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CELL STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS

TOPIC OUTLINE i ii iii iv v EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES PLANT CELL STRUCTURE ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE ORGANELLES THEIR FUNCTION CELL TRANSPORT

i PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes is any single celled organism that Does Not contain a nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles Example Bacteria Amoeba

ii EUKARYOTES Eukaryotes is any organism whose cells Do contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane Example Plant Animal Cells

iii PLANT CELL STRUCTURE Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Mitochondria Golgi Complex Nucleolus Nucleus Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Wall

iv ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Nucleolus

v ORGANELLE FUNCTIONS Organelles are parts of a cell that carrying out specific jobs chemical reactions Organelle Function Cell membrane thin flexible barrier around a cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell Cell wall supports and protects the cell Found only plant cells

Chloroplasts Captures sunlight enabling Photosynthesis in Plants Cytoplasm fills out the cell and keeps organelles in their place Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of channels used to transport and store substances Golgi Bodies Transport Proteins Lysosomes Digest nutrients and recycle and old cells

Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell that provides energy for cellular respiration Nucleolus Produces ribosomes Nucleus Control center of the cell it contains DNA which has information for making protein Ribosomes Makes proteins Vacuoles Storage of water and other nutrients

vi CELLULAR TRANSPORT Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes The Two types of Cell Transports are Active Transport Passive Transport

ACTIVE TRANSPORT Active Transport transports from a low to high concentration and requires cellular energy Low Concentration ATP Cell High Concentration Membrane

PASSIVE TRANSPORT Passive Transport Transports from a high to low concentration to maintain equilibrium in the cells and Does Not use energy Types of Passive Transport are diffusion and facilitated diffusion Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

DIFFUSION moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without an input of energy FACILITATED DIFFUSION Same as diffusion but uses protein carrier molecules to allow substances that are fat soluble to diffuse through the cell membrane OSMOSIS same as diffusion but occurs only in water

GENETICS

TOPIC OUTLINE i GENETICS DEFINED ii GREGOR MENDEL iii MENDEL S LAWS OF INHERITANCE iv DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES v GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE vi PUNNETT SQUARE vii PEDIGREES

i WHAT IS GENETICS Genetics is the study of heredity and Heredity is the passing of Traits from parents to offspring Traits are determined by the genes on the chromosomes and a gene is a segment of DNA that determines a trait

ii WHO IS GREGOR MENDEL Nicknamed The Father of Genetics Scientist Gregor Mendel worked with pea plants to learn the basic patterns of inheritance and concluded these three laws of genetics 1 LAW OF SEGREGATION 2 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 3 LAW OF DOMINANCE

iii MENDEL S LAWS OF INHERITANCE 1 LAW OF SEGREGATION during the formation of reproductive cells genes for a specific trait separate so that offspring receive one factor from each parent 2 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT chance determines which factor for a particular trait is inherited 3 LAW OF DOMINANCE one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive unless both factors are recessive

iv GENES Alleles are different possibilities for the same trait DOMINANT GENE is an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different shown as a CAPITAL letter recessive gene is an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical shown as a lowercase letter DOMINANT Tt recessive If T stood for tall and t for short then the organism be tall because a recessive trait would need two alleles to show

v GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE PHENOTYPE is the physical or chemical observation of the organism GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism and either Homozygous or Heterozygous HOMOZYGOUS two identical alleles for a trait TT or tt HETEROZYGOUS two different alleles for a trait Tt

vi PUNNETT SQUARE a Punnett Square is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross Mothers Genes Fathers Genes T T t Tt Tt t Tt Tt T Tall t Short In this example since Tall is the dominant trait there is a 100 chance the offspring will be Tall

vii PEDIGREES Pedigrees are a way to diagram heredity

PEDIGREE KEY Squares are males Circles are females Shaded shape means they have a trait Non shaded shape means they do not have the trait Partial shade means they are heterozygous for the trait Horizontal lines connecting a male and a female represent a marriage Vertical line and brackets connect parent to offspring

NUCLEIC ACIDS

TOPIC OUTLINE i HOW CENTRAL DOGMA WORKS ii DNA iii RNA iv TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION v GENETIC CODE vi MUTATIONS vii CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS viii POINT MUTATIONS

i HOW CENTRAL DOGMA WORKS Central Dogma is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product Genetic DNA information is being transcribed into RNA and then the RNA is translated into protein DNA RNA gene message Transcription nucleus PROTEIN product Translation cytoplasm

ii DNA DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Is the cellular genetic material that contains two anti parallel and form double helix structure strands based on base pairing between A T C G GUANINE THYMINE CYTOSINE ADENINE Sugar Phosphate Backbone

iii RNA RNA acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins In RNA Thymine is replaced by Uracil MESSENGER RNA mRNA carries a message for making proteins TRANSFER RNA tRNA carries amino acids to protein synthesis sites and has an anticodon RIBOSOMAL RNA rRNA makes up the major part of ribosome

iv TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA mRNA TRANSLATION Translation is the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins In translation messenger RNA mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain or polypeptide

v GENETIC CODE Genetic Code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells Genetic code consists of Codons which are a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule For example the DNA code T A C C C C G T A T C G G G T Will be written in Condon s groups of 3 s TAC CCC GTA TCG GGT

vi MUTATIONS A Mutation is a change in genetic material Mutations can either occur from Chromosomal Mutations which are mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes or Point Mutations which is a gene mutation involving a change in one or a few nucleotides

vii CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Chromosomal Mutations are less common than a gene mutation but are much more drastic because they affect many genes rather than just one These mutations are caused when homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiosis Humans cells normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 If a chromosome is added or reduced a mutation occurs For example Down s syndrome is caused by having an extra chromosome

viii POINT MUTATIONS Point Mutations are more common than chromosome mutations and are much less drastic because only one gene is altered Normal DNA T A C C G A G T T T A C C G A G T T DNA With Mutation T A C C G A G T T T A A C G A G T T Mutation

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

SYSTEMS i IMMUNE ii CIRCULATORY iii RESPIRATORY iv SKELETAL v MUSCULAR vi NERVOUS vii ENDOCRINE viii DIGESTIVE ix EXCRETORY x REPRODUCTIVE

i IMMUNE SYSTEM The Immune System protects the body against pathogens such as viruses bacteria and parasites

Immune System Lines of Defense First Line Of Defense uses skin barriers and chemical barriers to protects from pathogens such as Tears mucus earwax stomach acid Second Line Of Defense responds to pathogens that get through the 1st line of defense such as a fever or inflammation Third Line Of Defense is a specific response to a pathogen that relies of T cells B cells to produce antibodies and kill pathogens

ii CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Circulatory System is responsible for pumping blood to distribute hormones nutrients and gases and remove waste

Parts of the Circulatory System HEART The pump that keeps blood flowing through your body BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart CAPILLARIES blood and organs exchange nutrients and waste VEINS carry blood toward the heart

iii RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory System is responsible for providing oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide from the body

Parts of the Respiratory System LUNGS where oxygen is exchange between the blood and circulatory system TRACHEA connects the throat and nose to the bronchial tubes BRONCHIAL TUBES Where Air passes through before it reaches the lungs ALVEOLI where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

iv SKELETAL SYSTEM The Skeletal System is responsible for supporting the body protecting internal organs allowing movement storing of mineral reserves and providing blood cell formation Parts of the Skeletal System

BONES Produce blood cells Red Marrow produces red and white blood cells JOINTS Found where two bones meet CARTILAGE Surrounds the end on bone to prevent grinding upon another bone LIGAMENTS Tough band of tissue attaching one bone to another TENDONS Thick bands of tissue connecting muscle to bone

v MUSCULAR SYSTEM The Muscular System is responsible for allowing voluntary movement circulating blood and moving food through digestive system

Parts of the Muscular System CARDIAC MUSCLES Makes up your heart is adapted to generate and conduct electrical impulses SKELETAL MUSCLES are voluntary muscles that are attaches to bones and make them move SMOOTH MUSCLES are involuntary muscle that are attached to internal organs and blood vessels

vi NERVOUS SYSTEM The Nervous System is responsible for recognizing and coordinating the body s response to changes in its internal and external environments

Parts of the Nervous System BRAIN signals the body to react to changes in the environment NERVES sense the outside world and changes in the environment SPINAL CORD a bundle of nerves that connect to your brain and the rest of your body

vii ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The Endocrine System is responsible for controlling the growth development and metabolism to maintains homeostasis in the body

Parts of the Endocrine System HYPOTHALAMUS Part of the brain that the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems PITUITARY GLAND produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth THYROID gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism ADRENAL GLAND releases hormones in conjunction with stress

viii DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The Digestive System breaks down food into smaller molecules and absorbs these nutrients into the body Parts of the Digestive System STOMACH Where food is chemically broken down by digestion

PANCREAS produces chemicals that help digest food LIVER Produces bile which helps digest fats breaks downs toxins regulates cholesterol and sugar in the blood ESOPHAGUS moves food from the mouth into the stomach LARGE INTESTINES Where water is absorbed and the remaining waste material is stored SMALL INTESTINES Where nutrients are absorbed from food and go into the blood

ix EXCRETORY SYSTEM The Excretory System is responsible for removing waste products from the body

Parts of the Excretory System KIDNEYS Help maintain homeostasis by filtering blood to remove waste BLADDER holds urine before it released from the body LUNGS SKIN LIVER remove carbon dioxide sweat urea and bile

x REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Reproductive system is a system of organs involved in producing offspring

Parts of the Reproductive System TESTES Site of sperm production in males OVARIES Where eggs mature in females UTERUS Where a fetus develops during pregnancy PENIS External male organ VAGINA The passage leading from the uterus to the vulva in a females

ECOLOGY

TOPIC OUTLINE i WHAT IS ECOLOGY ii Levels of Organization iii LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION iv FOOD CHAIN v FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

i WHAT IS ECOLOGY ECOLOGY is the study of interactions among organisms with each other and with environment In Biology ECOLOGY can be broken down in order of Levels of Organization

ii Levels of Organization BIOSPHERE Portion of Earth that supports life BIOME large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities ECOSYSTEM a community of organisms and their nonliving environment COMMUNITY A group of populations living and interacting in the same area POPULATION group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area ORGANISM an individual living thing

iii LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION in Levels of Classification every organism can be classified at 7 different levels decreasing in size but increasing in similarity Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

KINGDOM all living organisms and species are placed in one of the 5 kingdoms PHYLUM Groups Kingdoms into similarities in basic body plan or organization CLASS Divides Phylum into groups like reptiles and mammals ORDER Groups Class into what they are for example dogs which would include all types of dogs FAMILY Groups Order into whether they live in same area or have a more similar characteristic GENUS Describes the generic name for an organism in Families SPECIES Smallest most specific group that contains 1 type of organism labeled by their ability to breed with other organisms of that same species

iv FOOD CHAIN Food Chains are the sequence of food transfer from trophic level to trophic level The Sun is the primary source of life energy on the earth Producers are organisms that make their own food from sunlight that are at the bottom of every food chain Primary Consumers are Herbivores that only eat Primary Producers Secondary Consumers are Carnivores and Omnivores that eat Primary Consumers a Top Predator is an animal at the top of the food chain that have little or no natural enemies

v FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AUTOTROPHS are producers that make their own food by photosynthesis HETEROTROPHS Are consumers that must eat something for food HERBIVORES Only eats plants CARNIVORES Only eats animals OMNIVORES Eats both plants animals PARASITES Live off of another organism HOST Is an organism that harbors a parasite SCAVENGERS Eat dead organisms that they did not kill themselves DECOMPOSERS Are recycled by breaking organisms down and return nutrients to the soil

REPRODUCTION

TOPIC OUTLINE i ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ii SEXUAL REPRODUCTION iii MITOSIS MEIOSIS STAGES of v v v Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II

i ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction occurs in most unicellular organisms It requires only one parent whose offspring is identical or little variation to its parent through the process to Mitosis cell division

Types of Asexual Reproduction BINARY FISSION a single parent cell replicates its genetic material and divides into two equal parts BUDDING areas of an individual may undergo repeated mitosis and cell division and can develop into an identical organism FRAGMENTATION each fragment of an organism develops into a clone of its parent Example amoeba Example amoeba Example sea star VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION Example daffodil strawberry special cells usually in plant stems and plant roots divide repeatedly to form structures that will eventually develop into a plant identical to the parent

ii SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual Reproduction Requires two parents and their offspring will share half of the characteristics of each parent through the cell division of Meiosis All the members of the Animal Kingdom reproduce sexually either externally laying eggs or internally inside of the parent Sexual Reproduction in Humans Female Male EGG 23 chromosomes SPERM 23 chromosomes Fertilization ZYGOTE 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs

iii MITOSIS MEIOSIS MITOSIS is a four step process that forms new cells identical to the parent cell Occurs in Asexual Reproduction MEIOSIS is made of two cell divisions Mitosis occurs first making two new cells identical to the parent cell Then each of the new cells divide again forming four new daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell Occurs in Sexual Reproduction

STAGES OF MITOSIS Prophase chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell Metaphase chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere Anaphase shortest stage in Mitosis two duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart by centrosomes and are moved to separate ends of the cell Telophase each chromosome group becomes a nucleus when a nuclear envelope is formed around it

STAGES OF MEIOSIS I Prophase I The chromosomes condense nuclear membrane dissolves and crossingover occurs Metaphase I Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Anaphase I Homogenous chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell Telophase I cytoplasm divides to form 2 new daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each

STAGES OF MEIOSIS II Prophase II Spindle fibers form and begin to move the chromosomes toward the midline of the dividing cell Metaphase II chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere Anaphase II The chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell Telophase II A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells

CELLS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 What controls most of the cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA A B C D Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus Nucleolus

ANSWER What controls most of the cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA A Mitochondria B Chloroplast C Nucleus D Nucleolus

Question 2 What is a Cell membrane A A thin flexible barrier around the cell that regulates transport B A rigid cover that provides support for the cell C The place where light energy water and carbon dioxide are used

ANSWER What is a Cell membrane A A thin flexible barrier around the cell that regulates transport B A rigid cover that provides support for the cell C The place where light energy water and carbon dioxide are used

Question 3 What regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support A B C D Nucleus Ribosomes Cell Wall Cell Membrane

ANSWER What regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support A Nucleus B Ribosomes C Cell Wall D Cell Membrane

Question 4 You will not find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms A B C D Fungi Animal Plants All of the above

ANSWER You will not find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms A Fungi B Animal C Plants D All of the above

Question 5 Which organelle would you expect to find in a plant cell but not an animal cell A Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B Mitochondria C Ribosome D Chloroplast

ANSWER Which organelle would you expect to find in a plant cell but not an animal cell A Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B Mitochondria C Ribosome D Chloroplast

Question 6 What is the membranebound organelle that converts fuel into energy available to the rest of the cell A B C D Ribosome Lysosome Nucleus Mitochondrion

ANSWER What is the membranebound organelle that converts fuel into energy available to the rest of the cell A Ribosome B Lysosome C Nucleus D Mitochondrion

Question 7 What is in plants the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane is made of cellulose and provides support and structure to the cell A B C D Flagellum Cell wall Centriole Nucleolus

ANSWER What is in plants the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane is made of cellulose and provides support and structure to the cell A Flagellum B Cell wall C Centriole D Nucleolus

Question 8 What is the membranebound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food enzymes and wastes A B C D Vacuole Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton Ribosome

ANSWER What is the membranebound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food enzymes and wastes A Vacuole B Golgi apparatus C Cytoskeleton D Ribosome

Question 9 What is a vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn out cellular substances A B C D Mitochondrion Lysosome Ribosome Cell wall

ANSWER What is a vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn out cellular substances A Mitochondrion B Lysosome C Ribosome D Cell wall

Question 10 What is a doublemembrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis A B C D Nucleolus Mitochondria Chloroplast Ribosome

ANSWER What is a doublemembrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis A Nucleolus B Mitochondria C Chloroplast D Ribosome

Question 11 What is a highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for ribosome attachment A B C D Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Cell wall

ANSWER What is a highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for ribosome attachment A B C D Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Cell wall

Question 12 What is a simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins A B C D Cell Ribosome Lysosome Mitochondria

ANSWER What is a simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins A Cell B Ribosome C Lysosome D Mitochondria

Question 13 Where would a prokaryotic cell be found A B C D Bacteria Fungi Plants Animals

ANSWER Where would a prokaryotic cell be found A Bacteria B Fungi C Plants D Animals

Question 14 What do prokaryotic cells have in place of a nucleus A Nuclear Envelope B Nucleolus C Nucleoid Region D Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus Eukaryotic cells do not

ANSWER What do prokaryotic cells have in place of a nucleus A Nuclear Envelope B Nucleolus C Nucleoid Region D Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus Eukaryotic cells do not

Question 15 Which scientist first discovered the cell A B C D Robert Hooke Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel Isaac Newton

ANSWER Which scientist first discovered the cell A Robert Hooke B Charles Darwin C Gregor Mendel D Isaac Newton

HEREDITY PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 What is the study of heredity A B C D Hereditology DNA Genetics Biology

ANSWER What is the study of heredity A Hereditology B DNA C Genetics D Biology

Question 2 What is heredity A The passing of genes from one s parents to offspring B The study of genes C Genetics D Plants scattering pollen

ANSWER What is heredity A The passing of genes from one s parents to offspring B The study of genes C Genetics D Plants scattering pollen

Question 3 What are genes A A double helix B Food C A code of DNA D The study of Genetics

ANSWER What are genes A A double helix B Food C A code of DNA D The study of Genetics

Question 4 What does DNA stand for A Dominant Nuclear Acid B Deoxyribonucleic Acid C Double Helix Nuclear Acid D Ribonucleic Acid

ANSWER What does DNA stand for A Dominant Nuclear Acid B Deoxyribonucleic Acid C Double Helix Nuclear Acid D Ribonucleic Acid

Question 5 Alleles are A B C D Not part of genetics The color of the eyes The shape of the nose Available forms of genes

ANSWER Alleles are A Not part of genetics B The color of the eyes C The shape of the nose D Available forms of genes

Question 6 Alleles determine A B C D Your eye color Your skin color The shape of your body All of the above

ANSWER Alleles determine A Your eye color B Your skin color C The shape of your body D All of the above

Question 7 Alleles are A B C D Dominant Acid Recessive Both A and C

ANSWER Alleles are A Dominant B Acid C Recessive D Both A and C

Question 8 Which term means same alleles A B C D Heterozygous Hybrid Homozygous There is no term

ANSWER Which term means same alleles A Heterozygous B Hybrid C Homozygous D There is no term

Question 9 Homozygous dominants are represented with a A B C D Capital letter Roman numeral Hair color Lower case letter

ANSWER Homozygous dominants are represented with a A Capital letter B Roman numeral C Hair color D Lower case letter

Question 10 Which word is a synonym to homozygous dominant A B C D Hybrid Regular Purebred Irregular

ANSWER Which word is a synonym to homozygous dominant A Hybrid B Regular C Purebred D Irregular

Question 11 Which word is a synonym to homozygous recessive A B C D Hybrid Purebred Regular Irregular

ANSWER Which word is a synonym to homozygous recessive A Hybrid B Purebred C Regular D Irregular

Question 12 Which word is a synonym to heterozygous A B C D Hybrid Purebred Regular Irregular

ANSWER Which word is a synonym to heterozygous A Hybrid B Purebred C Regular D Irregular

Question 13 A genotype is A B C D A physical appearance A made up word for gene Not a word at all Two alleles

ANSWER A genotype is A A physical appearance B A made up word for gene C Not a word at all D Two alleles

Question 14 A phenotype is A B C D Physical appearance A made up word for gene Not a word at all Two alleles

ANSWER A phenotype is A Physical appearance B A made up word for gene C Not a word at all D Two alleles

Question 15 For the genotype below determine what phenotypes are possible Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers P Blue p White A BB White bb Blue Bb White B BB Blue bb Blue Bb White C BB Blue bb White Bb Blue D BB White bb White Bb Blue

ANSWER For the genotype below determine what phenotypes are possible Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers P Blue p White A BB White bb Blue Bb White B BB Blue bb Blue Bb White C BB Blue bb White Bb Blue D BB White bb White Bb Blue

BODY SYSTEMS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Which system Protects supports allows movement A B C D E Skeletal System Muscular System Respiratory System Nervous System Immune System

ANSWER Which system Protects supports allows movement A Skeletal System B C D E Muscular System Respiratory System Nervous System Immune System

Question 2 Which system allows movement maintains posture A B C D E Integumentary System Reproductive System Muscular System Excretory System Endocrine System

ANSWER Which system allows movement maintains posture A Integumentary System B Reproductive System C Muscular System D Excretory System E Endocrine System

Question 3 Which system transports nutrients wastes other material A B C D E Nervous System Endocrine System Reproductive System Circulatory System Integumentary System

ANSWER Which system transports nutrients wastes other material A Nervous System B Endocrine System C Reproductive System D Circulatory System E Integumentary System

Question 4 Which system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air A B C D E Nervous System Respiratory System Endocrine System Skeletal System Digestive System

ANSWER Which system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air A Nervous System B Respiratory System C Endocrine System D Skeletal System E Digestive System

Question 5 Which system detects sensations and controls most functions A B C D E Endocrine System Reproductive System Immune System Nervous System Digestive System

ANSWER Which system detects sensations and controls most functions A Endocrine System B Reproductive System C Immune System D Nervous System E Digestive System

Question 6 Which system controls male and female function reproduction and behavior A B C D E Respiratory System Endocrine System Muscular System Reproductive System Excretory System

ANSWER Which system controls male and female function reproduction and behavior A Respiratory System B Endocrine System C Muscular System D Reproductive System E Excretory System

Question 7 Which system controls immune response and fights disease A B C D E Reproductive System Nervous System Respiratory System Skeletal System Immune System

ANSWER Which system controls immune response and fights disease A B C D Reproductive System Nervous System Respiratory System Skeletal System E Immune System

Question 8 What is a group of tissues of different kinds working together A B C D Nerves Organs Arteries Cells

ANSWER What is a group of tissues of different kinds working together A Nerves B Organs C Arteries D Cells

Question 9 What is a group of cells of the same type A B C D Neurons Tissues Cells Organs

ANSWER What is a group of cells of the same type A Neurons B Tissues C Cells D Organs

Question 10 A group of neurons that carries signals from the brain to the body and from the body to the brain are A B C D Tissues Arteries Nerves Cells

ANSWER A group of neurons that carries signals from the brain to the body and from the body to the brain are A Tissues B Arteries C Nerves D Cells

Question 11 What is the control system of your nervous system A B C D Brain Nerves Cells Neurons

ANSWER What is the control system of your nervous system A Brain B Nerves C Cells D Neurons

Question 12 What is a tiny blood vessel that allows gases and nutrients to pass from blood to cells A B C D Artery Tissue Capillary Nerves

ANSWER What is a tiny blood vessel that allows gases and nutrients to pass from blood to cells A Artery B Tissue C Capillary D Nerves

Question 13 What is a type of muscle that works the heart A B C D Skeletal Striated Smooth Cardiac

ANSWER What is a type of muscle that works the heart A Skeletal B Striated C Smooth D Cardiac

Question 14 The organ that pumps blood through your blood vessels to all parts of your body A B C D Kidneys Arteries Capillaries Heart

ANSWER The organ that pumps blood through your blood vessels to all parts of your body A Kidneys B Arteries C Capillaries D Heart

Question 15 Ligaments and tendons belong to which system A B C D Immune System Skeletal System Muscular System Respiratory System

ANSWER Ligaments and tendons belong to which system A Immune System B Skeletal System C Muscular System D Respiratory System

Question 16 Mouth esophagus stomach intestine belong to which system A B C D Digestive System Muscular System Skeletal System Respiratory System

ANSWER Mouth esophagus stomach intestine belong to which system A Digestive System B Muscular System C Skeletal System D Respiratory System

Question 17 Heart veins arteries and blood belong to which system A B C D Endocrine System Immune System Circulatory System Respiratory System

ANSWER Heart veins arteries and blood belong to which system A Endocrine System B Immune System C Circulatory System D Respiratory System

Question 18 Nose lungs and trachea belong to which system A B C D Endocrine System Immune System Nervous System Respiratory System

ANSWER Nose lungs and trachea belong to which system A Endocrine System B Immune System C Nervous System D Respiratory System

Question 19 The brain belongs to which system A B C D Nervous System Immune System Muscular System Respiratory System

ANSWER The brain belongs to which system A Nervous System B Immune System C Muscular System D Respiratory System

Question 20 White blood cells antibodies belong to which system A B C D Immune System Integumentary System Nervous System Respiratory System

ANSWER White blood cells antibodies belong to which system A Immune System B Integumentary System C Nervous System D Respiratory System

Ecology PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Nonliving parts of the environment such as soil water sunlight A B C D Decomposers Biotic Abiotic Scavenger

ANSWER Nonliving parts of the environment such as soil water sunlight A Decomposers B Biotic C Abiotic D Scavenger

Question 2 An organism that uses light energy to make its own food A B C D Consumer Parasite Host Autotroph

ANSWER An organism that uses light energy to make its own food A Consumer B Parasite C Host D Autotroph

Question 3 All the living things in an environment such as bacteria plants and animals A B C D Biotic Food Chain Limiting factors Autotrophs

ANSWER All the living things in an environment such as bacteria plants and animals A Biotic B Food Chain C Limiting factors D Autotrophs

Question 4 A subdivision of the environment that includes all living and nonliving portions of the planet A B C D Ecological Niche Habitat Population Biosphere

ANSWER A subdivision of the environment that includes all living and nonliving portions of the planet A Ecological Niche B Habitat C Population D Biosphere

Question 5 An organism that survives by eating animals A B C D Prey Producer Carnivore Autotroph

ANSWER An organism that survives by eating animals A Prey B Producer C Carnivore D Autotroph

Question 6 The largest population of any single species an area can hold that is determined by the available energy water oxygen and minerals available as well as by the interaction of organisms A B C D Carrying capacity Limiting Factor Ecological Niche Ecological Succession

ANSWER The largest population of any single species an area can hold that is determined by the available energy water oxygen and minerals available as well as by the interaction of organisms A Carrying capacity B Limiting Factor C Ecological Niche D Ecological Succession

Question 7 All the different populations that live and interact in an environment A B C D Community Population Niche Biosphere

ANSWER All the different populations that live and interact in an environment A Community B Population C Niche D Biosphere

Question 8 Struggle between organism for the same resources This keeps the size of a species population in check A B C D Predators Limiting factors Biodiversity Competition

ANSWER Struggle between organism for the same resources This keeps the size of a species population in check A Predators B Limiting factors C Biodiversity D Competition

Question 9 Another name for heterotroph An organism that obtains its energy from producers A B C D Scavenger Consumer Parasite Decomposer

ANSWER Another name for heterotroph An organism that obtains its energy from producers A Scavenger B Consumer C Parasite D Decomposer

Question 10 An organism that consumes dead organisms and organic waste example bacteria fungus A B C D Decomposer Parasite Herbivore Producer

ANSWER An organism that consumes dead organisms and organic waste example bacteria fungus A Decomposer B Parasite C Herbivore D Producer

Question 11 The process by which one community is replaced by another grasses trees and shrubs forest A B C D Ecological succession Habitats Energy Pyramid Ecological Niche

ANSWER The process by which one community is replaced by another grasses trees and shrubs forest A B C D Ecological succession Habitats Energy Pyramid Ecological Niche

Question 12 Study of how living things interact with one another and the environment A B C D Food Web Ecosystem Ecology Ecological Succession

ANSWER Study of how living things interact with one another and the environment A Food Web B Ecosystem C Ecology D Ecological Succession

Question 13 A straight line representation that identifies specific feeding relationships between prey and predator A B C D Food Chain Succession Food web Energy Pyramid

ANSWER A straight line representation that identifies specific feeding relationships between prey and predator A Food Chain B Succession C Food web D Energy Pyramid

Question 14 A representation of interconnected food chains that show more complex feeding relationships between producers consumers and decomposers A B C D Biodiversity Food Web Ecology Limiting Factor

ANSWER A representation of interconnected food chains that show more complex feeding relationships between producers consumers and decomposers A Biodiversity B Food Web C Ecology D Limiting Factor

Question 15 The place where an animal or plant lives fields oceans forests streams deserts A B C D Habitat Niche Population Community

ANSWER The place where an animal or plant lives fields oceans forests streams deserts A Habitat B Niche C Population D Community

Question 16 An organism that eats only plants A B C D Prey Producer Autotroph Herbivore

ANSWER An organism that eats only plants A Prey B Producer C Autotroph D Herbivore

Question 17 Organisms that cannot make their own food A B C D Heterotroph Producer Prey Abiotic

ANSWER Organisms that cannot make their own food A Heterotroph B Producer C Prey D Abiotic

Question 18 Food and or home for a parasite A B C D Scavenger Decomposer Host Consumer

ANSWER Food and or home for a parasite A Scavenger B Decomposer C Host D Consumer

Question 19 The specific role played by an organism in the ecosystem If there is more than one species in the same role there is competition and a species will be eliminated A B C D Niche Heterotroph Predator Population

ANSWER The specific role played by an organism in the ecosystem If there is more than one species in the same role there is competition and a species will be eliminated A Niche B Heterotroph C Predator D Population