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The ThroneA Compendium of Crappers The ThroneA Compendium of Crappers

Bog BookA brief overview of the House of Offices orCulture of Crappers Bog BookA brief overview of the House of Offices orCulture of Crappers

The Other RoomA History of the ToiletAnd Waste Disposalloos, karzis, bogs, crappers, johns, heads The Other RoomA History of the ToiletAnd Waste Disposalloos, karzis, bogs, crappers, johns, heads Referenceshttps://www.calligraphy-skills.com/italic-lettering.htmlCalligraphy Skillshttps://www.pinterest.co.uk/search/pins/?q=calligraphy&rs=typedPinterest

Toilets are a critical link between order and disorder in thedevelopment of human civilisation and public hygiene. Theconstruction of clean water supplies, together with treatmentworks for human waste disposal, improved the health ofpopulations in cities such as London and Paris; but this didnot come about until the latter part of the 19th century.It was not a subject which polite society wished to discuss.Attitudes changed after a series of cholera epidemics killedthousands of people in London and Dr John Snow, in 1849,established that the disease was water-borne. Yet, in thepopular mind, the cause of disease was attributed to miasmameaning bad smells; and this belief persisted until the end ofthe century. Another example is malaria (bad air). Theconnection between mosquitoes and malaria was eventuallydemonstrated in 1898. Hitherto malaria nets had provedeffective in preventing the disease — by filtering bad air.Londoners, in times of plague, relied on sweet smellingherbs and spices to ward off miasma and infection. Thefragrant substances could be carried in a simple bag or wornin a pomander or scented ball — French apple of ambergris.The River Thames was an opensewer in 1850 but arguments overmoney preventedthe adoption of a governmentpolicy to clean up the pollution.Yet, the situation became so badin 1858 that Parliament closedand considered moving the seat Toilets are a critical link between order and disorder in thedevelopment of human civilisation and public hygiene. Theconstruction of clean water supplies, together with treatmentworks for human waste disposal, improved the health ofpopulations in cities such as London and Paris; but this didnot come about until the latter part of the 19th century.It was not a subject which polite society wished to discuss.Attitudes changed after a series of cholera epidemics killedthousands of people in London and Dr John Snow, in 1849,established that the disease was water-borne. Yet, in thepopular mind, the cause of disease was attributed to miasmameaning bad smells; and this belief persisted until the end ofthe century. Another example is malaria (bad air). Theconnection between mosquitoes and malaria was eventuallydemonstrated in 1898. Hitherto malaria nets had provedeffective in preventing the disease — by filtering bad air.Londoners, in times of plague, relied on sweet smellingherbs and spices to ward off miasma and infection. Thefragrant substances could be carried in a simple bag or wornin a pomander or scented ball — French apple of ambergris.The River Thames was an opensewer in 1850 but arguments overmoney preventedthe adoption of a governmentpolicy to clean up the pollution.Yet, the situation became so badin 1858 that Parliament closedand considered moving the seat Italic writing came from a long tradition ofcopying religious texts. After about the year1200 CE, a greater need for mundane traderecords and commercial documents arose inEurope, as well as legal and diplomatic letters.Paper-making spread across Europe and the jobof clerk (scribe or copyist or scrivener) was nolonger a religious profession.Chancery or chancellery (Latin: cancellaria) is a name for a Papal or Princely writing officeresponsible for the production of officialdocuments. Italic writing is calledChancery Hand.For example, a team of scribes took dictationfrom a reader or lector who read a text aloud.The clerks then wrote clean copies of the text fordistribution. They preferred cursive Italic(Italian) because it is neat and rapid.Protestants Reformationists insisted on the nameItalic for this useful script in order to distance itfrom Popish associations.

of government to Oxford orSt Albans. In June andAugust 1858 the stenchbecame unbearable. Hotand dry weather caused thelevel of the river to sink andtemperatures rose from themid-30s to 45 Celsius in the sun. The Great and the Good such asCharles Dickens and Michael Faraday railed against thepestilential mephitis of what became known as The Great Stink.Even more influential, Prince Albert, Consort of Queen Victoria,sailed down the river from Windsor but had to turn backwhen overcome by fumes. Something had to be done, andPrince Albert spoke publicly about sewers and sewerage; thus,the matter ceased to be taboo. The man put in charge ofsewers and the delivery of clean water is remembered as one ofLondon’s quiet heroes — Joseph Bazalgette.He designed sewersmade from Portland cement andconstructed four great pumpingstations to move effluent toplaces of discharge. The Princeof Wales opened the first stationin April 1865. A tax of threepence per household was leviedin London for forty years to payfor the sewerage scheme. of government to Oxford orSt Albans. In June andAugust 1858 the stenchbecame unbearable. Hotand dry weather caused thelevel of the river to sink andtemperatures rose from themid-30s to 45 Celsius in the sun. The Great and the Good such asCharles Dickens and Michael Faraday railed against thepestilential mephitis of what became known as The Great Stink.Even more influential, Prince Albert, Consort of Queen Victoria,sailed down the river from Windsor but had to turn backwhen overcome by fumes. Something had to be done, andPrince Albert spoke publicly about sewers and sewerage; thus,the matter ceased to be taboo. The man put in charge ofsewers and the delivery of clean water is remembered as one ofLondon’s quiet heroes — Joseph Bazalgette.He designed sewersmade from Portland cement andconstructed four great pumpingstations to move effluent toplaces of discharge. The Princeof Wales opened the first stationin April 1865. A tax of threepence per household was leviedin London for forty years to payfor the sewerage scheme.

As with many inventions, theflush toilet was the result of along development. Therefore,instead of a single name and date,there follows a list of significantcontributions to the history of thedevice.Circa 3000 BC, Britain's oldest Neolithic village, SkaraBrae, Orkney, utilised a sophisticated water flushing toilet. Ariver and connecting drainage system were incorporated into thevillage's design to carry waste away.Circa 26th century BC: Flush toilets were first used in theIndus Valley Civilization. The cities of Harappa andMohenjodaro had a flush toilet in almost every house,attached to a sophisticated sewage system.Circa 18th century BC: Flush toilet constructed at Knossoson Minoan CreteCirca 15th century BC: Flush toilets used in the Minoancity of Akrotiri.9th century BC: Flush toilets on Bahrain Island.1st to 5th centuries AD: Flush toilets were usedthroughout the Roman Empire. Some examples include thoseat Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall in Britain. With the fall ofthe Roman Empire, the technology was lost in the West1206: The Arab inventor, Al-Jazari, invented a handFlush Toilet As with many inventions, theflush toilet was the result of along development. Therefore,instead of a single name and date,there follows a list of significantcontributions to the history of thedevice.Circa 3000 BC, Britain's oldest Neolithic village, SkaraBrae, Orkney, utilised a sophisticated water flushing toilet. Ariver and connecting drainage system were incorporated into thevillage's design to carry waste away.Circa 26th century BC: Flush toilets were first used in theIndus Valley Civilization. The cities of Harappa andMohenjodaro had a flush toilet in almost every house,attached to a sophisticated sewage system.Circa 18th century BC: Flush toilet constructed at Knossoson Minoan CreteCirca 15th century BC: Flush toilets used in the Minoancity of Akrotiri.9th century BC: Flush toilets on Bahrain Island.1st to 5th centuries AD: Flush toilets were usedthroughout the Roman Empire. Some examples include thoseat Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall in Britain. With the fall ofthe Roman Empire, the technology was lost in the West1206: The Arab inventor, Al-Jazari, invented a handFlush Toilet

washing device incorporating the flush mechanism now usedin modern flush toilets. His device features an automaton bya basin filled with water. When the user pulls a lever, thewater drains and the automaton refills the basin.1596: Sir John Harington published A New Discourse of aStale Subject, Called the Metamorphosis of Ajax, describing aforerunner to the modern flush toilet installed at his house atKelston. The design had a flush valve to let water out of thetank and a wash-down design to empty the bowl. Heinstalled one for his godmother Elizabeth I of England atRichmond Palace, although she refused to use it because itmade too much noise. The Ajax was not taken up in England, butappeared in France under the name Angrez.1738: A valve-type flush toilet was invented by J. F. Brondel.1775: Alexander Cummings invented the S-trap (Britishpatent no. 814), which uses standing water to seal the outlet of thebowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. His designhad a sliding valve in the bowl outlet above the trap.1777: Samuel Prosser patented the 'plunger closet'.1778: Joseph Bramah invented a hinged valve or 'crank valve'that sealed the bottom of the bowl, and a float valve system forthe flush tank. His design was used mainly on boats.1819: Albert Giblin received British patent 4990 for the"Silent Water Waste Preventer", a siphon discharge system.1852: J. G. Jennings invented a wash-out design with a shallowpan emptying into an S-trap. washing device incorporating the flush mechanism now usedin modern flush toilets. His device features an automaton bya basin filled with water. When the user pulls a lever, thewater drains and the automaton refills the basin.1596: Sir John Harington published A New Discourse of aStale Subject, Called the Metamorphosis of Ajax, describing aforerunner to the modern flush toilet installed at his house atKelston. The design had a flush valve to let water out of thetank and a wash-down design to empty the bowl. Heinstalled one for his godmother Elizabeth I of England atRichmond Palace, although she refused to use it because itmade too much noise. The Ajax was not taken up in England, butappeared in France under the name Angrez.1738: A valve-type flush toilet was invented by J. F. Brondel.1775: Alexander Cummings invented the S-trap (Britishpatent no. 814), which uses standing water to seal the outlet of thebowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. His designhad a sliding valve in the bowl outlet above the trap.1777: Samuel Prosser patented the 'plunger closet'.1778: Joseph Bramah invented a hinged valve or 'crank valve'that sealed the bottom of the bowl, and a float valve system forthe flush tank. His design was used mainly on boats.1819: Albert Giblin received British patent 4990 for the"Silent Water Waste Preventer", a siphon discharge system.1852: J. G. Jennings invented a wash-out design with a shallowpan emptying into an S-trap.

1857: The first American patent for a toilet, the 'plungercloset', was granted.1858: The first flush toilets on the European continent mayhave been the three "waterclosets" installed in the new townhouse of banker Nicolay August Andresen on 6 Kirkegaten inChristiania, insured in January 1859. The toilets wereprobably imported from England, as they were referred to bythe English term water closets in the insurance ledger.1860: Another early water closet on the Europeancontinent was also imported from England. It was installed inthe rooms of Queen Victoria in castle Ehrenburg, Coburg,Germany; she was the only one allowed to use it.The first popularized water closets were exhibited at TheCrystal Palace and these became the first public toilets. Theyhad attendants dressed in white and customers were chargeda penny for use: hence the phrase "To spend a penny."1880s: Thomas Crapper's plumbing company built flushtoilets of Giblin's design. After the company received a royalwarrant, Crapper's name became synonymous with flushtoilets. Although not the original inventor, Crapperpopularized the siphon system for emptying the tank,replacing the earlier floating valve system which was proneto leaks. Some of Crapper's designs were made by ThomasTwyford. The similarity between Crapper's name and the mucholder word crap is a coincidence. 1885: The first modern pedestal 'flush-down' toilet wasdemonstrated by Frederick Humpherson of the BeaufortWorks, Chelsea, England.1885: Thomas Twyford built the first one-piece ceramic toilet 1857: The first American patent for a toilet, the 'plungercloset', was granted.1858: The first flush toilets on the European continent mayhave been the three "waterclosets" installed in the new townhouse of banker Nicolay August Andresen on 6 Kirkegaten inChristiania, insured in January 1859. The toilets wereprobably imported from England, as they were referred to bythe English term water closets in the insurance ledger.1860: Another early water closet on the Europeancontinent was also imported from England. It was installed inthe rooms of Queen Victoria in castle Ehrenburg, Coburg,Germany; she was the only one allowed to use it.The first popularized water closets were exhibited at TheCrystal Palace and these became the first public toilets. Theyhad attendants dressed in white and customers were chargeda penny for use: hence the phrase "To spend a penny."1880s: Thomas Crapper's plumbing company built flushtoilets of Giblin's design. After the company received a royalwarrant, Crapper's name became synonymous with flushtoilets. Although not the original inventor, Crapperpopularized the siphon system for emptying the tank,replacing the earlier floating valve system which was proneto leaks. Some of Crapper's designs were made by ThomasTwyford. The similarity between Crapper's name and the mucholder word crap is a coincidence. 1885: The first modern pedestal 'flush-down' toilet wasdemonstrated by Frederick Humpherson of the BeaufortWorks, Chelsea, England.1885: Thomas Twyford built the first one-piece ceramic toilet

using the flush-out siphon design by J. G. Jennings.1906: William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer,which used pressurized water directly from the supply linefor faster recycle time between flushes. The Flushometer isstill in use today in public restrooms worldwide.1907: Thomas MacAvity Stewart of Saint John, NewBrunswick patented the vortex-flushing toilet bowl, whichcreates a self cleansing effect.1980: Bruce Thompson, working for Caroma in Australia,developed the Duoset cistern with two buttons and two flushvolumes as a water-saving measure. Modern versions of theDuoset are now available worldwide, and save the averagehousehold 67% of their normal water usage.The flushing mechanism provides a large flow of waterinto the bowl (which is described later in this article). Themechanism usually incorporates one or more parts of thefollowing designs:Flushing mechanismsTank fill valvesThe Ballcock or Float Valve is often used to regulate thefilling of a tank or cistern. When the fluid level drops, thefloat descends, levering the valve opening and allowing more using the flush-out siphon design by J. G. Jennings.1906: William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer,which used pressurized water directly from the supply linefor faster recycle time between flushes. The Flushometer isstill in use today in public restrooms worldwide.1907: Thomas MacAvity Stewart of Saint John, NewBrunswick patented the vortex-flushing toilet bowl, whichcreates a self cleansing effect.1980: Bruce Thompson, working for Caroma in Australia,developed the Duoset cistern with two buttons and two flushvolumes as a water-saving measure. Modern versions of theDuoset are now available worldwide, and save the averagehousehold 67% of their normal water usage.The flushing mechanism provides a large flow of waterinto the bowl (which is described later in this article). Themechanism usually incorporates one or more parts of thefollowing designs:Flushing mechanismsTank fill valvesThe Ballcock or Float Valve is often used to regulate thefilling of a tank or cistern. When the fluid level drops, thefloat descends, levering the valve opening and allowing more

fluid to enter. Once the float reached the 'full' position, thearm presses the valve shut again.Tank fill valves are found in all tank-style toilets. Thevalves are of two main designs: the side-float design and theconcentric-float design. The side-float design has existed forover a hundred years. The concentric-design has only existedsince 1957, but is gradually becoming more popular than theside-float design, and Fluidmaster, founded in the UnitedStates by inventor Adolf Schoepe, makes them.The side-float design incorporates a float, usually ballshaped,which is located to one side of the main valve towerat the end of a rod or arm. As the side-float rises, so does theside-float-arm. The arm is connected to a linkage whichblocks the water flow into the toilet tank, and thus maintainsa constant level in the tank.One type of Concentric Float Valve. The Concentric Floatvalve opens when the fluid level is low, allowing more fluidto enter (Figure 1). When the fluid level returns to the fulllevel, the valve is shut (Figure 2). fluid to enter. Once the float reached the 'full' position, thearm presses the valve shut again.Tank fill valves are found in all tank-style toilets. Thevalves are of two main designs: the side-float design and theconcentric-float design. The side-float design has existed forover a hundred years. The concentric-design has only existedsince 1957, but is gradually becoming more popular than theside-float design, and Fluidmaster, founded in the UnitedStates by inventor Adolf Schoepe, makes them.The side-float design incorporates a float, usually ballshaped,which is located to one side of the main valve towerat the end of a rod or arm. As the side-float rises, so does theside-float-arm. The arm is connected to a linkage whichblocks the water flow into the toilet tank, and thus maintainsa constant level in the tank.One type of Concentric Float Valve. The Concentric Floatvalve opens when the fluid level is low, allowing more fluidto enter (Figure 1). When the fluid level returns to the fulllevel, the valve is shut (Figure 2).

The newer concentric-float fill valve consists of a towerwhich is encircled by a plastic float assembly. Operation isotherwise the same as a side-float fill valve, even though thefloat position is somewhat different. By virtue of its morecompact layout, interference between the float and otherobstacles (tank insulation, flush valve, and so on) is greatlyreduced, thus increasing reliability. The concentric-float fillvalve is also designed to signal to users automatically whenthere is a leak in the tank, by making much more noise whena leak is present than the older style side-float fill valve,which tends to be nearly silent when a slow leak is present.Tank style with flapper-flush-valveA traditional gravity toilet tank concluding the flush cycle.As the water level in the tank drops, the flush valve flapper fallsback to the bottom, stopping the main flow to the flush tube.Water continues to flow from the tank and bowl emptying intoan S-trap. The newer concentric-float fill valve consists of a towerwhich is encircled by a plastic float assembly. Operation isotherwise the same as a side-float fill valve, even though thefloat position is somewhat different. By virtue of its morecompact layout, interference between the float and otherobstacles (tank insulation, flush valve, and so on) is greatlyreduced, thus increasing reliability. The concentric-float fillvalve is also designed to signal to users automatically whenthere is a leak in the tank, by making much more noise whena leak is present than the older style side-float fill valve,which tends to be nearly silent when a slow leak is present.Tank style with flapper-flush-valveA traditional gravity toilet tank concluding the flush cycle.As the water level in the tank drops, the flush valve flapper fallsback to the bottom, stopping the main flow to the flush tube.Water continues to flow from the tank and bowl emptying intoan S-trap.

When the water again reaches the fill line, the float will releasethe fill valve shaft and water flow will stop. 1. float, 2.fill valve, 3. lift arm, 4. tank fill tube, 5. bowl fill tube, 6. flushvalve flapper, 7. overflow tube, 8. flush handle, 9. chain, 10.fill line, 11. fill valve shaft, 12. flush tubeIn a tank-based system, the storage tank (or cistern)collects between 6 and 17 liters of water over a period of time.This system is suitable for locations plumbed with15 mm or 10 mm water pipes. The storage tank is kept full by atank fill-valve. The storage tank is usually mounted directly uponthe bowl, although some tanks are mounted on the wall above thebowl in an attempt to increase the flush water pressure as it entersthe bowl. Tanks near the ceiling are flushed by means of adangling pull chain, often with a large ornate handle, connectedto a flush lever on the cistern itself. "Pulling the chain" remains aBritish euphemism for flushing the toilet, although this type oftank or cistern is becoming rare. A similar German expressionexists: "Wasser ziehen" (to pull water).In tanks using a flapper-flush-valve, the outlet at the bottom ofthe tank is covered by a buoyant plastic cover or flapper, which isheld in place against a fitting (the flush valve seat) by waterpressure. To flush the toilet, the user pushes a lever, which liftsthe flush valve from the valve seat. The valve then floats clear ofthe seat, allowing the tank to empty quickly into the bowl. As thewater level drops, the floating flush valve descends back to thebottom of the tank and covers the outlet pipe again. This systemis common in homes in the USA and in continental Europe.Recently this flush system has also become available in the UKdue to a change in regulations. When the water again reaches the fill line, the float will releasethe fill valve shaft and water flow will stop. 1. float, 2.fill valve, 3. lift arm, 4. tank fill tube, 5. bowl fill tube, 6. flushvalve flapper, 7. overflow tube, 8. flush handle, 9. chain, 10.fill line, 11. fill valve shaft, 12. flush tubeIn a tank-based system, the storage tank (or cistern)collects between 6 and 17 liters of water over a period of time.This system is suitable for locations plumbed with15 mm or 10 mm water pipes. The storage tank is kept full by atank fill-valve. The storage tank is usually mounted directly uponthe bowl, although some tanks are mounted on the wall above thebowl in an attempt to increase the flush water pressure as it entersthe bowl. Tanks near the ceiling are flushed by means of adangling pull chain, often with a large ornate handle, connectedto a flush lever on the cistern itself. "Pulling the chain" remains aBritish euphemism for flushing the toilet, although this type oftank or cistern is becoming rare. A similar German expressionexists: "Wasser ziehen" (to pull water).In tanks using a flapper-flush-valve, the outlet at the bottom ofthe tank is covered by a buoyant plastic cover or flapper, which isheld in place against a fitting (the flush valve seat) by waterpressure. To flush the toilet, the user pushes a lever, which liftsthe flush valve from the valve seat. The valve then floats clear ofthe seat, allowing the tank to empty quickly into the bowl. As thewater level drops, the floating flush valve descends back to thebottom of the tank and covers the outlet pipe again. This systemis common in homes in the USA and in continental Europe.Recently this flush system has also become available in the UKdue to a change in regulations.

Tank style with siphon-flush-valveThis system, invented by Albert Giblin and common in theUK, uses a storage tank similar to that used in the flapper flush-valve system above. This flush valve system is sometimesreferred to as a valveless system, since no traditional type ofvalve is required. Some would argue, however, that any system ofregulating the flow of a fluid is still technically a valve. In thesiphon-flush-valve system, the user pushes a lever or button,forcing the water up into the tank siphon passageway which thenempties the water in the tank into the bowl. The advantage of asiphon over the flush valve is that is has no sealing washers thatcan wear out and cause leaks, so it is favoured in places wherethere is a need to conserve water. Until recently, the use ofsiphon-type cisterns was mandatory in the UK to avoid thepotential waste of water by millions of leaking toilets with flappervalves but due to EU harmonisation the regulations havechanged. These valves can sometimes be more difficult to operatethan a "flapper"-based flush valve because the lever requiresmore torque than a flapper-flush-valve system. This additionaltorque required at the tank lever is due to the fact that a user mustforcefully lift a certain amount of water up into the siphonpassageway in order to initiate the siphon action in the tank.Older installations, known as "high suite combinations",used a high-level cistern (tank), fitted above head height, thatwas operated by pulling a chain hanging down from a leverattached to the cistern. When more modern close-coupledcistern and bowl combinations were first introduced, these Tank style with siphon-flush-valveThis system, invented by Albert Giblin and common in theUK, uses a storage tank similar to that used in the flapper flush-valve system above. This flush valve system is sometimesreferred to as a valveless system, since no traditional type ofvalve is required. Some would argue, however, that any system ofregulating the flow of a fluid is still technically a valve. In thesiphon-flush-valve system, the user pushes a lever or button,forcing the water up into the tank siphon passageway which thenempties the water in the tank into the bowl. The advantage of asiphon over the flush valve is that is has no sealing washers thatcan wear out and cause leaks, so it is favoured in places wherethere is a need to conserve water. Until recently, the use ofsiphon-type cisterns was mandatory in the UK to avoid thepotential waste of water by millions of leaking toilets with flappervalves but due to EU harmonisation the regulations havechanged. These valves can sometimes be more difficult to operatethan a "flapper"-based flush valve because the lever requiresmore torque than a flapper-flush-valve system. This additionaltorque required at the tank lever is due to the fact that a user mustforcefully lift a certain amount of water up into the siphonpassageway in order to initiate the siphon action in the tank.Older installations, known as "high suite combinations",used a high-level cistern (tank), fitted above head height, thatwas operated by pulling a chain hanging down from a leverattached to the cistern. When more modern close-coupledcistern and bowl combinations were first introduced, these

were first referred to as "low suite combinations". Modernversions have a neater-looking low-level cistern with a leverthat the user can reach directly, or a close-coupled cistern that iseven lower down and integrated with the bowl. In recent decadesthe close coupled tank/bowl combination has become the mostpopular residential system, as it has been found by ceramicengineers that improved waterway design is a more effective wayto enhance the bowl's flushing action than high tank mounting.This system utilizes mains water pressure to prepressurizea plastic tank located inside of what otherwise appears to be themore typical ceramic flush tank. A flush cycle begins each time auser flushes the bowl. After a user flushes and the water in thepre-pressurized tank has finished emptying into the bowl, theoutlet valve in the plastic tank shuts. Then the high pressure waterfrom the city main refills the plastic tank. Inside the tank is an air-filled balloon-like rubber diaphragm. As the higher-pressuremains water enters the tank, the rubber diaphragm is alsopressurized and shrinks accordingly. During flushing, thecompressed air inside of the diaphragm pushes the water into thebowl at a flow rate which is significantly higher than a tank stylegravity-flow toilet. This system requires slightly less water than agravity-flow toilet. Pressure-assist toilets are sometimes found inboth private (single, multiple and lodging) bathrooms as well aslight commercial installations (such as offices). They seldomclog, but the pressurized tanks require replacement about onceevery 10 years.Tank style with high-pressure or pressure assist valve were first referred to as "low suite combinations". Modernversions have a neater-looking low-level cistern with a leverthat the user can reach directly, or a close-coupled cistern that iseven lower down and integrated with the bowl. In recent decadesthe close coupled tank/bowl combination has become the mostpopular residential system, as it has been found by ceramicengineers that improved waterway design is a more effective wayto enhance the bowl's flushing action than high tank mounting.This system utilizes mains water pressure to prepressurizea plastic tank located inside of what otherwise appears to be themore typical ceramic flush tank. A flush cycle begins each time auser flushes the bowl. After a user flushes and the water in thepre-pressurized tank has finished emptying into the bowl, theoutlet valve in the plastic tank shuts. Then the high pressure waterfrom the city main refills the plastic tank. Inside the tank is an air-filled balloon-like rubber diaphragm. As the higher-pressuremains water enters the tank, the rubber diaphragm is alsopressurized and shrinks accordingly. During flushing, thecompressed air inside of the diaphragm pushes the water into thebowl at a flow rate which is significantly higher than a tank stylegravity-flow toilet. This system requires slightly less water than agravity-flow toilet. Pressure-assist toilets are sometimes found inboth private (single, multiple and lodging) bathrooms as well aslight commercial installations (such as offices). They seldomclog, but the pressurized tanks require replacement about onceevery 10 years.Tank style with high-pressure or pressure assist valve

They also tend to be noisier - a concern for residentialsettings. The inner bowl stays cleaner (in appearance) thangravity counterparts because of the larger water surface areaand the toilet's forceful flush. Newer toilets from severalcompanies such as Koehler that are pressure-assisted use 1.4—1.1 gallons per flush.Tankless style with high-pressure (flushometer) valveIn 1906, William Sloan first made his "flushometer" styletoilet flush valve, incorporating his patented design, availableto the public. The design proved to be very popular andefficient, and remains so to this day. Flushometer toilet flushvalves are still often installed in commercial restrooms, andare frequently used for both toilets and for urinals. Since theyhave no tank, they have zero recharge time, and can be usedimmediately by the next user of the toilet. They can be easilyidentified by their distinctive chrome pipe-work, and by theabsence of a toilet tank or cistern, wherever they are employed.Some flushometer models require the user to eitherdepress a lever or press a button, which in turn opens a flushvalve allowing mains-pressure water to flow directly into thetoilet bowl or urinal. Other flushometer models areelectronically triggered, using an infrared sensor to initiatethe flushing process. Typically, on electronically triggeredmodels, an override button is provided in case the userwishes to manually trigger flushing earlier. Someelectronically triggered models also incorporate a true They also tend to be noisier - a concern for residentialsettings. The inner bowl stays cleaner (in appearance) thangravity counterparts because of the larger water surface areaand the toilet's forceful flush. Newer toilets from severalcompanies such as Koehler that are pressure-assisted use 1.4—1.1 gallons per flush.Tankless style with high-pressure (flushometer) valveIn 1906, William Sloan first made his "flushometer" styletoilet flush valve, incorporating his patented design, availableto the public. The design proved to be very popular andefficient, and remains so to this day. Flushometer toilet flushvalves are still often installed in commercial restrooms, andare frequently used for both toilets and for urinals. Since theyhave no tank, they have zero recharge time, and can be usedimmediately by the next user of the toilet. They can be easilyidentified by their distinctive chrome pipe-work, and by theabsence of a toilet tank or cistern, wherever they are employed.Some flushometer models require the user to eitherdepress a lever or press a button, which in turn opens a flushvalve allowing mains-pressure water to flow directly into thetoilet bowl or urinal. Other flushometer models areelectronically triggered, using an infrared sensor to initiatethe flushing process. Typically, on electronically triggeredmodels, an override button is provided in case the userwishes to manually trigger flushing earlier. Someelectronically triggered models also incorporate a true

mechanical manual override which can be used in the event of thefailure of the electronic system. In retrofit installations,a self-contained battery-powered or hard-wired unit can be addedto an existing manual flushometer to flush automatically. Once a flushometer valve has been flushed, and after a presetinterval, inside the flushometer valve a pneumatic mechanismcloses the valve. The flushometer system requires no storagetank, but requires a high volume of water in a very short time.Thus a 19 mm pipe at minimum, or preferably a 25 mm pipe,must be used, but as the high volume is required only for a shortduration, very little water is used for the amount of flushingefficacy delivered.Water main pressures must be above 30 psi. While the higherwater pressure employed by a flushometer valve does scour thebowl more efficiently than a gravity-driven system, and whilefewer blockages typically occur as a result of this higher waterpressure, flushometer systems still require approximately thesame amount of water as a gravity system to operate (1.6 gpf).Bowl designsThe bowl, loo or pan, of a toilet is the receptacle that receivesbodily waste. A toilet bowl is most often made of porcelain, butcan sometimes be made of stainless steel or composite plastics.Toilet bowls are mounted in any one of three basic manners:above-floor mounted (pedestal), wall mounted (cantilever), or in-floor mounted (natural position).Within the bowl, there are three main water-way design systems:the siphoning trapped system (found primarily in North Americanresidential installations, and in North American light commercial mechanical manual override which can be used in the event of thefailure of the electronic system. In retrofit installations,a self-contained battery-powered or hard-wired unit can be addedto an existing manual flushometer to flush automatically. Once a flushometer valve has been flushed, and after a presetinterval, inside the flushometer valve a pneumatic mechanismcloses the valve. The flushometer system requires no storagetank, but requires a high volume of water in a very short time.Thus a 19 mm pipe at minimum, or preferably a 25 mm pipe,must be used, but as the high volume is required only for a shortduration, very little water is used for the amount of flushingefficacy delivered.Water main pressures must be above 30 psi. While the higherwater pressure employed by a flushometer valve does scour thebowl more efficiently than a gravity-driven system, and whilefewer blockages typically occur as a result of this higher waterpressure, flushometer systems still require approximately thesame amount of water as a gravity system to operate (1.6 gpf).Bowl designsThe bowl, loo or pan, of a toilet is the receptacle that receivesbodily waste. A toilet bowl is most often made of porcelain, butcan sometimes be made of stainless steel or composite plastics.Toilet bowls are mounted in any one of three basic manners:above-floor mounted (pedestal), wall mounted (cantilever), or in-floor mounted (natural position).Within the bowl, there are three main water-way design systems:the siphoning trapped system (found primarily in North Americanresidential installations, and in North American light commercial

installations), the non-siphoning trapped system (found in mostother installations both inside and outside of North America), andthe valve-closet system (found in many specialty applications,such as in trains, planes, buses, and other such installationsaround the world). Older style toilets called "washout" toilets arenow only found in a few locations.The siphoning-toilet is perhaps the most popular design in NorthAmerica for residential and light commercial toilet installations.Some other terms for these types of toilets are "siphon jet","siphon wash", and in North America, "wash down". Allsiphoning-toilets incorporate an 'S' shaped water-way. The water-ways in these toilets are designed with slightly smaller diametersthan a non-siphoning toilet, so that the water-way will naturallyfill up with water, each time it is flushed, thus creating the siphonaction. To flush the toilet the user activates a flushing mechanism(see above), which pours a large quantity of water quickly intothe bowl. This creates a flow large enough to purge the bowl'swater-way of all air, thus causing the bowl to empty rapidly dueto the siphonic action that has been created. This flow stops assoon as the water level in the bowl drops below the first bend ofthe siphon, allowing air to enter the S-pipe to break the column ofliquid and to halt the siphonic action. A "true siphoning-toilet"can be easily identified by the noise it makes. If it can be heard tosuck air down the drain at the end of a flush, then it is a truesiphoning toilet. If not, then it is a nonsiphoning toilet. installations), the non-siphoning trapped system (found in mostother installations both inside and outside of North America), andthe valve-closet system (found in many specialty applications,such as in trains, planes, buses, and other such installationsaround the world). Older style toilets called "washout" toilets arenow only found in a few locations.The siphoning-toilet is perhaps the most popular design in NorthAmerica for residential and light commercial toilet installations.Some other terms for these types of toilets are "siphon jet","siphon wash", and in North America, "wash down". Allsiphoning-toilets incorporate an 'S' shaped water-way. The water-ways in these toilets are designed with slightly smaller diametersthan a non-siphoning toilet, so that the water-way will naturallyfill up with water, each time it is flushed, thus creating the siphonaction. To flush the toilet the user activates a flushing mechanism(see above), which pours a large quantity of water quickly intothe bowl. This creates a flow large enough to purge the bowl'swater-way of all air, thus causing the bowl to empty rapidly dueto the siphonic action that has been created. This flow stops assoon as the water level in the bowl drops below the first bend ofthe siphon, allowing air to enter the S-pipe to break the column ofliquid and to halt the siphonic action. A "true siphoning-toilet"can be easily identified by the noise it makes. If it can be heard tosuck air down the drain at the end of a flush, then it is a truesiphoning toilet. If not, then it is a nonsiphoning toilet.

Stephen ColbournSan Paper and Layabout Bookswww.sansap.comsan2paper@gmail.comBangkok 10120 Steve



The bowl drain-water-way is at the rear of the bowl and isconnected to the waste pipe. In American designs the waterwaydischarge is situated between the rear floor-mount bolts of anextended base. From here it is directly bolted to a drain flangebeneath the toilet.Three styles of toilet. Figure 1. The Washdown style. Figure 2.The Wash-out style. Figure 3. The Reverse Bowl or Shelf Style. The bowl drain-water-way is at the rear of the bowl and isconnected to the waste pipe. In American designs the waterwaydischarge is situated between the rear floor-mount bolts of anextended base. From here it is directly bolted to a drain flangebeneath the toilet.Three styles of toilet. Figure 1. The Washdown style. Figure 2.The Wash-out style. Figure 3. The Reverse Bowl or Shelf Style.

Valve closetThe valve closet has a valve or flap at the exit of the bowlwith a water-tight seal to retain a pool of water in the pan.When the toilet is flushed, the valve is opened and the waterin the pan flows rapidly out of the bowl into the drains,carrying the waste with it.The earliest type of toilet, the valve closet is now scarce asa water-flush toilet. More complicated in design than otherwater closets, reliability is lower and maintenance moredifficult. The most common use for valve closets is now inportable closets for caravans, camping, trains, and aircraftwhere the flushing fluid is recycled. This design is also usedin train carriages in areas where the waste is allowed to besimply dumped between the tracks (the flushing of suchtoilets is generally prohibited when the train is in a station).Washout toiletsWashout toilets have a shallow pool of water into whichwaste is deposited, with a trapped drain just behind this pool.Waste is cleared out from this pool of water by being sweptover into the trap (usually either a P-trap or an S-trap) andthen beyond into a sewer by water from the flush. Washoutpans were amongst the first types of ceramic toilets inventedand since the early 1970s are now only found in a few localitiessuch as in some parts of Germany. Valve closetThe valve closet has a valve or flap at the exit of the bowlwith a water-tight seal to retain a pool of water in the pan.When the toilet is flushed, the valve is opened and the waterin the pan flows rapidly out of the bowl into the drains,carrying the waste with it.The earliest type of toilet, the valve closet is now scarce asa water-flush toilet. More complicated in design than otherwater closets, reliability is lower and maintenance moredifficult. The most common use for valve closets is now inportable closets for caravans, camping, trains, and aircraftwhere the flushing fluid is recycled. This design is also usedin train carriages in areas where the waste is allowed to besimply dumped between the tracks (the flushing of suchtoilets is generally prohibited when the train is in a station).Washout toiletsWashout toilets have a shallow pool of water into whichwaste is deposited, with a trapped drain just behind this pool.Waste is cleared out from this pool of water by being sweptover into the trap (usually either a P-trap or an S-trap) andthen beyond into a sewer by water from the flush. Washoutpans were amongst the first types of ceramic toilets inventedand since the early 1970s are now only found in a few localitiessuch as in some parts of Germany.

Reverse bowl designA German style reverse flush toilet which holds the excrementout of the water. This could be to make inspection easier, toreduce splashing, or just tradition. It greatly increases associatedodor and may require a brushing after use.In Germany and the Netherlands the bowl is designed tohold the fecal matter out of the water prior to flushing bymeans of a receiver shelf, whereas most standard designs(U.S., UK) immediately allow it to plunge into standingwater. This reverse design prevents the occurrence of any splash-up which commonly happens when fecal matterplunges into the standing water in the standard designs Reverse bowl designA German style reverse flush toilet which holds the excrementout of the water. This could be to make inspection easier, toreduce splashing, or just tradition. It greatly increases associatedodor and may require a brushing after use.In Germany and the Netherlands the bowl is designed tohold the fecal matter out of the water prior to flushing bymeans of a receiver shelf, whereas most standard designs(U.S., UK) immediately allow it to plunge into standingwater. This reverse design prevents the occurrence of any splash-up which commonly happens when fecal matterplunges into the standing water in the standard designs

(although substantial deposits may cause splash-up problemsof their own). The disadvantage is that it also increases theassociated odor and may require the use of a brush after useto clean the shelf. Similar designs are found in some earlytoilets in the U.S., one particular brand being labeled the"Grand Niagara", as the flushing of the shelf creates awaterfall effect into the drain chamber.Cultural variationsIn India, the "Anglo-Indian" design allows the same toiletto be used in the sitting or the squatting position. This type oftoilet is also used on most Russian trains.US standards for low-flow and high efficiency toiletsA pre 1994 flush-toilet or gravity-fed toilet uses 13 litres (3.4 USgallons or 2.8 imperial gallons) or more per flush. In 1992, theUnited States Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 1992,which mandated that, from 1994, the common flush-toilet useonly 1.6 US gallons (6 litres) of water per flush. In response tothe Act, manufacturers produced low flow toilets, which manyconsumers did not like.Manufacturers responded to consumers' complaints byimproving the toilets. The improved products are generallyidentified as high efficiency toilets or HETs. HETs possess aneffective flush volume of 4.8 litres (1.28 US gallons) or less.HETs may be single-flush or dual-flush. A dual-flush toiletpermits its user to choose between two amounts of water. (although substantial deposits may cause splash-up problemsof their own). The disadvantage is that it also increases theassociated odor and may require the use of a brush after useto clean the shelf. Similar designs are found in some earlytoilets in the U.S., one particular brand being labeled the"Grand Niagara", as the flushing of the shelf creates awaterfall effect into the drain chamber.Cultural variationsIn India, the "Anglo-Indian" design allows the same toiletto be used in the sitting or the squatting position. This type oftoilet is also used on most Russian trains.US standards for low-flow and high efficiency toiletsA pre 1994 flush-toilet or gravity-fed toilet uses 13 litres (3.4 USgallons or 2.8 imperial gallons) or more per flush. In 1992, theUnited States Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 1992,which mandated that, from 1994, the common flush-toilet useonly 1.6 US gallons (6 litres) of water per flush. In response tothe Act, manufacturers produced low flow toilets, which manyconsumers did not like.Manufacturers responded to consumers' complaints byimproving the toilets. The improved products are generallyidentified as high efficiency toilets or HETs. HETs possess aneffective flush volume of 4.8 litres (1.28 US gallons) or less.HETs may be single-flush or dual-flush. A dual-flush toiletpermits its user to choose between two amounts of water.

Some HETs are pressure-assisted (or power-assisted or pump-assisted or vacuum-assisted). The performance of a flushtoiletmay be rated by a Maximum Performance (MaP) score.The low end of MaP scores is 250. The high end of MaP scoresis 1000. A toilet with a MaP score of 1000 should providetrouble-free service. It should remove all waste with a singleflush; it should not plug; it should not harbor any odor; it shouldbe easy to keep clean. The United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency uses a MaP score of 350 as the minimumperformance threshold for HETs. 1.6 gpf toilets are alsosometimes referred as ULF toilets (or Ultra Low Flow) toilets.Water-closet (WC), the nameThe term "water-closet" was an early term for a room witha toilet. Originally, the term "wash-down closet" was used.Originally, the term "bath-room" referred only to the roomwhere the bathtub was located, which was usually a separateroom, but this connotation has changed in common NorthAmerican usage. In the UK, the terms "bathroom" and "toilet"are used to indicate discrete functions, even thoughbathrooms in modern homes have been designed accordingto the American norm since around the mid-sixties. The term"water closet" was probably adapted because in the late1800s, with the advent of indoor plumbing, a toilet displacedan early clothes closet, closets being shaped to easilyaccommodate the spatial needs of a commode. The term"water closet" is still used today in some places, but it oftenrefers to a room that has both a toilet and other plumbingfixtures such as a sink or a bathtub. Plumbing manufacturers Some HETs are pressure-assisted (or power-assisted or pump-assisted or vacuum-assisted). The performance of a flushtoiletmay be rated by a Maximum Performance (MaP) score.The low end of MaP scores is 250. The high end of MaP scoresis 1000. A toilet with a MaP score of 1000 should providetrouble-free service. It should remove all waste with a singleflush; it should not plug; it should not harbor any odor; it shouldbe easy to keep clean. The United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency uses a MaP score of 350 as the minimumperformance threshold for HETs. 1.6 gpf toilets are alsosometimes referred as ULF toilets (or Ultra Low Flow) toilets.Water-closet (WC), the nameThe term "water-closet" was an early term for a room witha toilet. Originally, the term "wash-down closet" was used.Originally, the term "bath-room" referred only to the roomwhere the bathtub was located, which was usually a separateroom, but this connotation has changed in common NorthAmerican usage. In the UK, the terms "bathroom" and "toilet"are used to indicate discrete functions, even thoughbathrooms in modern homes have been designed accordingto the American norm since around the mid-sixties. The term"water closet" was probably adapted because in the late1800s, with the advent of indoor plumbing, a toilet displacedan early clothes closet, closets being shaped to easilyaccommodate the spatial needs of a commode. The term"water closet" is still used today in some places, but it oftenrefers to a room that has both a toilet and other plumbingfixtures such as a sink or a bathtub. Plumbing manufacturers

often use the term "water-closet" to differentiate toilets fromurinals. American plumbing codes still refer to a toilet as a"Water Closet" or a "WC". Many South American countriesrefer to a toilet as a "Water" which is now a term commonlyfound in Spanish dictionaries, and which derives from theBritish term "water closet". In French the expression "aller auxwaters" ("to go to the waters") has now become obsolete, butit also derives from "water closet". "WC" is still used in theFrench language, although not as common as the term"toilet", and pronounced as "VC", a shortened version of"double V C". In Germany the expression "Klo" (first syllableof "closet") is still used, though the term is colloquial and notwelcome in polite conversation.In Germany and the Netherlands (due to the bowl design(above) the toilet is still kept in a separate room known asthe "WC" even in newly built residences. In the Dutch speakingpart (Flanders) as well as the French-speaking part of Belgium(Wallonia), "WC" is a frequently used synonym for "toilet".Swirl directionIt is a commonly held misconception that, when flushed,the water in a toilet bowl swirls one way if the toilet is north ofthe equator and the other way if south of the equator, due to theCoriolis effect – usually, counter clockwise in the northernhemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. In reality,the direction that the water takes is much more determined by thedirection that the bowl's rim jets are pointed, and it can be madeto flush in either direction in either hemisphere by simplyredirecting the rim jets during manufacture. often use the term "water-closet" to differentiate toilets fromurinals. American plumbing codes still refer to a toilet as a"Water Closet" or a "WC". Many South American countriesrefer to a toilet as a "Water" which is now a term commonlyfound in Spanish dictionaries, and which derives from theBritish term "water closet". In French the expression "aller auxwaters" ("to go to the waters") has now become obsolete, butit also derives from "water closet". "WC" is still used in theFrench language, although not as common as the term"toilet", and pronounced as "VC", a shortened version of"double V C". In Germany the expression "Klo" (first syllableof "closet") is still used, though the term is colloquial and notwelcome in polite conversation.In Germany and the Netherlands (due to the bowl design(above) the toilet is still kept in a separate room known asthe "WC" even in newly built residences. In the Dutch speakingpart (Flanders) as well as the French-speaking part of Belgium(Wallonia), "WC" is a frequently used synonym for "toilet".Swirl directionIt is a commonly held misconception that, when flushed,the water in a toilet bowl swirls one way if the toilet is north ofthe equator and the other way if south of the equator, due to theCoriolis effect – usually, counter clockwise in the northernhemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. In reality,the direction that the water takes is much more determined by thedirection that the bowl's rim jets are pointed, and it can be madeto flush in either direction in either hemisphere by simplyredirecting the rim jets during manufacture.

Pit latrinesA pit latrine is a dry toilet system which collects humanexcrement and urine in a pit or trench and ranges from a simpleslit trench dug in the ground to more elaborate systems withseating or squatting pans and ventilation systems. They are moreoften used in emergency, rural and wilderness areas aswell as in the rural or peri-urban areas of much of the developingworld. The waste pit or trench, in some cases, will be largeenough that the reduction in mass of the contained waste productsby the ongoing process of decomposition allows the pit to be usedfor many years before it fills up. When the pit becomes too full, itmay be emptied or the hole covered with earth. Pit latrines haveto be located away from drinking water sources (wells, streams,etc.) to minimize the possibility of disease spread via Pit latrinesA pit latrine is a dry toilet system which collects humanexcrement and urine in a pit or trench and ranges from a simpleslit trench dug in the ground to more elaborate systems withseating or squatting pans and ventilation systems. They are moreoften used in emergency, rural and wilderness areas aswell as in the rural or peri-urban areas of much of the developingworld. The waste pit or trench, in some cases, will be largeenough that the reduction in mass of the contained waste productsby the ongoing process of decomposition allows the pit to be usedfor many years before it fills up. When the pit becomes too full, itmay be emptied or the hole covered with earth. Pit latrines haveto be located away from drinking water sources (wells, streams,etc.) to minimize the possibility of disease spread via

groundwater pollution. Army units typically use a form of pittoilet when they are in the field and away from functionalsewerage systems. Correctly located pit toilets prevented much ofthe spread of diseases which killed many more soldiers than thebullets and artillery used in pre-1940 warfare.Dry ToiletsDry toilets use no water or very little water for flushing.Many different types of dry toilets exist: the pit latrine (asimple hole in the ground, or one with ventilation, fly guards andother improvements) the composting toilet (which mixes groundwater pollution. Army units typically use a form of pittoilet when they are in the field and away from functionalsewerage systems. Correctly located pit toilets prevented much ofthe spread of diseases which killed many more soldiers than thebullets and artillery used in pre-1940 warfare.Dry ToiletsDry toilets use no water or very little water for flushing.Many different types of dry toilets exist: the pit latrine (asimple hole in the ground, or one with ventilation, fly guards andother improvements) the composting toilet (which mixes

excreta with carbon rich materials for faster decomposition),the urine-diverting dry toilet (which keeps urine separatefrom feces), the incinerating toilet (which burns the excreta),the freezing toilet (which freezes the excreta) and the tree bog(a simple system for converting excrement to direct fertiliserfor trees).The pig toilet from the Indian state of Goa which consistsof a toilet linked to a pig enclosure by a chute is still in use toa limited extent but the subsequent use of the pigs for food carriesa significant risk for human health.Urine diversion toiletsUrine diversion (UD) toilets have two compartments. Onefor urine and one for the feces. A urine diversion toiletflushes one or both compartments with water. A urinedivertingdry toilet (UDDT) is a form of dry toilet. UDDTscan be linked to systems which reuse excreta as a fertilizer orbiofuel. Astronauts use a UDDT to recover potable water inthe space station.Chemical toiletsChemical toilets which do not require a connection to awater supply are used in a variety of situations. Examplesinclude passenger train toilets and airplane toilets and alsocomplicated space toilets for use in zero-gravity spacecraft. excreta with carbon rich materials for faster decomposition),the urine-diverting dry toilet (which keeps urine separatefrom feces), the incinerating toilet (which burns the excreta),the freezing toilet (which freezes the excreta) and the tree bog(a simple system for converting excrement to direct fertiliserfor trees).The pig toilet from the Indian state of Goa which consistsof a toilet linked to a pig enclosure by a chute is still in use toa limited extent but the subsequent use of the pigs for food carriesa significant risk for human health.Urine diversion toiletsUrine diversion (UD) toilets have two compartments. Onefor urine and one for the feces. A urine diversion toiletflushes one or both compartments with water. A urinedivertingdry toilet (UDDT) is a form of dry toilet. UDDTscan be linked to systems which reuse excreta as a fertilizer orbiofuel. Astronauts use a UDDT to recover potable water inthe space station.Chemical toiletsChemical toilets which do not require a connection to awater supply are used in a variety of situations. Examplesinclude passenger train toilets and airplane toilets and alsocomplicated space toilets for use in zero-gravity spacecraft.

Flying toiletsThe unsanitary "flying toilets" are used in African informalsettlements where plastic shopping bags are first used as acontainer for excrement and are then thrown as far away aspossible. This practice, coupled with the solid waste problem ofdiscarded plastic bags, has led to the banning of themanufacture and import of such bags in Uganda, Kenya, andTanzania.Portable toiletsThe portable toilet is usedon construction sites and atlarge outdoor gatheringswhere there are no otherfacilities. They are typicallyself-contained units that caneasily be moved to otherlocations. Most portable toiletsare unisex single units with privacy ensured by a simplelock on the door. The units are usually light weight and easilytransported by a flatbed truck and loaded and unloaded by a smallforklift. Many portable toilets are small molded plastic orfiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle tocatch waste in a chemically treated container. If used for anextended period of time they have to be cleaned out and newchemicals put in the waste receptacle. For servicing multipleportable toilets, tanker trucks or vacuum trucks, Flying toiletsThe unsanitary "flying toilets" are used in African informalsettlements where plastic shopping bags are first used as acontainer for excrement and are then thrown as far away aspossible. This practice, coupled with the solid waste problem ofdiscarded plastic bags, has led to the banning of themanufacture and import of such bags in Uganda, Kenya, andTanzania.Portable toiletsThe portable toilet is usedon construction sites and atlarge outdoor gatheringswhere there are no otherfacilities. They are typicallyself-contained units that caneasily be moved to otherlocations. Most portable toiletsare unisex single units with privacy ensured by a simplelock on the door. The units are usually light weight and easilytransported by a flatbed truck and loaded and unloaded by a smallforklift. Many portable toilets are small molded plastic orfiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle tocatch waste in a chemically treated container. If used for anextended period of time they have to be cleaned out and newchemicals put in the waste receptacle. For servicing multipleportable toilets, tanker trucks or vacuum trucks,

often called "Honey Trucks", are equipped with large vacuums toevacuate the waste and replace the chemicals. Portable toilets canalso be equipped with urine diversion as in the case of portableurine-diverting dry toilets. often called "Honey Trucks", are equipped with large vacuums toevacuate the waste and replace the chemicals. Portable toilets canalso be equipped with urine diversion as in the case of portableurine-diverting dry toilets.

High-tech toilets"High-tech" toilets include features such as: automatic flushingmechanisms that flush a toilet or urinal when finished; water jets,or "bottom washers" like a bidet; blow dryers; artificial flushsounds to mask noises; and urine and stool analysis for medicalmonitoring. Matsushita's "Smart Toilet" checks blood pressure,temperature, and blood sugar.Some feature automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizingfans or automated paper toilet-seat-cover replacers. Interactiveurinals have been developed in several countries, allowing usersto play video games as with the "Toylet", produced by Sega, thatuses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates itinto on-screen action.Floating toiletsA floating toilet is essentially an toilet on a platform builtabove or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going intothe ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reducethe amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, manyuse urine diversion. The floating toilet was developed forresidents without quick access to land or connection to asewer systems. It is also used in areas subjected to prolongedflooding. The need for this type of toilet is high in areas such asCambodia. High-tech toilets"High-tech" toilets include features such as: automatic flushingmechanisms that flush a toilet or urinal when finished; water jets,or "bottom washers" like a bidet; blow dryers; artificial flushsounds to mask noises; and urine and stool analysis for medicalmonitoring. Matsushita's "Smart Toilet" checks blood pressure,temperature, and blood sugar.Some feature automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizingfans or automated paper toilet-seat-cover replacers. Interactiveurinals have been developed in several countries, allowing usersto play video games as with the "Toylet", produced by Sega, thatuses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates itinto on-screen action.Floating toiletsA floating toilet is essentially an toilet on a platform builtabove or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going intothe ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reducethe amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, manyuse urine diversion. The floating toilet was developed forresidents without quick access to land or connection to asewer systems. It is also used in areas subjected to prolongedflooding. The need for this type of toilet is high in areas such asCambodia.

Public toiletsA public toilet, also called a restroom, is accessible to the generalpublic. It may be within a building that, while privately owned,allows public access. Access to a public toilet may require a fee,(pay toilet), or may be limited to customers of the establishment.Depending on culture, there may be varying degrees of separationbetween men and women and different levels of privacy.Typically, the entire room, or a stall or cubicle containing a toiletis lockable. Urinals, if present in a men's toilet, are typicallymounted on wall with or without a divider between them. In themost basic form, a public toilet may be not much more than anopen latrine. Another form is a street urinal known as a pissoirafter the French term.In more luxurious variations there may be an attendant,towels, showers, etc. A fairly common feature in more moderntoilets is an area to change baby diapers. A charge levied in theUK during the mid-20th century was one British penny, hence thegenerally adopted term "spend a penny" meaning to use the toilet. Public toiletsA public toilet, also called a restroom, is accessible to the generalpublic. It may be within a building that, while privately owned,allows public access. Access to a public toilet may require a fee,(pay toilet), or may be limited to customers of the establishment.Depending on culture, there may be varying degrees of separationbetween men and women and different levels of privacy.Typically, the entire room, or a stall or cubicle containing a toiletis lockable. Urinals, if present in a men's toilet, are typicallymounted on wall with or without a divider between them. In themost basic form, a public toilet may be not much more than anopen latrine. Another form is a street urinal known as a pissoirafter the French term.In more luxurious variations there may be an attendant,towels, showers, etc. A fairly common feature in more moderntoilets is an area to change baby diapers. A charge levied in theUK during the mid-20th century was one British penny, hence thegenerally adopted term "spend a penny" meaning to use the toilet.

Squat toiletsA squat toilet (also called “squatting toilet" or "Turkish toilet") isa toilet of any technology type (i.e. pit latrine, urine diverting drytoilet, flush toilet etc.) which is used in a squatting position ratherthan sitting. This means that the defecation posture used is toplace one foot on each side of the toilet drain or hole and to squatover it. Squatting toilets are most commonly found in Asia,Africa, and the Middle East but can also occasionally be found insome European, Mediterranean, and South American countries.They are common in most Muslim countries and can quite easilybe used in conjunction with anal cleansing with water inaccordance with Islamic toilet etiquette. Squat toiletsA squat toilet (also called “squatting toilet" or "Turkish toilet") isa toilet of any technology type (i.e. pit latrine, urine diverting drytoilet, flush toilet etc.) which is used in a squatting position ratherthan sitting. This means that the defecation posture used is toplace one foot on each side of the toilet drain or hole and to squatover it. Squatting toilets are most commonly found in Asia,Africa, and the Middle East but can also occasionally be found insome European, Mediterranean, and South American countries.They are common in most Muslim countries and can quite easilybe used in conjunction with anal cleansing with water inaccordance with Islamic toilet etiquette.

However, there is ageneral trend in manycountries to move fromsquatting toilets tositting toilets, as the latterare regarded as moremodern.UrinationThere are cultural differences in socially accepted voidingpositions for urination around the world: in the Middle-East andAsia, the squatting position is more prevalent, while in theWestern world the standing and sitting position are common.UrinalsUrinals are primarily used by males, although somedesigns also exist for females. They are intended for urinationonly, not for defecation. Urinals are meant to be used for theconvenience of male users in a standing position. Theytypically have no door or stall enclosure, and thus take upless space. These fixtures are most commonly found in publicplaces, but can occasionally be found in a private home.Urinals are usually water flushed, although waterless urinalsare also becoming more popular as they save water. However, there is ageneral trend in manycountries to move fromsquatting toilets tositting toilets, as the latterare regarded as moremodern.UrinationThere are cultural differences in socially accepted voidingpositions for urination around the world: in the Middle-East andAsia, the squatting position is more prevalent, while in theWestern world the standing and sitting position are common.UrinalsUrinals are primarily used by males, although somedesigns also exist for females. They are intended for urinationonly, not for defecation. Urinals are meant to be used for theconvenience of male users in a standing position. Theytypically have no door or stall enclosure, and thus take upless space. These fixtures are most commonly found in publicplaces, but can occasionally be found in a private home.Urinals are usually water flushed, although waterless urinalsare also becoming more popular as they save water.

Public urinals are notcommon in many Muslimcountries due to the Islamictoilet etiquette. Public urinals are notcommon in many Muslimcountries due to the Islamictoilet etiquette.

BidetsA bidet is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intendedfor washing the genitalia, inner buttocks, and anus. BidetsA bidet is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intendedfor washing the genitalia, inner buttocks, and anus.

EtymologyThe word toilet came to be used in English along withother French fashions. It originally referred to the toile,French for "cloth", draped over a lady or gentleman'sshoulders while their hair was being dressed . During the20th century, the widespread use in the United States of"toilet" for lavatory reduced usage of the other meanings ofthe word, which are now largely obsolete. Vestiges of theoriginal meaning continue to be reflected in terms such astoiletries, eau de toilette and toiletry bag (to carry flannels,soaps, etc.).LavatoryThe term lavatory, abbreviated in slang to lav, derives fromthe Latin: lavātōrium, which in turn comes from Latin lavō ("Iwash"). The word was originally used to refer to a vessel forwashing, such as a sink/wash basin, but eventually came tomean a room with such washing vessels, as for example inmedieval monasteries, where the lavatorium was the monks'communal washing area. The toilets in monasteries howeverwere not in the lavatorium but in the reredorter.Nevertheless, the word was later associated with toilets andthe meaning evolved into its current one, namely a polite andformal euphemism for a toilet and the room containing it.Lavatory is the common signage for toilets on commercialairlines around the world. EtymologyThe word toilet came to be used in English along withother French fashions. It originally referred to the toile,French for "cloth", draped over a lady or gentleman'sshoulders while their hair was being dressed . During the20th century, the widespread use in the United States of"toilet" for lavatory reduced usage of the other meanings ofthe word, which are now largely obsolete. Vestiges of theoriginal meaning continue to be reflected in terms such astoiletries, eau de toilette and toiletry bag (to carry flannels,soaps, etc.).LavatoryThe term lavatory, abbreviated in slang to lav, derives fromthe Latin: lavātōrium, which in turn comes from Latin lavō ("Iwash"). The word was originally used to refer to a vessel forwashing, such as a sink/wash basin, but eventually came tomean a room with such washing vessels, as for example inmedieval monasteries, where the lavatorium was the monks'communal washing area. The toilets in monasteries howeverwere not in the lavatorium but in the reredorter.Nevertheless, the word was later associated with toilets andthe meaning evolved into its current one, namely a polite andformal euphemism for a toilet and the room containing it.Lavatory is the common signage for toilets on commercialairlines around the world.

LooThe origin of the (chiefly British) term loo is unknown.According to the OED, the etymology is obscure, but it mightderive from the word Waterloo. The first recorded entry is infact from James Joyce's Ulysses (1922):"O yes, mon loup. How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset".the theories are:That it derives from the term "gardyloo" (a corruption ofthe French phrase gardez l'eau! (or maybe garde l'eau!)loosely translated as "watch out for the water!") which wasused in medieval times when chamber pots were emptiedfrom a window onto the street. However the first recordedusage of "loo" comes long after this term became obsolete.That the word comes from nautical terminology, loo beingan old-fashioned word for lee. The standard nautical LooThe origin of the (chiefly British) term loo is unknown.According to the OED, the etymology is obscure, but it mightderive from the word Waterloo. The first recorded entry is infact from James Joyce's Ulysses (1922):"O yes, mon loup. How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset".the theories are:That it derives from the term "gardyloo" (a corruption ofthe French phrase gardez l'eau! (or maybe garde l'eau!)loosely translated as "watch out for the water!") which wasused in medieval times when chamber pots were emptiedfrom a window onto the street. However the first recordedusage of "loo" comes long after this term became obsolete.That the word comes from nautical terminology, loo beingan old-fashioned word for lee. The standard nautical

pronunciation (in British English) of leeward is looward.Early ships were not fitted with toilets but the crew wouldurinate over the side of the vessel. However it was importantto use the leeward side. Using the windward side wouldresult in the urine blown back on board: hence the phrases'pissing into the wind' and 'spitting into the wind'. Even nowmost yachtsmen refer to the loo rather than the heads.That the word derives from the 17th century preacherLouis Bourdaloue. Bourdaloue's sermons at the Saint Paul-Saint Louis Church in Paris lasted at least three hours andmyth has it that wealthier ladies took along "travelling"chamber pots that could be hidden under their dresseswhenever the need arose to avoid the need to leave. Due tothe popularity of the myth the bowls became known asBourdaloues after the preacher and the name becamecorrupted to portaloos and sometimes just plain loos due tothe habit of shortening words in slang. That the word comesfrom the French word lieu (place), as in lieu d'aisance(literally: "place of ease", a common euphemism for lavatory)or lieu à l'anglaise (literally: "English place"). From around1770 the term lieu à l'anglaise began to appear in France,referring to this English invention which was sometimesinstalled for the benefit of English visitors.That the term comes from common usage in Englandresulting from the fact that toilets in hotels or other buildingscame to be commonly located in room 100 of the building,and "loo" and "100" look very similar. pronunciation (in British English) of leeward is looward.Early ships were not fitted with toilets but the crew wouldurinate over the side of the vessel. However it was importantto use the leeward side. Using the windward side wouldresult in the urine blown back on board: hence the phrases'pissing into the wind' and 'spitting into the wind'. Even nowmost yachtsmen refer to the loo rather than the heads.That the word derives from the 17th century preacherLouis Bourdaloue. Bourdaloue's sermons at the Saint Paul-Saint Louis Church in Paris lasted at least three hours andmyth has it that wealthier ladies took along "travelling"chamber pots that could be hidden under their dresseswhenever the need arose to avoid the need to leave. Due tothe popularity of the myth the bowls became known asBourdaloues after the preacher and the name becamecorrupted to portaloos and sometimes just plain loos due tothe habit of shortening words in slang. That the word comesfrom the French word lieu (place), as in lieu d'aisance(literally: "place of ease", a common euphemism for lavatory)or lieu à l'anglaise (literally: "English place"). From around1770 the term lieu à l'anglaise began to appear in France,referring to this English invention which was sometimesinstalled for the benefit of English visitors.That the term comes from common usage in Englandresulting from the fact that toilets in hotels or other buildingscame to be commonly located in room 100 of the building,and "loo" and "100" look very similar.

WCThe WC refers to the initial letters of Water Closet, which,despite being an English language abbreviation, is not incommon use in English-speaking countries – but is widelyused internationally: in France (pronounced "le vay-say" or"le vater"), in Italy (pronounced "vi-ci" or "vater"), Romania(pronounced "veh-cheu"), the Netherlands (pronounced"waysay"), Germany, Switzerland and Hungary (pronounced"ve-tse"), Denmark (pronounced "ve-se"), Norway(pronounced "vay-say"), Poland (pronounced "vu-tse"), Spain(pronounced "uve-cé" or "váter"), China, and others.OtherLexicographer Eric Partridge derives khazi, also speltkarzy, kharsie or carzey, from a low Cockney word carseyoriginating in the late 19th century and meaning a privy.Carsey also referred to a den or brothel. It is presumablyderived from the Italian casa for house, with the spellinginfluenced by its similar sound to khaki. Khazi is now mostcommonly used in the city of Liverpool in the UK, away fromits cockney slang roots. An alternative derivation is fromChristopher Chippindale, who states that khazi derives fromArmy slang used by expatriate officers of the British Empirewho took a dislike to the habits of, and steaming rain forestinhabited by, the Khasi people of the Khasia hills on thenorthern frontier of India.The Dunny is an Australian expression for an outside toiletor outhouse. The person who appeared weekly to empty the WCThe WC refers to the initial letters of Water Closet, which,despite being an English language abbreviation, is not incommon use in English-speaking countries – but is widelyused internationally: in France (pronounced "le vay-say" or"le vater"), in Italy (pronounced "vi-ci" or "vater"), Romania(pronounced "veh-cheu"), the Netherlands (pronounced"waysay"), Germany, Switzerland and Hungary (pronounced"ve-tse"), Denmark (pronounced "ve-se"), Norway(pronounced "vay-say"), Poland (pronounced "vu-tse"), Spain(pronounced "uve-cé" or "váter"), China, and others.OtherLexicographer Eric Partridge derives khazi, also speltkarzy, kharsie or carzey, from a low Cockney word carseyoriginating in the late 19th century and meaning a privy.Carsey also referred to a den or brothel. It is presumablyderived from the Italian casa for house, with the spellinginfluenced by its similar sound to khaki. Khazi is now mostcommonly used in the city of Liverpool in the UK, away fromits cockney slang roots. An alternative derivation is fromChristopher Chippindale, who states that khazi derives fromArmy slang used by expatriate officers of the British Empirewho took a dislike to the habits of, and steaming rain forestinhabited by, the Khasi people of the Khasia hills on thenorthern frontier of India.The Dunny is an Australian expression for an outside toiletor outhouse. The person who appeared weekly to empty the

pan beneath the seat was known as the "dunnyman". Theword derives from the British dialect word dunnekin,meaning "dung-house". It is now an informal word used forany lavatory and is most often used referring to drop or pitlavatories in the Australian bush, which are also calledthunderboxes.The Privy is an old fashioned term used more in the Northof England and in Scotland; "privy" is an old alternative for"private", as in Privy council. It is used interchangeably inNorth America for various terms for the outhouse.The netty is the mostcommon word used inNorth East England.Many outsiders are oftenbemused when a Geordie ora Mackem states they are"gannin te the netty" (goingto the bathroom). The etymology of the word is uncertain, but it is believed to beeither derived from a corruption of "necessity" or from graffitiscrawled on Hadrian's Wall. It is linked to the Italian wordgabinetti meaning "toilets" (singular gabinetto).Latrine is a term common in the military, specifically forthe Army and Air Force for any point of entry facility wherehuman waste is disposed of, which a civilian might call abathroom or toilet, regardless of how modern or primitive it is. pan beneath the seat was known as the "dunnyman". Theword derives from the British dialect word dunnekin,meaning "dung-house". It is now an informal word used forany lavatory and is most often used referring to drop or pitlavatories in the Australian bush, which are also calledthunderboxes.The Privy is an old fashioned term used more in the Northof England and in Scotland; "privy" is an old alternative for"private", as in Privy council. It is used interchangeably inNorth America for various terms for the outhouse.The netty is the mostcommon word used inNorth East England.Many outsiders are oftenbemused when a Geordie ora Mackem states they are"gannin te the netty" (goingto the bathroom). The etymology of the word is uncertain, but it is believed to beeither derived from a corruption of "necessity" or from graffitiscrawled on Hadrian's Wall. It is linked to the Italian wordgabinetti meaning "toilets" (singular gabinetto).Latrine is a term common in the military, specifically forthe Army and Air Force for any point of entry facility wherehuman waste is disposed of, which a civilian might call abathroom or toilet, regardless of how modern or primitive it is.

Traditionally the Royal Navy along with the United StatesNavy and Marine Corps use the nautical term "Head" todescribe the same type of facility, regardless of whether it islocated on a ship or on the land.The Jacks is Irish slang for toilet. It perhaps derives from"jakes", an old English term.The standalone toilet enclosure has been variously knownas a "back house", "house of ease", "house of office", "littlehouse", or "outhouse". The house of office was a commonname for a toilet in seventeenth century England, used by,among others, Samuel Pepys on numerous occasions:"October 23, 1660: ...going down into my cellar..., I put myfoot into a great heap of turds, by which I find Mr Turner'shouse of office is full and comes into my cellar."In the Philippines the abbreviation CR for "Comfort Room"is commonly used.Chamber potsChamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancienttimes, even being taken to the Middle East by Christianpilgrims during the Middle Ages. By the Early Modern era,chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper andcould include elaborate decoration. They were emptied intothe gutter of the street nearest to the home.During the Victorian era, British housemaids emptiedhousehold chamber pots into a "slop sink" that was inside a Traditionally the Royal Navy along with the United StatesNavy and Marine Corps use the nautical term "Head" todescribe the same type of facility, regardless of whether it islocated on a ship or on the land.The Jacks is Irish slang for toilet. It perhaps derives from"jakes", an old English term.The standalone toilet enclosure has been variously knownas a "back house", "house of ease", "house of office", "littlehouse", or "outhouse". The house of office was a commonname for a toilet in seventeenth century England, used by,among others, Samuel Pepys on numerous occasions:"October 23, 1660: ...going down into my cellar..., I put myfoot into a great heap of turds, by which I find Mr Turner'shouse of office is full and comes into my cellar."In the Philippines the abbreviation CR for "Comfort Room"is commonly used.Chamber potsChamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancienttimes, even being taken to the Middle East by Christianpilgrims during the Middle Ages. By the Early Modern era,chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper andcould include elaborate decoration. They were emptied intothe gutter of the street nearest to the home.During the Victorian era, British housemaids emptiedhousehold chamber pots into a "slop sink" that was inside a

housemaid's cupboard on the upper floor of the house. Thehousemaids' cupboard also contained a separate sink, madeof wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping chinachamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware". Once indoorrunning water was built into British houses, servants weresometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separatefrom the family lavatory.By the 16th century, cesspits and cesspools were increasingly duginto the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collectingwaste, as urban populations grew and street gutters becameblocked with the largervolume of human waste.Rain was no longersufficient to wash awaywaste from the gutters.A pipe connected thelatrine to the cesspool,and sometimes a small housemaid's cupboard on the upper floor of the house. Thehousemaids' cupboard also contained a separate sink, madeof wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping chinachamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware". Once indoorrunning water was built into British houses, servants weresometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separatefrom the family lavatory.By the 16th century, cesspits and cesspools were increasingly duginto the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collectingwaste, as urban populations grew and street gutters becameblocked with the largervolume of human waste.Rain was no longersufficient to wash awaywaste from the gutters.A pipe connected thelatrine to the cesspool,and sometimes a small

amount of water washed waste through the pipe into thecesspool. Cesspools would be cleaned out by tradesmen, whopumped out liquid waste, then shovelled out the solid wasteand collected it in horse-drawn carts during the night. Thissolid waste would be used as fertilizer.As long as dry toilets prevailed, human excreta wascollected and used as a fertiliser in agricultural production(similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of ecologicalsanitation). In the early 19th century, public officials andpublic hygiene experts studied and debated the matter atlength, for several decades. The construction of anunderground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquidwaste was only begun in the mid 19th-century, graduallyreplacing the cesspool system, although cesspools were stillin use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century. Thegrowth of indoor plumbing, toilets and bathtubs withrunning water came at the same time.HeadsThe head (or heads) is a ship's toilet. The name derivesfrom sailing ships in which the toilet area for the regularsailors was placed at the head or bow of the ship.In sailing ships, the toilet was placed in the bow for tworeasons. Firstly, since most vessels of the era could not saildirectly into the wind, the winds came mostly across the rearof the ship, placing the head essentially downwind. Secondly,if placed somewhat above the water line, vents or slots cutnear the floor level would allow normal wave action to washout the facility. Only the captain had his private toilet near amount of water washed waste through the pipe into thecesspool. Cesspools would be cleaned out by tradesmen, whopumped out liquid waste, then shovelled out the solid wasteand collected it in horse-drawn carts during the night. Thissolid waste would be used as fertilizer.As long as dry toilets prevailed, human excreta wascollected and used as a fertiliser in agricultural production(similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of ecologicalsanitation). In the early 19th century, public officials andpublic hygiene experts studied and debated the matter atlength, for several decades. The construction of anunderground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquidwaste was only begun in the mid 19th-century, graduallyreplacing the cesspool system, although cesspools were stillin use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century. Thegrowth of indoor plumbing, toilets and bathtubs withrunning water came at the same time.HeadsThe head (or heads) is a ship's toilet. The name derivesfrom sailing ships in which the toilet area for the regularsailors was placed at the head or bow of the ship.In sailing ships, the toilet was placed in the bow for tworeasons. Firstly, since most vessels of the era could not saildirectly into the wind, the winds came mostly across the rearof the ship, placing the head essentially downwind. Secondly,if placed somewhat above the water line, vents or slots cutnear the floor level would allow normal wave action to washout the facility. Only the captain had his private toilet near

his quarters, at the stern of the ship in the quarter gallery.In many modern boats, the heads look similar to seatedflush toilets but use a system of valves and pumps that bringssea water into the toilet and pumps the waste out through thehull in place of the more normal cistern and plumbing trap toa drain. In small boats the pump is often hand operated. Thecleaning mechanism is easily blocked if too much toilet paperor other fibrous material is put down the pan.Submarine heads face the problem that at greater depthshigher water pressure makes it harder to pump the waste outthrough the hull. As a result early systems could becomplicated, with the head fitted to the US Navy S classsubmarine being described as almost taking an engineer tooperate. Making a mistake resulted in the waste beingforcibly expelled back into the hull of the submarine.The toilet on the World War 1 British E class submarinewas considered so poor by the captain of HMS E35 that hepreferred the crew to wait to relieve themselves until the his quarters, at the stern of the ship in the quarter gallery.In many modern boats, the heads look similar to seatedflush toilets but use a system of valves and pumps that bringssea water into the toilet and pumps the waste out through thehull in place of the more normal cistern and plumbing trap toa drain. In small boats the pump is often hand operated. Thecleaning mechanism is easily blocked if too much toilet paperor other fibrous material is put down the pan.Submarine heads face the problem that at greater depthshigher water pressure makes it harder to pump the waste outthrough the hull. As a result early systems could becomplicated, with the head fitted to the US Navy S classsubmarine being described as almost taking an engineer tooperate. Making a mistake resulted in the waste beingforcibly expelled back into the hull of the submarine.The toilet on the World War 1 British E class submarinewas considered so poor by the captain of HMS E35 that hepreferred the crew to wait to relieve themselves until the

submarine surfaced at night. As a result many submarines onlyused the heads as an extra storage space for provisions.Prison ToiletsThere are nice ones and there are squats and buckets. Hereis the nice American version. submarine surfaced at night. As a result many submarines onlyused the heads as an extra storage space for provisions.Prison ToiletsThere are nice ones and there are squats and buckets. Hereis the nice American version.

Hi-TechToiletsWhile these toilets maylook like a Western styletoilet at first glance, thereare numerous additionalfeatures—such as blowdryer, seat warming,massage options, water jetadjustments, automatic lidopening, automaticflushing, wireless control panel, room heating and airconditioning for the room—included either as part of the toilet orin the seat. These features can be accessed by an (often wireless)control panel attached to the seat or mounted on a nearby wall.Basic featuresThe most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle thesize of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seatand squirts water. It has two settings: one for washing theanus and one for the bidet. The former is called posteriorwash, general use, or family cleaning, and the latter is knownas feminine cleaning, feminine wash or simply bidet. At no Hi-TechToiletsWhile these toilets maylook like a Western styletoilet at first glance, thereare numerous additionalfeatures—such as blowdryer, seat warming,massage options, water jetadjustments, automatic lidopening, automaticflushing, wireless control panel, room heating and airconditioning for the room—included either as part of the toilet orin the seat. These features can be accessed by an (often wireless)control panel attached to the seat or mounted on a nearby wall.Basic featuresThe most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle thesize of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seatand squirts water. It has two settings: one for washing theanus and one for the bidet. The former is called posteriorwash, general use, or family cleaning, and the latter is knownas feminine cleaning, feminine wash or simply bidet. At no

point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the user. Thenozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and afteroperation. The user can select to wash the anus or vulva bypressing the corresponding button on the control panel.Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at adifferent position of the nozzle head, and using differentopenings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle toaim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used,each dedicated for one area. The control logic is also attachedto a pressure switch or a proximity sensor in the toilet seat,and operates only when the seat is occupied. The very firstmodels did not include this automatic switch-off. A numberof curious users pressed the button while watching the toiletto see its mode of operation, and promptly received a jet ofwarm water in their faces.The seat-heating feature is very common, found even ontoilets that lack the bidet features. As most Japanese homes lackcentral heating – instead using space heating – the bathroom maybe only a few degrees above freezing in the winter.CustomisationMost high-tech toilets allow water temperature and waterpressure to be adjusted to match the preferences of the user.By default, the vulva receives less pressure than the anus.Researchers in Japan have found that most users prefer awater temperature slightly above body temperature, with 38 °C considered optimal. The nozzle position can also often bemanually adjusted forward or aft. High-end washlets allow point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the user. Thenozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and afteroperation. The user can select to wash the anus or vulva bypressing the corresponding button on the control panel.Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at adifferent position of the nozzle head, and using differentopenings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle toaim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used,each dedicated for one area. The control logic is also attachedto a pressure switch or a proximity sensor in the toilet seat,and operates only when the seat is occupied. The very firstmodels did not include this automatic switch-off. A numberof curious users pressed the button while watching the toiletto see its mode of operation, and promptly received a jet ofwarm water in their faces.The seat-heating feature is very common, found even ontoilets that lack the bidet features. As most Japanese homes lackcentral heating – instead using space heating – the bathroom maybe only a few degrees above freezing in the winter.CustomisationMost high-tech toilets allow water temperature and waterpressure to be adjusted to match the preferences of the user.By default, the vulva receives less pressure than the anus.Researchers in Japan have found that most users prefer awater temperature slightly above body temperature, with 38 °C considered optimal. The nozzle position can also often bemanually adjusted forward or aft. High-end washlets allow

selection of vibrating and pulsating jets of water, claimed bymanufacturers to be beneficial for constipation andhemorrhoids. The most advanced washlets can mix the waterjet with soap for an improved cleaning process.The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many usersopt to use both wash and paper in combination—although use ofpaper may be omitted for cleaning of thevulva. Some wipe beforewashing, some wash before wiping,some wash only, and somewipe only—each according to his/her preference. Anotherfrequent feature is a blow drier, often adjustable between 40 °Cand 60 °C, used to dry the washed areas.Advanced featuresOther features can include a heated seat, which may beadjustable from 30 °C to 40 °C; an automatic lid equippedwith a proximity sensor, which opens and closes based on thelocation of the user. Some play music to relax the user'ssphincter (some Inax toilets, for example, play the first fewphrases of Op. 62 Nr. 6 Frühlingslied by Felix Mendelssohn).Other features are automatic flushing, automatic airdeodorizing, and a germ-resistant surface. Some modelsspecially designed for the elderly may include armrests anddevices that help the user to stand back up after use. A softclose feature slows the toilet lid down while closing so the liddoes not slam onto the seat, or in some models, the toilet lidwill close automatically a certain time after flushing. Themost recent introduction is the ozone deodorant system thatcan quickly eliminate smells. Also, the latest models store the selection of vibrating and pulsating jets of water, claimed bymanufacturers to be beneficial for constipation andhemorrhoids. The most advanced washlets can mix the waterjet with soap for an improved cleaning process.The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many usersopt to use both wash and paper in combination—although use ofpaper may be omitted for cleaning of thevulva. Some wipe beforewashing, some wash before wiping,some wash only, and somewipe only—each according to his/her preference. Anotherfrequent feature is a blow drier, often adjustable between 40 °Cand 60 °C, used to dry the washed areas.Advanced featuresOther features can include a heated seat, which may beadjustable from 30 °C to 40 °C; an automatic lid equippedwith a proximity sensor, which opens and closes based on thelocation of the user. Some play music to relax the user'ssphincter (some Inax toilets, for example, play the first fewphrases of Op. 62 Nr. 6 Frühlingslied by Felix Mendelssohn).Other features are automatic flushing, automatic airdeodorizing, and a germ-resistant surface. Some modelsspecially designed for the elderly may include armrests anddevices that help the user to stand back up after use. A softclose feature slows the toilet lid down while closing so the liddoes not slam onto the seat, or in some models, the toilet lidwill close automatically a certain time after flushing. Themost recent introduction is the ozone deodorant system thatcan quickly eliminate smells. Also, the latest models store the

times when the toilet is used and have a power-saving modethat warms the toilet seat only during times when the toilet islikely to be used based on historic usage patterns. Sometoilets also glow in the dark or may even have airconditioning below the rim for hot summer days. Anotherrecent innovation is intelligent sensors that detect someonestanding in front of the toilet and initiate an automatic raisingof the lid (if the person is facing away from the toilet) or thelid and seat together (if someone is facing the toilet). times when the toilet is used and have a power-saving modethat warms the toilet seat only during times when the toilet islikely to be used based on historic usage patterns. Sometoilets also glow in the dark or may even have airconditioning below the rim for hot summer days. Anotherrecent innovation is intelligent sensors that detect someonestanding in front of the toilet and initiate an automatic raisingof the lid (if the person is facing away from the toilet) or thelid and seat together (if someone is facing the toilet).

Text explaining the controls of these toilets tends to be inJapanese only. Although many of the buttons havepictograms, the flush button is often written only in Kanji,meaning that non-Japanese users may initially find it difficultto locate the correct button.Hundertwasser Toilets, Kawakawa - designer interiorCompiled by Steve Mongkut Sep 2022 Text explaining the controls of these toilets tends to be inJapanese only. Although many of the buttons havepictograms, the flush button is often written only in Kanji,meaning that non-Japanese users may initially find it difficultto locate the correct button.Hundertwasser Toilets, Kawakawa - designer interiorCompiled by Steve Mongkut Sep 2022

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