollectionFinding casesDefining geographical and chronologicalscopeHow our disciplines influence researchAudience and shaping research strategiesSustaining emotional commitment, managingtrauma and avoiding burnout Group 2: Aligning the TechnologyHow DesignSoftwareStorageStaffingGetting your project ready for portal exposureGroup 3: Funding, Resources and IntegrityPlanning funding timelines: 1yr, 3yr, 5yrInternal and external pressures forresearch and publicationsGroup 4: Federal and State Initiatives onCold Case RecordsFundingPreserving completed/in process work

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SpeakersMargaretBurnhamMargaret Burnham is University DistinguishedProfessor of Law at Northeastern University, andDirector of both the Civil Rights & Restorative JusticeProject and the Center for Equity, Race and Law. She isthe author of By Hands Now Known: Jim Crow’s LegalExecutioners.03Jay DriskellJay Driskell is Staff Historian for the Civil Rights andRestorative Justice Project. He is the author ofSchooling Jim Crow: The Fight for Atlanta’s Booker T.Washington High School and the Roots of Black ProtestPolitics.06Dan CohenDan Cohen is Vice Provost for InformationCollaboration, Dean of the Libraries, and Professor ofHistory at Northeastern University.04Ada GoodlyLampkinAda Goodly Lampkin is Director of the Louis A. BerryInstitute for Civil Rights and Justice at SouthernUniversity Law Center.10Lydia BealLydia Beal is Research Associate at the Civil Rights andRestorative Justice Project. They lead the project’swork with its descendant communities.01DavidCunninghamDavid Cunningham is Professor and Chair of Sociologyat Washington University in St. Louis, and project leadfor the Racial Violence Archive. He is the author ofKlansville, U.S.A.: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-EraKu Klux Klan.05Julia FlandersJulia Flanders is Professor of the Practice and theDirector of the Digital Scholarship Group atNortheastern University. She serves as Editor in Chiefof Digital Humanities Quarterly.07Nikki BrownNikki Brown is Associate Professor of American andAfrican American history at the University of Kentucky,and the project lead for Documenting Racial Violence inKentucky. She is the author Private Politics and PublicVoices: Black Women’s Activism from World War I to theNew Deal.02John GiggieJohn Giggie is Associate Professor of History and theDirector of the Summersell Center for the Study of theSouth, at the University of Alabama. He is the Directorof Alabama Memory and author of Bloody Tuesday: TheUntold Story of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Tuscaloosa.09Isabella GarrisonIsabella Garrison is a Ph.D. History student at theUniversity of Alabama, and a project lead for AlabamaMemory, an archival and memorialization initiative forlives lost to lynching in Alabama.087

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SpeakersGiordana MecagniGiordana Mecagni is Head of Special Collections andUniversity Archivist at Northeastern University Library.She has held various positions at Associated GrantMakers in Boston, the Schlesinger Library atRadcliffe/Harvard, and at Harvard Medical School’sCenter for the History of Medicine.19Sara MerloSara Merlo served as Education Consultant for CRRJ in2024 and 2025, developing curriculum for high schoolstudents in North Carolina based on cases anddocuments contained within the Burnham-Nobles DigitalArchive. She is a descendant of a perpetrator whosecrimes are detailed in the archive.20Monica MartinezMonica Martinez is Associate Professor of History atthe University of Texas at Austin, and the project leadfor Mapping Violence. She is the recipient ofMacArthur Fellowship and co-founder of Refusing toForget. She is the author of The Injustice Never LeavesYou: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas.18Linda J. MannLinda Mann is Research Scholar at Columbia University’sSchool of International and Public Affairs. She has servedas Executive Director for the Civil Rights and RestorativeJustice Project, and Vice President of Research for theGeorgetown Memory Project.17Joel LeeJoel Lee is Data Engineer in the Digital ScholarshipGroup at Northeastern University Library. He works ondata pipelines, visualizations, and machine learning forvarious digital humanities projects supported by thelibrary.15James HackneyJames Hackney is Dean of Northeastern UniversitySchool of Law. 12Deborah A.JacksonDeborah Jackson is Managing Director of the Centerfor Law, Equity and Race (CLEAR) at NortheasternUniversity. She is a former mayor of Lithonia, GA.13Hank Klibanoff Hank Klibanoff is Professor of the Practice in Emory'sCreative Writing Program, and is co-chairperson of theCivil Rights Cold Case Records Review Board. He is thehost of podcast Buried Truths. He is the author of TheRace Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and theAwakening of a Nation.148Patt GunnPatt Gunn – or Sistah Patt – is an activist, masterGullah Geechee storyteller, and CEO of UndergroundTours in Savannah. She guides visitors through the city,sharing its history of enslavement and the legacy ofresilience, strength, and freedom.11Keith LampkinKeith Lampkin is Chief of Operations and ExternalAffairs in the Orleans Parish District Attorneys Office.16

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SpeakersJoy ZanghiJoy Zanghi is Project Archivist for the Burnham-NoblesDigital Archive. She facilitates and manages theongoing development of updates to the archive.28Rose Zoltek-JickRose Zoltek-Jick is Associate Director of the CivilRights and Restorative Justice Project. She has taughtat the School of Law for more than 40 years,specializing in criminal law and procedure, evidence,and law and psychiatry. Her academic writing has beenin the area of trauma and the statute of limitations. 30Austin ZinkleAustin Zinkle is a postdoctoral scholar affiliated withthe Commonwealth Institute for Black Studies and theJ. David Rosenberg College of Law, co-leading the CivilRights and Restorative Justice in Kentucky legal clinic,at the University of Kentucky.29Patricia WilliamsPatricia Williams is Northeastern UniversityDistinguished Professor of Law and Humanities, with ajoint appointment from the School of Law and theCollege of Social Sciences and Humanities. Her latestbook is The Miracle of the Black Leg: Notes on Race,Human Bodies and the Spirit of the Law.27GinaNortonsmithGina Nortonsmith is Archivist for African AmericanHistory at Northeastern University Library’s Archives &Special Collections. She is the former Civil Rights andRestorative Justice Project Archivist.31Anwen TormeyAnwen Tormey is Emmett Till Project Manager in theCivil Rights Division of Orleans Parish DistrictAttorney's Office.24Raymond Wilkes IIIRaymond Wilkes is Senior Staff Attorney at the CivilRights and Restorative Justice Project. He waspreviously a fellow at The Harvard SlaveryRemembrance Project.26Alex SteinAlex Stein is Staff Attorney and Program Director forthe Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project. Heteaches the Project’s Clinic as well as courses on thelegacy of police violence.23Geoff WardGeoff Ward is Professor of African and AfricanAmerican Studies in the Department of Sociology andAmerican Culture Studies Program at WashingtonUniversity in St. Louis. He is director of the WashU &Slavery Project and project lead for the Racial ViolenceArchive. He is author of The Black Child-Savers: RacialDemocracy and Juvenile Justice. 25Caitlin PollockCaitlin Pollock is Associate Director of the DigitalScholarship Group at Northeastern University Library.229Melissa NoblesMelissa Nobles is Chancellor at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology and Co-founder of theBurnham-Nobles Digital Archive. She is the author ofThe Politics of Official Apologies.21

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CRRJ was launched in 2007 by NortheasternUniversity Professor Margaret Burnham. Thatsame year, CRRJ held a conference titled Crimesof the Civil Rights Era, an event that broughtveterans of the 1960s-era civil rights movementtogether with scholars, lawyers, and journalists. After this gathering, MIT Chancellor MelissaNobles and Margaret Burnham beganindependently collecting material on cases ofanti-Black homicide that were outside of thescope of the Emmett Till Act. As they searchednewspapers for contemporary reports on theseolder cold cases, it became clear that there werehundreds of incidents that had never beeninvestigated.What started as a rather scattered effort toinvestigate these incidents and work with theaffected families eventually became a well-defined project to collect data on raciallymotivated killings of Black people in the JimCrow South, leading, ultimately, to the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive.Since 2009, these incidents have beeninvestigated by law students, graduate studentsin journalism and public history, undergraduates,and other volunteers over the years. About fourhundred students have worked on the project.In 2022, the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archivewas officially launched. It remains one of themost comprehensive digital records of racialhomicides collected to date, and home to morethan 1,000 case files.It is an invaluable resource for examining theextensive scale of killings in the Jim Crow South,from 1930 to 1954, offering users theopportunity to learn how violence affectedpeople’s lives, defined legal rights and shapedpolitics during the Jim Crow eraAbove photograph, taken at the BNDA launch in 2022. Left to right:Gina Nortonsmith, BNDA Project Archivist, MIT Chancellor MelissaNobles, BNDA Co-founder, Professor Margaret Burnham, BNDA Co-founder, Professor Rose Zoltek-Jick, CRRJ Associate Director, and Dr.Deborah A. Jackson, Center for Law, Equity and Race Managing DirectorAbout the Burnham-NoblesDigital Archive10

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BNDA v2.0 Fact SheetNumber of newincidents275Number of newperpetrators435Number of newdocuments 8,440 news articles cataloguedFeaturing a new display titleformat to ease research 2,320 Advocacy Group resourcescataloguedFiles from NAACP, CRC, ASWPL853 Federal Agency RecordscataloguedIncludes DOJ and FBI reportsthat have not been made publiclyavailable before now5,000 New states andmajor citiesaddedMaryland Washington DC Delaware IndianaKentuckyMissouri West Virginia Oklahoma14Cities include:BaltimoreWashington D.CWilmingtonDelawareSt. Louis Kansas CityMissouri11

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Wallace McKnightOn June 26, 1938, Wallace McKnight, a 33-year-old night watchman at a localrestaurant, was returning home with a bag of groceries taken from his workplace inWashington, D.C. when he encountered patrol officer, John E. Sobolewski.Following questioning by the officer about the package, McKnight panicked andfled. Sobolewski drew his revolver, shouted a warning and shot McKnight in theback. McKnight continued to run and Sobolewski commandeered a passing car,finally catching up with McKnight and shooting him a second time. Sobolewski wassuspended from duty and a coroner's inquest ordered he be held for grand juryaction. He was indicted on manslaughter charges, but an all-white jury quicklyacquitted Sobolewski, who swiftly returned to duty. McKnight’s killing was followedby local protests in which the NAACP, the National Negro Congress, and the localCommunist Party all participated. The victim's widow, Mollie McKnight, suedSobolewski for $10,000. The outcome of this suit remains unknown.02Raymond GunnOn January 12, 1931, Raymond Gunn was lynched in Maryville, Missouri, after hewas arrested for allegedly killing a 19-year-old schoolteacher. A mob first attemptedto lynch Gunn in St. Joseph, but failed after the sheriff fought them off. He was thenmoved to a jail in Kansas City, before being sent back to Maryville on the morning ofthe lynching for arraignment. The Missouri National Guard had been mobilized uponGunn’s return and awaited orders from the sheriff to protect Gunn. The sheriff nevergave the order, and as the lynching occurred the troops remained in the armory. Themob suspended Gunn to the rafters of a schoolhouse, doused it with gasoline andburned the entire building to the ground. No one was ever prosecuted for Gunn’slynching. 03Featured cases from v2.0On November 2, 1946, Junior Johnson, 12, and Leroy Wynn, 16, were fatallyshot on Main Street in Rison, Arkansas, by white farmer, Paul Clements.Following an altercation during the busy Saturday markets, Clements retrievedhis gun and opened fire on a group of Black men, killing two and seriouslywounding two others. He was arrested and brought before a grand jury, whichdeclined to indict him, claiming they could find no witnesses to the shooting. Acircuit court judge ordered Clements held under a $7,500 bond for investigationby a new grand jury. Available records do not reveal whether Clements was evertried for the shootings. 01Junior Johnson and Leroy Wynn12

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Cleo WrightIn the early morning of January 25, 1942, in Sikeston, Scott County, Missouri,Cleo Wright was held by patrolman Hess Perrigan on suspicion of murdering alocal woman. Perrigan alleged Wright attacked him in the backseat of his patrolvehicle, leading Perrigan to shoot him three times. Instead of the hospital, Wrightwas taken to jail, where a mob soon formed. By 11:30 a.m. the mob forced itsway into the jail and Wright was lynched. His body was dragged through thestreets behind a car, before being set alight. By 11:45, he was dead. Afterwards,the Highway Patrol and the American Legion were sent to the Black section ofSikeston to quell any unrest. The crime was considered by both federal and stategrand juries, and although numerous members of the lynch mob could beidentified, no indictments were returned. 05Grant Bullard and William MayfieldGrant Bullard, 17, and another teenage boy, William Mayfield were carnivalworkers from Miami, passing through Neon, Kentucky in 1945 with the PlaylandsCarnival when they were shot and killed by four white men. The men askedBullard and Mayfield to dance for them, and when the teenagers refused, theywere killed. Both the NAACP and the Kentucky chapter of the SouthernConference for Human Welfare were involved in the subsequent investigationand petitioned for a trial. After two postponements, a trial became impossiblesince the witnesses had moved on with the carnival and were scattered acrossthe country. Some evidence suggested that the Police Judge for Neon, ZackBentley Sr., was the father of one of the perpetrators and potentially related tothe rest of the gang.06On July 4, 1941, Gladys Green Dixon, 33, was killed in a vacant lot near herhome in Washington D.C. While police officers determined that she died ofnatural causes, witnesses declare that her naked body was badly mutilatedwhen found. Dixon’s family contacted the DC branch of the NAACP, whohired counsel to prosecute the case. Dixon had allegedly been seen with agroup of white soldiers just prior to her death, and the Black pressspeculated the local police failed to investigate her death in order to protectthe soldiers from prosecution. Dixon’s official cause of death is listed asheart disease.04Gladys Green Dixon13

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The White PaperThe White Paper project puts in conversation researchers andarchivists who document historical racial violence in pursuit of a planto interoperate collections and realize economies of scale. Theroadmap will describe how a national digital project might emerge,including how data dictionaries might be aligned, and it exploresquestions of governance, standardization, cost-sharing, security andhosting.The BNDA has shared protocols, methods and its data dictionaries.We will continue to build relationships among archivists, scholars andcommunity collectors, with a view towards some form of sharedpractice.Projects included:Alabama MemoryDocumenting Racial Violence in KentuckyLynchings in the NorthMapping ViolenceNational Lynching DataThe Lynching Violence WebsiteRacial Terror: Lynching in VirginiaRacial Violence ArchiveOther contributing or reviewed projects: The MarylandLynching Truth and Reconciliation Commission; The Archivefor Racial and Cultural Healing (ARCH); Hidden Legacies;Documenting Chinese Lynching and Violence in the AmericanWest; The Equal Justice Initiative; University of Kentucky, J.David Rosenberg College of Law; The Legacy Coalition. 14

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Alabama MemoryScope01Date range: 1865 -1986Definition of violence: Racial terror lynchings wereconducted for the purpose, be it stated or implied, ofstrengthening and extending white supremacyoutside of any legal process. This violence wasmeant to subdue, intimidate, and control BlackAmericansCharacteristics of Victims: African American victimsin the state of Alabama, with special efforts takento uncover the stories of female victimsCharacteristics of Perpetrators: White perpetratorsLocation bound: AlabamaNumber of cases: Over 800 terror lynchings havebeen identified, with 84 appearing on the websiteCompletion Status06The project is being actively updated and expandedData Dictionary02Yes, there is a glossary describing each of the types ofprimary sources used as well as a list of metadata termsTracking Tools and Technology03Transcriptions of newspaper articles, which permits theAlabama Memory project to get around anycopyright/usage restrictionsRecords published by EJI, Monroe WorkToday Project, and CSDE DatabaseNewspapersCommunity and descendant testimonyType of Evidence Collected04Congressional recordsState and county legal recordsOral historiesRaceAlternative namesFields for Victim Information05NameSexBirth dateCounties of birth and deathDeath dateName of spouse or partnerMethod of lynchingAccused crime or social transgression15

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Documenting RacialViolence in KentuckyScope01Date range: 1880 -1955Definition of violence: The public killing of anindividual who has not received any due process“as aligned with the NAACP’s most recent definitionCharacteristics of Victims: Black and White menand women, although predominantly Black menCharacteristics of Perpetrators: White mobsLocation bound: KentuckyNumber of cases: 353 cases from their table of allcases which includes, “Probable, Possible, andPossibly,” casesData Dictionary02No explicit data dictionary listed, but elements arediscernible from the CSV downloadNewspapersBirth certificatesCensus recordsType of Evidence Collected04Death certificatesRaceAlternative namesNameSexLocationComposition of GroupStudent Archivist NamesFields for Victim Information05Tracking Tools andTechnology03Viewing all cases is done through a table. Data can beexported as a CSV. Clicking on a case with a biographybrings the user to a page documenting more detailedinformation on the victim and incidentCompletion Status06It appears that the project is still being updated, asthey self-describe the project as a growing digitalarchive16

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Lynchings in the NorthScope01Date range: 1877-1950. Current victim range is1892-1931Definition of violence: Lynchings by white mobs Characteristics of Victims: Black men and womenCharacteristics of Perpetrators: White mobsLocation bound: Northern and mid-Atlantic states,New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania,Delaware, Ohio, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, MinnesotaNumber of cases: 9 publicly available on the websiteData Dictionary02None provided on the websiteTracking Tools and Technology03To view incidents, there is a link for “Victims” thatdisplays all the victims in a List/Record view. There is asimilar “Archive” tab which will display all the archivalmaterials, mostly newspaper clippings. Archivalmaterials for each specific case are available at thebottom of each individual victim’s page. There is also amap displaying the victims geographically.Type of Evidence Collected04NewspapersFields for Victim Information05NameAlternative namesAgeSexRaceOccupation sectorDeath datePlace of death: city, town and/or countyObituary title and bodyState (spatial coverage)Completion Status06It appears the project went public in 2024. Theproject is current and being updated17Court recordsDeath records

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Mapping ViolenceScope01Date range: 1900 - 1930Definition of violence: Racialized violence,including incidents which did not result in deathCharacteristics of Victims: Black, Mexican,Indigenous, Anglos and/or Asian. Americancitizens and foreign nationalsCharacteristics of Perpetrators: Law enforcement,U.S. soldiers, mobs, vigilantes, and everydaypeopleLocation bound: TexasNumber of cases: 275 referenced on website,with others remaining to be investigatedData Dictionary02None provided on the websiteTracking Tools and Technology03The website provides a prototype map representinglocations of documented sites of racial violence in Texas.A selection of sample cases with narratives are availableon the website.Type of Evidence Collected04NewspapersMilitary recordsAdvocacy group recordsCourt recordsFederal and state recordsImmigration recordsFields for Victim Information05RaceAgeNameAlternative name(s)GenderEthnicityNationalityMarital statusOccupationCompletion Status06Project website appears to have been last updated in2021, and is currently being prepared for relaunch18

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National Lynching DataScope01Date range: 1883 - 1941Definition of violence: Lynching of any personCharacteristics of Victims: Victims of lynching,inclusive of all demographicsCharacteristics of Perpetrators: Perpetrators of alldemographic typesLocation bound: Continental United StatesNumber of cases: 1328 in the published data setData Dictionary02The National Lynching Data Codebook is available fordownload as a CSV fileTracking Tools and Technology03The resource consists of an interactive map of the 48contiguous states, with state and county boundariesdepicted. The map shows each incident as a dot, using aheat map format.Type of evidencecollected04Evidence is referenced in the codebook as“source,” the original location of the informationon the incident, and “confirming document.” Noneof the evidence cited is offered for download.“Source” could be a news article, advocacy groupreport, or another research project or book ofinformation on lynching incidents. “Confirmingdocument” is a newspaper article.Fields for Victim Information05NameRaceGenderDate of deathPlace of deathCompletion Status06The data was first published on Open ScienceFramework (OSF) repository in 2019 and was lastupdated in 2022. The project builds on the work ofTolnay & Beck’s inventory, supplementing to coverall 48 contiguous states.19

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Racial Terror: Lynchingin VirginiaTracking Tools and Technology03Airtable embed system. Each record has a link out to thefull page exploring the incident on the website. This iswhere one can read a summary, explore the evidence,and also comment publicly on the incident.Completion Status06As of February 2025, there was an update tothe dataset and map due to additional researchScope01Date range: 1866-1932Definition of violence: Lynchings, lethal mob violenceCharacteristics of Victims: Black and white men andwomenCharacteristics of Perpetrators: White mobsLocation bound: VirginiaNumber of cases: 117 confirmed lynchingsData Dictionary02No explicit data dictionary providedType of Evidence Collected04NewspapersCoroner’s InquisitionCommonwealth CauseDeath certificateFields for Victim Information05NameRaceSexAgeJob20

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Racial ViolenceArchive (RVA)Scope01Date range: Currently 1824 and 2013, the vastmajority spanning the periods 1880 to 1920, andthe 1960s. RVA online maps display a portion ofthese incidents from select states in the period1870-1970.Definition of violence: Racially motivated lethal andnon-lethal violence and terroristic threats targetingAfrican AmericansCharacteristics of Victims: African AmericansCharacteristics of Perpetrators: Perpetratorinformation, including race, affiliations andprofessions, where indicated in sourcematerialsLocation bound: Former Confederate statesNumber of cases: Approximately 5,600Data Dictionary02None provided on the websiteTracking Tools and Technology03Interactive heat map, with boundaries of state andcounty. Counties are shaded by the number ofincidents, with darker colors indicating moreincidents. There are currently two additional mapsdisplayed, including a StoryMap.Type of Evidence Collected04Published in extant sources onhistorical racial violenceArchival and newspaper researchFields for Victim Information05NameRaceAgeOther victim description (e.g. nicknames,affiliations)Completion Status06The main map was last updated in November 2019.The ancillary maps were updated in November2023. Further database development was paused in2020 pending efforts to organize a nationwidenetwork of related research and advocacy efforts.21

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Thank you for attendingQuestions or comments? Please contact us at:crrj@northeastern.edu LinkedIn: @crrjprojectFacebook: @crrjneuInstagram: @crrjprojectX: @CRRJ_NUSLBluesky: @crrj.bsky.socialCivil Rights and Restorative Justice ProjectNortheastern University School of LawDockser Hall #140360 Huntington AvenueBoston, MA 0211501 Email 02 Social 03 MailSign up for ournewsletterVisit the Burnham-Nobles Digital ArchiveGATHERING THE REDRECORD: LINKING RACIALVIOLENCE ARCHIVESEvaluationform23

Gathering the Red Record Booklet

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