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AIR MASSES FRONTS

TOPIC OUTLINE i WEATHER CLIMATE ii AIR MASSES iii TYPES OF AIR MASSES iv WARM FRONTS v COLD FRONTS vi OCCLUDED FRONTS vii STATIONARY FRONTS

i Weather Climate WEATHER Weather describes the day to day moment to moment changes in the conditions of the atmosphere CLIMATE Climate describes the weather pattern for a given location over a period of many years

ii AIR MASSES Air Mass is a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally mP Cool Moist Warm Moist cP Dry Dry Hot cT mT Cool Dry mP Cool Moist Warm Moist mT mT

iii TYPES OF AIR MASSES CONTINENTAL AIR MASS c A dry air mass that forms over land MARITIME AIR MASS m A humid air mass that forms over oceans POLAR AIR MASS P A cold air mass that forms north of 50 north latitude and south of 50 south latitude and has high air pressure TROPICAL AIR MASS T warm air mass that forms in the tropics and have low air pressure the air is hotter so it is less dense

iv WARM FRONTS Warm Fronts occur when moist warm air mass slides over a cold air mass forming clouds and causing a gentle rain r Wa ir A m Cold Air Temperature and humidity increase as the pressure decreases

v COLD FRONTS Cold Fronts occur when cold air pushes under the warm air forcing the warm air to rise Cold Air Warm Air Temperature and humidity decrease and the pressure increase

vi OCCLUDED FRONTS Occluded Fronts occurs when a warm air mass gets caught between two cold air masses causing the warm air mass to rise as the cold air masses meet in the middle Warm Air Cold Air Cold Air Temperature drops and could bring strong winds and heavy precipitation

vii STATIONARY FRONTS Stationary Fronts occurs between air masses that don t move possibly causing rain and cloudy weather for several days Warm Air Cold Air

EARTH S ATMOSPHERE WIND

TOPIC OUTLINE i EARTHS ATMOSPHERE ii ATMOSPHERE LAYERS iii GREENHOUSE EFFECT iv CLOUDS v CORIOLIS EFFECT vi OROGRAPHIC EFFECT

i EARTHS ATMOSPHERE Earth s Atmosphere is thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet to sustain life on Earth The atmosphere is composed of 21 oxygen 78 Nitrogen and less than 1 Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor

Ways Earth s Atmosphere Sustains life on Earth Absorbing x rays and gamma rays from space and absorbing Ultraviolet rays in the Ozone Preforming a Greenhouse Effect to reduce temperature extremes between night and day Breaking down meteors before reaching Earth Retaining gases from escaping

ii ATMOSPHERE LAYERS TROPOSPHERE 100km 80km MESOSPHERE STATOSPHERE OZONE 12km THERMOSPHERE

iii GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse Effect is the trapping of Greenhouse gases in Earth s atmosphere from the sun s rays keeping the Earth warm and sustaining life The main Greenhouse Gases are Methane Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor

Greenhouse Effect Diagram SUN Trapped gases inside Earth s atmosphere keeping the Earth warm Su Atmos phere ht ig nl te d c e l f e R ht Sunlig

iv CLOUDS In order for Clouds to form air must be at its Dew Point for water vapor to crystalize The four main types of clouds are Cirrus Cumulus Nimbus and Stratus Clouds Above 8km Below 8km CUMULUS STRATUS CIRRUS NIMBUS

CIRRUS CLOUDS are wispy white clouds at a high altitude made up of mostly ice crystals that predict a soon change in weather CUMULUS CLOUDS are thick fluffy clouds that usually seen on a nice or sunny day NIMBUS CLOUDS are dark gray and usually holding rain or another form of precipitation STRATUS CLOUDS form in low dark layers that usually covers all of most of the sky

v CORIOLIS EFFECT the Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to the Earth s rotation Intended Path ACTUAL PATH Equator ACTUAL PATH Intended Path

vi OROGRAPHIC EFFECT the Orographic Effect changes to air flow when the topography of the land forces the air up the side of a mountain

WINDWARD SIDE 1 2 LEEWARD SIDE 3 1 Moist air encounters a mountain range and is forced upward As the air rises it cools 2 Air cools to the dew point forming clouds it rains and most or all of the moisture is left on the Windward Side of the mountains 3 As the dry air descends on the Leeward Side it warms The warm dry air creates a desert climate

PLATE TECTONICS EARTH S INTERIOR

TOPIC OUTLINE i EARTH S INTERIOR ii CONVECTION CURRENTS iii THEORY OF PLATE TECHTONICS iv TECTONIC PLATES DEFINED v PLATE BOUNDARIES vi FAULTING

i EARTH S INTERIOR Earth s interior is composed of layers that reach higher temperatures the deeper they go LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE Crust 670km MESOSPHERE OUTER CORE Mantle 2 900km Liqui d 5 155km INNER CORE Solid 6 371km

CRUST is the outmost thinnest layer of Earth that contains a rigid Lithosphere MANTLE is the layer of hot solid material between Earth s crust and core and is broken up into the Asthenosphere and Mesosphere CORE is the center of the Earth broken up into a liquid inner core and solid outer core The core is composed of iron and nickel with temperatures ranging from 3 700 degrees Celsius to 7 000 degrees Celsius

Lithosphere Part of the crust and rigid upper part of the mantle Asthenosphere Top part of the mantle where pieces of lithosphere move Mesosphere Strong lower part of the mantle Outer Core Solid layer of Earth s core Inner Core Liquid layer of Earth s core

ii CONVECTION CURRENTS Earth s Convection Currents are continuous cycle of magma rising and falling in the Earth s mantle The movement of magma causes friction between the tectonic plates causing them to move The movement of the plates causes events like volcanic eruptions earthquakes and tsunamis

iii THEORY OF PLATE TECHTONICS The Theory of Plate Tectonics came from Alfred Wegener and his Continental Drift hypothesis He believed that all of the continents were once joined together as one also known as Pangaea He proposed that there were 4 pieces of evidence to support his theory

1 Continental Jigsaw puzzle Western Africa and Eastern South America fit together like puzzle pieces 2 Matching Fossils Identical fossils of a Mesosaurus were found on South America and Africa 3 Rock Types Structures mountain ranges with similar rock types and layers have been found on separate continents today 4 Paleoclimate layers of glacial deposits from continental glaciers found in southern Africa in South America also in India Australia

iv TECTONIC PLATES Tectonic Plates are two sublayers of the earth s crust that move because of Earths convection currents that may cause continental drift earthquakes volcanoes mountains and oceanic trenches

Eight Major Tectonic Plates 1 Africa Plate 2 Pacific Plate 3 North American Plate 4 Antarctic Plate 5 Eurasian Plate 6 Australian Plate 7 South American Plate 8 Indian Plate 5 3 2 1 7 8 6 4

v PLATE BOUNDARIES Plate Boundaries are the locations where two tectonic plates interact and a Convergent Divergent or Transform Boundary exists

DIVERGENT two or more plates pull away from each other forming Rifts and Mid Ocean Ridges CONVERGENT two plates move toward each other and collide causing uplift TRANSFORM two plates grind past each other causing faults

vi FAULTING a Fault is a fractures in the crust along which rocks on one side move past rocks on the other side

DIP SLIPS are when two pieces of land change their vertical position compared to each other After the movement one side is higher than the other side NORMAL REVERSE STRIKE SLIP FAULTS happens when two pieces of land move horizontally to each other

EARTH S ASTRONOMY

TOPIC OUTLINE i CENTRIPETAL FORCE ii SEASONS iii CELESTIAL SPHERE iv CONSTELLATIONS v ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS vi GEOCENTRIC MODEL vii HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

i CELESTIAL SPHERE The Celestial Sphere is a system of imaginary lines to explain the motion and appearance of celestial objects and their positions as viewed from Earth

Celestial Sphere North Celestial Pole Zenith 23 5o ial Eq uat or 23 5o Ce les t E N Horizon W S

ii SEASONS The Reason For Seasons are due to Earth s 23 5o tilt different parts of the planet are warmer during different times of the year With the tilt our year is broken up into four seasons Spring Equinox Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Fall Equinox

Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere SUMMER SOLSTICE June 21st or 22nd sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer longest day of the year WINTER SOLSTICE sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn December 21st or 22nd shortest day of the year FALL EQUINOX Sun is directly over the Equator leaving equal amounts of daylight and darkness SPRING EQUINOX Sun is directly over the Equator leaving equal amounts of daylight and darkness September 22nd or 23rd March 21st or 22nd

iii CONSTELLATIONS Constellations are a group of stars that form a pattern There are 88 named constellations in our sky and like our sun constellations rise in the East and set in the West Circumpolar constellations can be seen throughout the year and rotate around Polaris These constellations are URSA MAJOR URSA MINOR DRACO CASSIOPEIA CEPHEUS

iv ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS Zodiacal Constellations are a band of 12 constellations moving across the sky throughout the year

Aquarius Aries Cancer Capricorn Gemini Leo Libra Pisces Scorpio Taurus Sagittarius Virgo

v CENTRIPETAL FORCE Centripetal Force is the force necessary to keep an object moving in a curved path and that is directed inward toward the center of rotation

vi GEOCENTRIC MODEL Geocentric Model is the theory that the Earth is the center of the Universe SUN Moon EARTH Planet

vii HELIOCENTRIC MODEL Heliocentric Model is the theory that the sun is the center of the universe Planet Moon SUN EARTH Planet

EARTH S MOON

TOPIC OUTLINE i ABOUT EARTH S MOON ii PHASES OF THE MOON iii LUNAR ECLIPSE iv SOLAR ECLIPSE v TIDES

i PHASES OF THE MOON Phases Of The Moon occurs because of the sunlight that the moon reflects to Earth The moon completes a full rotation around the Earth in 29 5 days Because of this each day the moon can be viewed from Earth as a new phase

Third Quarter Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous Sunrise New Moon MidNight Noon Sunset Light From Sun Waxing Crescent First Quarter Full Moon Waxing Gibbous

ii ECLIPSE An Eclipse is the partial or total blocking of one object in space by another Because of the moons orbit around Earth is un uneven 5 145o the moon only fully blocks out the sun twice a year

iii LUNAR ECLIPSE occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and the moon Penumbra Umbra Penumbra

iv SOLAR ECLIPSE occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and Earth Umbra Penumbra

v TIDES Many of the Tides in Earth s ocean are caused because of the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon

vi SPRING TIDES large rise and fall of the tide at or soon after the new or the full moon Full Moon Sun New Moon

vii NEAP TIDES a tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between high and low water Third Quarter Sun First Quarter

GEOGRAPHY THEMES LOCATIONS

TOPIC OUTLINE i 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY ii LATITUDE LONGITUDE iii PRIME MERIDIAN EQUATOR iv TROPIC OF CANCER CAPRICORN

i 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these including the distribution of populations and resources land use and industries

The 5 Themes of Geography are 1 Location 2 Places 3 Human environment Interaction 4 Movement 5 Region

1 LOCATION Is where something is A location is Absolute if it is given exact points using latitude and longitude Location is Relative if it is where a location is in relation to places or things near it Example of Relative Location saying that Disneyworld is somewhere in Florida Example of Absolute Location giving the latitude and longitude of Disneyworld Florida is 28 4186 N 81 5811 W

2 PLACE Place is the Physical and Human Characteristics of a location Examples of Physical Characteristics Mountains Rivers Beaches Examples of Human characteristics Bridges Roads Buildings Culture

3 HUMANENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Human environment Interaction is how humans and the environment affect each other Examples of HumanEnvironment Interaction Damming a river Polluting the air Building highways or railroads

4 MOVEMENT Movement is the study of movement of people goods and ideas from one place to another Examples of Movement Person traveling for work Person moving closer to family Refugee escaping a country for political reasons

5 REGION Region is an area that is defined by certain similar characteristics of either physical natural human or cultural Example Of A Region people in the Southern states in the US have southern accents

ii LONGITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE are the vertical lines on the glove that indicate a location East or West of the Prime Meridian LATITUDE are the horizontal lines on the globe that indicate a location north or south of the Equator

iii HEMISPHERES A Hemisphere is a half of a sphere that is divided by the Prime Meridian or Equator NW NE SW SE The Four Hemispheres Are Northern Southern Eastern Western hemispheres

PRIME MERIDIAN imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole EQUATOR imaginary line formed around the middle of Earth that is equal distant from the North and South poles 0o EQUATOR 0o PRIME MERIDIAN

iv TROPIC OF CANCER CAPRICORN Tropic of Cancer the circle marking the latitude 23 5 degrees North Tropic of Capricorn the circle marking the latitude 23 5 degrees South Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn 23 5o N 23 5o S

EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES

TOPIC OUTLINE i WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKES ii SEISMIC WAVES iii VOLCANOES DEFINED iv HOT SPOTS v TYPES OF VOLCANOES

i WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy when two tectonic plates rub together also known as Faulting Earthquakes are measured using a Seismograph and based on magnitude of the Richter Scale

FOCUS is the exact point where the earthquake started EPICENTER the point on the surface directly above the focus FAULT is a crack in the Earth s crust

ii SEISMIC WAVES Seismic Waves are ripples then move out in waves across the plate The two types of Seismic Waves are Primary Waves Secondary Waves P Waves S Waves

PRIMARY WAVES P Waves are the first waves to arrive by being able to move fast through solids and liquids SECONDARY WAVES S Waves are slow moving arrive after P Waves and cannot move through liquids

iii WHAT ARE VOLCANOES Volcanoes are formed whe n magma from within the Earth s upper mantle escapes to the surface At the surface it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits Over time as the volcano continues to erupt it will get bigger and bigger

Volcanoes Continued A volcano is considered Active if it is erupting or has shown signs that it may erupt in the near future If a volcano has not erupted for a long time but may erupt again one day it is considered a dormant volcano If a volcano has not had an eruption for at least 10 000 years and is not expected to erupt again it is considered Extinct

iv HOT SPOTS Hot Spots are areas of volcanic activities that result from plumes of hot solid material that have risen from deep inside Earth s mantle

The Ring of Fire is an area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur Hot Spots

v TYPES OF VOLCANOES Composite Volcano composed of layers of lava and ash that have explosive and quiet eruptions Cinder Cone Volcano composed of layers of lava and ash that have explosive eruptions Shield Volcano broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by nonexclusive eruptions of basaltic lava that accumulates in layers

COMPOSITE VOLCANO Branch Pipe CINDER CONE VOLCANO Vent Magma Ash SHIELD VOLCANO Vent Magma Ash Lava

WEATHERING EROSION

TOPIC OUTLINE i WEATHERING EROSION DEFINED ii CHEMICAL WEATHERING iii MECHANICAL WEATHERING iv RIVER EROSION

i WEATHERING EROSION WEATHERING is the process by which natural forces break down rocks The two types of weathering is Chemical and Mechanical EROSION is when weathered particles are picked up and moved from one place to another The three agents of erosion are water wind and ice

ii CHEMICAL WEATHERING Chemical Weathering is the breakdown of rock or materials by chemical reactions that changes its chemical composition Factors that effect the rate of chemical weathering is the surface area of rock exposed rock composition and climate Types of Chemical Weathering OXIDATION combining air and water with iron to produce rust ACID RAIN Rain containing sulfuric acid from pollution

iii MECHANICAL WEATHERING Mechanical Weathering is the breaking up of rock by physical force Types of Mechanical Weathering ABRASION wearing down rock by friction EXFOLIATION layers of rock gradually break off as pressure is released from the rock ICE WEDGING ROOT PRY the repeated freezing and thawing of water in rocks that causes the rock to split apart breaking apart rocks by plant roots growing in the cracks

iv RIVER EROSION Oxbow Lake Formation C B A 4 1 2 3 1 Erosion makes the Neck narrower 2 During Floods the river takes shortest course through the neck 3 Necks connect to form new straight river 4 Oxbow Lake is formed from the deposition sealing the old meander

WATER ON EARTH

TOPIC OUTLINE i HYDROSPHERE ii WATER CYCLE iii GROUND WATER TABLE iv PERMEABILITY v STREAMS vi STREAM VELOCITY

i HYDROSPHERE The Hydrosphere is the part of Earth that contains water The water of the Hydrosphere distributed among the ocean glaciers and ice caps groundwater surface water and water vapor

Distribution Of Water 97 of Earth s water is Salt Water while only 3 is fresh water Of that 3 is fresh water 30 1 is Ground Water and 68 7 is Icecaps Glaciers Of the 30 1 of freshwater surface Water 87 is lakes 11 Swamps and 2 Rivers

ii WATER CYCLE the Water Cycle is the continuous movement of water between the Earth and its atmosphere 2 1 3 4

EVAPORATION 1 2 is vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid below the liquid s boiling point CONDENSATION is the change of state from a gas to a liquid PRECIPITATION 3 is rain snow sleet or hail that falls from clouds to the Earth s surface RUNOFF 4 is water that flows across the land and enters rivers and streams It eventually flows into lakes and the ocean

iii GROUND WATER TABLE Groundwater is water that infiltrates the soil and is located in underground reservoirs called aquifers Artisan Well Surface Unsaturated zone Water Table Saturation Zone Aquifer

Unsaturated zone the area between the surface and aquifer that contains mostly air and a little water water Water Table the boundary where the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation meet Saturation Zone the area in which the pore spaces between soil and rock particles are completely filled with water

iv PERMEABILITY Permeability is a rock s ability to let water pass through it A rock can either be Permeable or Impermeable

Permeable surfaces allow water to percolate into the soil to filter out pollutants and recharge the water table Impermeable surfaces are solid surfaces that don t allow water to penetrate forcing it to run off PERMEABLE IMPERMEABLE

v STREAMS Drainage Systems are the patterns formed by the streams rivers and lakes in a particular drainage depending on the type of land The most common drainage patterns are Dendritic Radial Rectangular and Trellis

DENDRITIC develops along the surface of homogeneous horizontal bedrock RADIAL develops around a central elevated point and runs down all sides uniformly RECTANGULAR develops in regions where there is faulting The water takes the path of least resistance and will follow along the breaks in bedrock TRELLIS develops in areas of folded topography The water will mainly flow along the centers of folds but may escape at weak points between folds

vi STREAM VELOCITY The velocity of a stream depends on its flow type channel shape gradient and discharge The faster the stream is flowing the larger particles it can carry Stream Velocity is slowest near river bed and banks due to friction

GROUND VIEW a x Slowest Water b x Fastest Water OVERHEAD VIEW Slowest Water R r vi e a nk a B Fastest Water b

ROCKS MINERALS

TOPIC OUTLINE i ROCK CYCLE ii IGNEOUS ROCKS iii SEDIMENTARY ROCKS iv METAMORPHIC ROCKS v PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

i ROCK CYCLE the Rock Cycle is a continuous process by which rocks are created changed from one form to another destroyed and then formed again

ROCK CYCLE g Mel t in g ltin Me at He ssure Pre We at E hering rosi on IGNEOUS Weathering Erosion Heat Pressure SEDIMENTARY METAMPORPHIC

ii IGNEOUS Igneous Rocks are formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten rock Types of Igneous Rocks created by lava EXTRUSIVE and cools very fast on the surface INTRUSIVE created by magma and cools very slowly beneath the surface

iii SEDIMENTARY Sedimentary Rocks are layers of deposited sediment that become compressed or compacted by weathering and erosion Types of Sedimentary Rocks CLASTIC Made of fragments or other rocks and minerals CHEMICAL formed from solutions of minerals and water ORGANIC Consists of shells or skeletons

iv METAMORPHIC Metamorphic Rocks are any rock that has been changed physically and or chemically by forces of intense heat and pressure Types of Metamorphic Rocks FOLIATED mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands NONFOLIATED mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands

v PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Minerals can be described by various physical properties which relate to their chemical structure and composition Some properties in distinguishing minerals are

COLOR The intrinsic color of the mineral LUSTER the way a mineral reflects light Described as either Metallic or Nonmetallic STREAK The color of the powder left when a mineral is rubbed against a hard rough surface HARDNESS Measured using Mohs 1 10 scale of Hardness on how resistance of a mineral is to scratching CLEAVAGE FRACTURE If the mineral splits evenly or unevenly across a flat surface

EARTH SCIENCE REVIEW PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Geography is the study of A How to prevent and clean up pollution B The Earth and its people C Rocks minerals and soils of Earth D Names of countries states and cities

ANSWER Geography is the study of A How to prevent and clean up pollution B The Earth and its people C Rocks minerals and soils of Earth D Names of countries states and cities

Question 2 Which is not a theme of the Five Themes of Geography are A Location B Places C Human environment interaction D Weather E Movement

ANSWER Which is not a theme of the Five Themes of Geography are A Location B Places C Human environment interaction D Weather E Movement

Question 3 The sun s rays are directly overhead in the Northern Hemisphere at the ___ around December 21st every year A B C D Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Arctic Circle Equator

ANSWER The sun s rays are directly overhead in the Northern Hemisphere at the ___ around December 21st every year A Tropic of Capricorn B Tropic of Cancer C Arctic Circle D Equator

Question 4 The latitude of 23 5 degrees north is also referred as A B C D Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Equator Prime Meridian

ANSWER The latitude of 23 5 degrees north is also referred as A Tropic of Capricorn B Tropic of Cancer C Equator D Prime Meridian

Question 5 How many longitudinal degrees exist between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn A B C D 0o 23 5o 67 5o 47o

ANSWER How many longitudinal degrees exist between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn A 0o B 23 5o C 67 5o D 47o

Question 6 The Earth is divided into ___ standard time zones A B C D 1 24 90 180

ANSWER The Earth is divided into ___ standard time zones A 1 B 24 C 90 D 180

Question 7 Standard times zones extended over ____ of latitude A B C D 15o 30o 45o 90o

ANSWER Standard times zones extended over ____ of latitude A 15o B 30o C 45o D 90o

Question 8 The lowest layer of the Earth s Atmosphere is known as A B C D Exosphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

ANSWER The lowest layer of the Earth s Atmosphere is known as A Exosphere B Thermosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

Question 9 The region of atmosphere which blends into outer space is known as A B C D Exosphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

ANSWER The region of atmosphere which blends into outer space is known as A Exosphere B Thermosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

Question 10 Which of the following is NOT defined by latitude A B C D Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Meridian Equator

ANSWER Which of the following is NOT defined by latitude A Arctic Circle B Antarctic Circle C Meridian D Equator

Question 11 The response to Earth s rotation is A B C D Wind Rain Tornado Earthquake

ANSWER The response to Earth s rotation is A Wind B Rain C Tornado D Earthquake

Question 12 The Earth rotates in about _____ hours A B C D 10 14 24 100

ANSWER The Earth rotates in about _____ hours A 10 B 14 C 24 D 100

Question 13 The Earth s diameter is _____ kilometers A B C D 7 904 6 542 12 756 9 655

ANSWER The Earth s diameter is _____ kilometers A 7 904 B 6 542 C 12 756 D 9 655

Question 14 What was the giant land mass called that existed some 200 million years ago A B C D Pangaea Cambrian Mars Giant land mass

ANSWER What was the giant land mass called that existed some 200 million years ago A Pangaea B Cambrian C Mars D Giant land mass

Question 15 Earth s atmosphere consists mostly of _____ A B C D Oxygen and Hydrogen Nitrogen and Oxygen Ozone and Methane Hydrogen and Helium

ANSWER Earth s atmosphere consists mostly of _____ A Oxygen and Hydrogen B Nitrogen and Oxygen C Ozone and Methane D Hydrogen and Helium

Question 16 Earth has how many continents A B C D Five Six Seven Eight

ANSWER Earth has how many continents A Five B Six C Seven D Eight

Question 17 What is the order of Earths interior starting from the surface A Crust Outer Core Inner Core Mantle B Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core C Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Crust

ANSWER What is the order of Earths interior starting from the surface A Crust Outer Core Inner Core Mantle B Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core C Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Crust

Question 18 The highest mountain on the Earth is A B C D K2 Mount McKinley Pike s Peak Mount Everest

ANSWER The highest mountain on the Earth is A K2 B Mount McKinley C Pike s Peak D Mount Everest

Question 19 The Earth is comprised of ______ percent water A B C D 25 50 65 75

ANSWER The Earth is comprised of ______ percent water A 25 B 50 C 65 D 75

Question 20 Mount St Helens is considered a _____ volcano A B C D Composite Singular Complex Shield

ANSWER Mount St Helens is considered a _____ volcano A Composite B Singular C Complex D Shield

Question 21 What is it called when loose sediments are carried away by water dropped and deposited in new places A B C D Deposition Erosion Weathering Glaciers

ANSWER What is it called when loose sediments are carried away by water dropped and deposited in new places A Deposition B Erosion C Weathering D Glaciers

Question 22 Two examples of rapid changes to earth s surface are A Earthquakes and landslides B Weathering and erosion C Glaciers and melting D Wind and rain

ANSWER Two examples of rapid changes to earth s surface are A Earthquakes and landslides B Weathering and erosion C Glaciers and melting D Wind and rain

Question 23 Roots of a plant grow inside the cracks in a rock Water seeps into the crack freezes and the crack widens What is this an example of A B C D Erosion Deposition Weathering Raining

ANSWER Roots of a plant grow inside the cracks in a rock Water seeps into the crack freezes and the crack widens What is this an example of A Erosion B Deposition C Weathering D Raining

Question 24 Two examples of slow changes to the earth s surface are A B C D Landslides and volcanoes Weathering and erosion Deposition and glaciers Melting and freezing

ANSWER Two examples of slow changes to the earth s surface are A Landslides and volcanoes B Weathering Erosion C Deposition and glaciers D Melting and freezing

Question 25 Melted rock inside the earth is called ____ When it reaches the earth s surface it is called ____ A B C D Fault volcano Crust lava Lava magma Magma lava

ANSWER Melted rock inside the earth is called ____ When it reaches the earth s surface it is called ____ A Fault volcano B Crust lava C Lava magma D Magma lava

PLATE TECTONICS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Hot spots are A Always moving around B Stationary they stay in the same place C Constantly disappearing and reappearing D What creates earthquakes

ANSWER Hot spots are A Always moving around B Stationary they stay in the same place C Constantly disappearing and reappearing D What creates earthquakes

Question 2 The ring of fire is a ring of volcanoes and earthquakes that occur along A The mid ocean ridge B Plate boundaries C Hot spots D Only transform boundaries

ANSWER The ring of fire is a ring of volcanoes and earthquakes that occur along A The mid ocean ridge B Plate boundaries C Hot spots D Only transform boundaries

Question 3 Where two plates rub past each other in opposite directions is a A B C D Convergent boundary Transform boundary Hot spot Divergent boundary

ANSWER Where two plates rub past each other in opposite directions is a A Convergent boundary B Transform boundary C Hot spot D Divergent boundary

Question 4 Pieces of Earth s crust move on top of the A B C D Ocean Mantle Outer core Inner core

ANSWER Pieces of Earth s crust move on top of the A Ocean B Mantle C Outer core D Inner core

Question 5 The theory that states that pieces of Earth s crust are in constant slow motion driven by movement in the mantle is called A B C D The The The The theory theory theory theory of of of of continental drift Pangaea plate tectonics plate boundaries

ANSWER The theory that states that pieces of Earth s crust are in constant slow motion driven by movement in the mantle is called A The theory of continental drift B The theory of Pangaea C The theory of plate tectonics D The theory of plate boundaries

Question 6 What causes the tectonic plates to move A B C D Ocean currents Volcanoes The Coriolis effect Convection in the mantle

ANSWER What causes the tectonic plates to move A Ocean currents B Volcanoes C The Coriolis effect D Convection in the mantle

Question 7 The place where two plates collide is called a A B C D Transform boundary Hot spot Divergent boundary Convergent boundary

ANSWER The place where two plates collide is called a A Transform boundary B Hot spot C Divergent boundary D Convergent boundary

Question 8 The place where two plates move apart is called a A B C D Divergent boundary Hot spot Convergent boundary Transform boundary

ANSWER The place where two plates move apart is called a A Divergent boundary B Hot spot C Convergent boundary D Transform boundary

Question 9 Volcanoes are most likely to occur along a A B C D Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Sea floor spreading

ANSWER Volcanoes are most likely to occur along a A Divergent boundary B Convergent boundary C Transform boundary D Sea floor spreading

Question 10 The theory that continents are slowly moving over Earth s surface is called A B C D The The The The theory theory theory theory of of of of Pangaea continental drift plate boundaries plate tectonics

ANSWER The theory that continents are slowly moving over Earth s surface is called A The theory of Pangaea B The theory of continental drift C The theory of plate boundaries D The theory of plate tectonics

Question 11 When two continental plates pull apart a _____ forms A B C D Subduction zone Mountain range Earthquake Rift valley

ANSWER When two continental plates pull apart a _____ forms A Subduction zone B Mountain range C Earthquake D Rift valley

Question 12 The mid ocean ridge occurs along a A Convergent boundary where new crust is formed B Transform boundary where crust is sub ducted C Divergent boundary where seafloor spreading takes place

ANSWER The mid ocean ridge occurs along a A Convergent boundary where new crust is formed B Transform boundary where crust is sub ducted C Divergent boundary where sea floor spreading takes place

Question 13 A place where an unusually hot part of the mantle rises through the crust causing volcanic activity is called a A B C D Divergent boundary Hot spot Convergent boundary Transform boundary

ANSWER A place where an unusually hot part of the mantle rises through the crust causing volcanic activity is called a A Divergent boundary B Hot spot C Convergent boundary D Transform boundary

Question 14 The process that continually adds new crust is A B C D Subduction Earthquakes Sea floor spreading Convection

ANSWER The process that continually adds new crust is A Subduction B Earthquakes C Sea floor spreading D Convection

Question 15 Subduction is when A Earthquakes occur along a transform boundary B New crust is formed C One plate slides under another D New islands are formed

ANSWER Subduction is when A Earthquakes occur along a transform boundary B New crust is formed C One plate slides under another D New islands are formed

ROCKS MINERALS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Minerals of the same kind always have the same _____ A B C D Color Size Structure Age

ANSWER Minerals of the same kind always have the same _____ A Color B Size C Structure D Age

Question 2 _____ is magma that reaches Earth s surface A B C D Fool s gold Clay Cement Lava

ANSWER _____ is magma that reaches Earth s surface A Fool s gold B Clay C Cement D Lava

Question 3 Sandstone limestone shale and chalk are examples of A B C D Marble Sedimentary rocks Ore minerals Gemstones

ANSWER Sandstone limestone shale and chalk are examples of A Marble B Sedimentary rocks C Ore minerals D Gemstones

Question 4 Which statement about rocks and minerals is true A Minerals are usually mixtures of rocks B Rocks are usually mixtures of minerals C Rocks are inorganic and minerals are organic

ANSWER Which statement about rocks and minerals is true A Minerals are usually mixtures of rocks B Rocks are usually mixtures of minerals C Rocks are inorganic and minerals are organic

Question 5 Igneous sedimentary and metamorphic are types of A B C D Volcanoes Fossils Rocks Metals

ANSWER Igneous sedimentary and metamorphic are types of A Volcanoes B Fossils C Rocks D Metals

Question 6 The hardest mineral on Earth is A B C D Calcite Mica Quartz Diamond

ANSWER The hardest mineral on Earth is A Calcite B Mica C Quartz D Diamond

Question 7 To find the true color of a mineral you would do A B C D An acid test A streak test A mohs test A laser test

ANSWER To find the true color of a mineral you would do A An acid test B A streak test C A mohs test D A laser test

Question 8 Which is NOT a property that is used to identify a mineral A B C D Luster Deposition Cleavage Streak

ANSWER Which is NOT a property that is used to identify a mineral A Luster B Deposition C Cleavage D Streak

Question 9 The constant forming breaking down and reforming of rocks is known as A B C D The rock cycle Erosion Mining Compaction

ANSWER The constant forming breaking down and reforming of rocks is known as A The rock cycle B Erosion C Mining D Compaction

Question 10 The Mohs scale is a way to rant the _____ of a mineral A B C D Color Quality Hardness Texture

ANSWER The Mohs scale is a way to rant the _____ of a mineral A Color B Quality C Hardness D Texture

Question 11 Cubic hexagonal and monoclinic are kinds of A B C D Acid tests Rock origins Mineral fractures Crystal shapes

ANSWER Cubic hexagonal and monoclinic are kinds of A Acid tests B Rock origins C Mineral fractures D Crystal shapes

Question 12 Which is a kind of fossil fuel A B C D Coal Talc Amber Petrified wood

ANSWER Which is a kind of fossil fuel A Coal B Talc C Amber D Petrified wood

Question 13 Fossils are usually found in A B C D The inner core Cubic crystals Sedimentary rock Volcanic glass

ANSWER Fossils are usually found in A The inner core B Cubic crystals C Sedimentary rock D Volcanic glass

Question 14 Which does not cause weathering A B C D Cementation Wind Water Temperature changes

ANSWER Which does not cause weathering A Cementation B Wind C Water D Temperature changes

Question 15 Scientists who study rocks and minerals are called A B C D Engineers Geologists Geographers Biologists

ANSWER Scientists who study rocks and minerals are called A Engineers B Geologists C Geographers D Biologists

HYDROSPHERE PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Which statement best compares the amount of water present on Earth today to the amount present millions of years ago A Slightly more water on Earth today B Significantly less water on Earth today C About the same amount of water today

ANSWER Which statement best compares the amount of water present on Earth today to the amount present millions of years ago A Slightly more water on Earth today B Significantly less water on Earth today C About the same amount of water today

Question 2 The water cycle describes the movement of water on Earth About 96 of water is saltwater found in oceans while the remaining 4 is freshwater Where would the majority of freshwater on Earth be found A Groundwater and aquifers B Swamps and wetlands C Icecaps and glaciers D Lakes and rivers

ANSWER The water cycle describes the movement of water on Earth About 96 of water is saltwater found in oceans while the remaining 4 is freshwater Where would the majority of freshwater on Earth be found A Groundwater and aquifers B Swamps and wetlands C Icecaps and glaciers D Lakes and rivers

Question 3 Where is most of Earth s available freshwater stored A Underground B The atmosphere C Lakes and rivers D Icecaps and glaciers

ANSWER Where is most of Earth s available freshwater stored A Underground B The atmosphere C Lakes and rivers D Icecaps and glaciers

Question 4 What land use would be the best choice for watershed drainage A Mall B Wetland C Recreational area D Parking lot

ANSWER What land use would be the best choice for watershed drainage A Mall B Wetland C Recreational area D Parking lot

Question 5 What is the large area of land that drains all of its water to a river when the surface is saturated A River basin B Watershed C Estuary D Aquifer

ANSWER What is the large area of land that drains all of its water to a river when the surface is saturated A River basin B Watershed C Estuary D Aquifer

Question 6 Groundwater supplies are stored in A Watersheds B Lakes and rivers C River basins D Aquifers

ANSWER Groundwater supplies are stored in A Watersheds B Lakes and rivers C River basins D Aquifers

Question 7 How can the atmosphere be considered part of the hydrosphere A It is a source of water B It blocks ultraviolet rays from the sun C It contains the oxygen necessary for life on Earth D It traps pollutants that would otherwise harm the earth

ANSWER How can the atmosphere be considered part of the hydrosphere A It is a source of water B It blocks ultraviolet rays from the sun C It contains the oxygen necessary for life on Earth D It traps pollutants that would otherwise harm the earth

Question 8 Which best explains why so little of the water on Earth is available for human use A 97 of total water on Earth is freshwater and most of the remaining 3 is salt water in the ocean basins B 97 of total water on Earth is salt water and most of the remaining 3 is freshwater frozen in ice caps and glaciers C 97 of total water on Earth is freshwater and most of the remaining 3 is salt water found in underground aquifers

ANSWER Which best explains why so little of the water on Earth is available for human use A 97 of total water on Earth is freshwater and most of the remaining 3 is salt water in the ocean basins B 97 of total water on Earth is salt water and most of the remaining 3 is freshwater frozen in ice caps and glaciers C 97 of total water on Earth is freshwater and most of the remaining 3 is salt water found in underground aquifers

Question 9 When referring to groundwater 1 ___ refers to the volume percentage of pore space that can fill up with water whereas 2 ____ refers to the ability of water to flow through rock A Permeability porosity B Permeability infiltration capacity C Porosity infiltration capacity D Porosity permeability

ANSWER When referring to groundwater 1 ___ refers to the volume percentage of pore space that can fill up with water whereas 2 ____ refers to the ability of water to flow through rock A Permeability porosity B Permeability infiltration capacity C Porosity infiltration capacity D Porosity permeability

Question 10 Which best describes the process by which water from the ocean enters the atmosphere A Infiltration B Precipitation C Evaporation D Condensation

ANSWER Which best describes the process by which water from the ocean enters the atmosphere A Infiltration B Precipitation C Evaporation D Condensation

METEOROLOGY PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Cirrus clouds are found A Only at low altitudes B At mid and high altitudes C Only at high altitudes D At all altitudes

ANSWER Cirrus clouds are found A Only at low altitudes B At mid and high altitudes C Only at high altitudes D At all altitudes

Question 2 The four types of precipitation are A Rain snow flurries and hail B Rain snow sleet and hail C Hail ice snow sleet

ANSWER The four types of precipitation are A Rain snow flurries and hail B Rain snow sleet and hail C Hail ice snow sleet

Question 3 The tool used to measure wind speed is A A wind vane B An anemometer C A barometer D A psychrometer

ANSWER The tool used to measure wind speed is A A wind vane B An anemometer C A barometer D A psychrometer

Question 4 The hydrosphere contains A Clouds rivers lakes B Oceans mountains rivers C Ice smoke and dust D Hail ice snow rain

ANSWER The hydrosphere contains A Clouds rivers lakes B Oceans mountains rivers C Ice smoke and dust D Hail ice snow rain

Question 5 The coldest layer of the atmosphere is the A Thermosphere B Exosphere C Stratosphere D Mesosphere

ANSWER The coldest layer of the atmosphere is the A Thermosphere B Exosphere C Stratosphere D Mesosphere

Question 6 What is the atmospheric layer where most weather occurs A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Troposphere D Stratosphere

ANSWER What is the atmospheric layer where most weather occurs A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Troposphere D Stratosphere

Question 7 The movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure is A Conduction B Wind C Convection D Barometer

ANSWER The movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure is A Conduction B Wind C Convection D Barometer

Question 8 Hot air rising into the atmosphere where it then cools and falls back down is an example of A Radiation B Conduction C Convection D Condensation

ANSWER Hot air rising into the atmosphere where it then cools and falls back down is an example of A Radiation B Conduction C Convection D Condensation

Question 9 The more water vapor in the air the A Lower the air pressure B Higher the air pressure C Higher the temperature D Lower the temperature

ANSWER The more water vapor in the air the A Lower the air pressure B Higher the air pressure C Higher the temperature D Lower the temperature

Question 10 Wind speed wind direction air pressure temperature and _____ all help determine the weather A Location B Mountains C Latitude D Relative humidity

ANSWER Wind speed wind direction air pressure temperature and _____ all help determine the weather A Location B Mountains C Latitude D Relative humidity

Question 11 As you go up a mountain the air pressure A Decreases B Increases C Stays the same D Varies in a random way

ANSWER As you go up a mountain the air pressure A Decreases B Increases C Stays the same D Varies in a random way

Question 12 A warm front brings A Cool and cloudy weather B Cool and clear weather C Warm and cloudy weather D Warm and clear weather

ANSWER A warm front brings A Cool and cloudy weather B Cool and clear weather C Warm and cloudy weather D Warm and clear weather

Question 13 Weather is the A Average atmospheric conditions of a location B Current atmospheric conditions of a location C Temperature of a location D Rainfall of a location

ANSWER Weather is the A Average atmospheric conditions of a location B Current atmospheric conditions of a location C Temperature of a location D Rainfall of a location

Question 14 Where do meteors burn up A Stratosphere B Thermosphere C Troposphere D Mesosphere

ANSWER Where do meteors burn up A Stratosphere B Thermosphere C Troposphere D Mesosphere

Question 15 Which is a function of the ozone layer A It blocks infrared radiation B It protects us from meteors C It protects us from ultraviolet radiation D It causes the sky to be blue

ANSWER Which is a function of the ozone layer A It blocks infrared radiation B It protects us from meteors C It protects us from ultraviolet radiation D It causes the sky to be blue

Question 16 Stratus clouds usually mean A Rainy weather B Windy weather C Cold weather D Nice weather

ANSWER Stratus clouds usually mean A Rainy weather B Windy weather C Cold weather D Nice weather

Question 17 A hurricane dies when A It is killed by the government B It moves over warm water C It moves over cold water or land D When it approaches the gulf stream

ANSWER A hurricane dies when A It is killed by the government B It moves over warm water C It moves over cold water or land D When it approaches the gulf stream

Question 18 During a cold front there is A Nice weather B Light rain C Stormy weather D Very warm weather

ANSWER During a cold front there is A Nice weather B Light rain C Stormy weather D Very warm weather

Question 19 Cumulus clouds usually mean A Rainy weather B Windy weather C Cold weather D Nice weather

ANSWER Cumulus clouds usually mean A Rainy weather B Windy weather C Cold weather D Nice weather

Question 20 Where is the ozone layer A Mesosphere B Stratosphere C Troposphere D Exosphere

ANSWER Where is the ozone layer A Mesosphere B Stratosphere C Troposphere D Exosphere