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ASTRONOMERS THEIR DISCOVERIES

TOPIC OUTLINE i ARISTOTLE ii CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY iii NICOLAUS COPERNICUS iv TYCHO BRAHE v GALILEO GALILI vi JOHANNES KEPLER vii SIR ISAAC NEWTON

i ARISTOTLE 384 322 B C Greek Proved that the Earth is spherical and believed that it was at the center of the universe

ii CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY 85 165 A D Greek observations to develop a model that predicted the movements of the Sun Moon planets and stars His Ptolemaic System Model proposed an Earth Centered universe and assumed that all astronomical objects move at constant speeds in circular orbits

GEOCENTRIC MODEL Geocentric Model is the theory that the Earth is the center of the Universe SUN Moon EARTH Planet

iii NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 1473 1543 Polish Developed a simple Heliocentric Model Sun centered of the solar system that explained planetary retrograde motion and overturned Greek astronomy

HELIOCENTRIC MODEL Heliocentric Model is the theory that the sun is the center of the universe Planet Moon SUN EARTH Planet

iv TYCHO BRAHE 1546 1601 Danish Observed a supernova now known as Tycho s supernova made the most precise observations of stellar and planetary positions then known

v GALILEO GALILI 1564 1642 Italian Used the telescope to discover mountains and craters on the moon the phases of Venus and the four largest satellites of Jupiter Io Europa Callisto and Ganymede

vi JOHANNES KEPLER 1571 1630 German Established the most exact astronomical tables then known established the three laws of planetary motion

KEPLER S LAWS LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus LAW OF EQUAL AREAS An imaginary line between the Sun and a planet sweeps out equal amounts of area in equal amounts of time a planet moves the fastest when it is the closest to the Sun LAW OF HARMONIES The square of the orbital period of a planet is equal to the cube of their distance from the Sun

vii SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1643 1727 English Developed theories of gravitation and mechanics and invented differential calculus His Theory of Universal Gravitation was the foundation of Kepler s laws of planetary motion

Newton FIRST Law a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force Ball is at rest and will remain at rest An Outside Force causes the Ball to move at a constant speed Ball stops its motion when it is stopped by an outside force

Newton SECOND Law a force acting on a body is equal to the acceleration of that body times its mass Small Force Large Force Low Acceleration High Acceleration The More Force The More Acceleration

Newton THIRD Law for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Blue Ball is at rest and Red Ball is moving at constant velocity Moving Red Ball Collides with Stationary Blue Ball Red Ball Stops After Transferring Its Energy to the Blue Ball causing the Blue Ball to move

OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

i INSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM ii MERCURY iii VENUS iv EARTH v MARS vi JUPITER vii SATURN viii URANUS ix NEPTUNE

i INSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM Our Solar System consists of planets asteroids and other celestial objects that are in orbit around sun

The 8 planets within our solar system are categorized into two groups small dense rocky planets called Terrestrial Planets and large gaseous planets called Jovian planets Terrestrial Jovian

PLANET ROTATION days ORBIT Years Mercury 58 65 0 24 Venus 243 0 62 Earth 1 1 Mars 1 03 1 88 Jupiter 0 41 11 86 Saturn 44 29 46 Uranus 0 72 84 01 Neptune 0 72 164 8

ii MERCURY Closest Planet to the sun Like Earth s Moon Mercury s surface is rocky and covered with craters Extremely hot when facing the sun and freezing when not Mercury has a very low surface gravity and no atmosphere

iii VENUS Second planet from the sun Atmosphere composed of mainly carbon dioxide It s Greenhouse effect makes Venus the hottest planet in our solar system Similar gravity as Earth Clouds consist of mercury ferric chloride hydrocarbons and sulphuric acid that cause corrosive acid rain Surface is full of many craters and very active volcanoes

iv EARTH Third planet from the sun only planet that has an atmosphere containing 21 percent oxygen only planet that has liquid water on its surface only planet in the solar system that has life is the only inner planet to have one large satellite the Moon

v MARS Fourth planet from the sun Closets planet besides Earth to be able to sustain life Nicknamed the red planet because it is covered with rust like dust Experiences violent dust storms Has many massive volcanoes and is home to Olympus Mons the largest volcano in our solar system Has very weak gravity which cannot hold onto the atmosphere well Channels plains and canyons could be from water erosion

vi JUPITER Fifth planet from the sun Largest planet in our Solar system Bands around the planet from its quick rotation Giant Red Spot which is the largest hurricane in our Solar System that has been raging for over three hundred years Jupiter four moons Europa Ganymede Lo Callisto Has many storms raging on the surface

vii SATURN Sixth planet from the sun Surrounded by a system of rings made up of ice crystals that stretch out into space Low density because of its and hydrogen and helium composition Has many moons is the only inner planet to have one large satellite the Moon

viii URANUS Seventh planet from the sun Atmosphere is mostly hydrogen but it also contains large methane that gives it a bluish color only planet that has liquid water on its surface Rotates lying on its side

ix NEPTUNE Furthest planet from the sun Water planet with a blue hydrogen methane atmosphere and faint rings Experiences the most violent weather in our Solar System covered in thin wispy white clouds which stretch out around the planet

LIGHT SPECTRUMS

TOPIC OUTLINE i ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ii TYPES OF SPECTRA iii DOPPLER SHIFT iv BLACK BODY

i ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM An Electromagnetic Spectrum Is the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends

Increasing Energy Increasing Wavelength Gamma Rays X Rays UV Infrared Micro Rays Rays wave Visible Light Radio

ii TYPES OF SPECTRA Different celestial objects produce different types of spectra such as Continuous Emission Absorption Spectra

CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM Continuous band of colors and is produced by all solids liquids and gases under high pressure EMISSION SPECTRUM bright lines in a spectrum produced by hot low pressure gases ABSORPTION SPECTRUM dark lines in a continuous spectrum produced by cool low pressure gases

iii DOPPLER EFFECT Doppler Effect is the change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other In astronomy the Doppler effect is used to determine whether a star or other body in space is moving away from or toward Earth using Blue Red Shifts

UNSHIFTED SPECTRA RED SHIFT the change in the wavelength of light due to an object moving away from the observer BLUE SHIFT An increase in the measured frequency of light from an approaching source

iv BLACK BODY A Blackbody is an object which absorbs equally all the radiation which strikes it It is theoretically the ideal radiator and absorber of energy at all electromagnet wavelengths

Energy Distribution Visible Light Ultraviolet Infrared T 60 00 K T 50 00 K T 40 00K T 3000K The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength Wavelength Wien s Displacement Law T max 0 29cmK

EARTH S MOON

TOPIC OUTLINE i ABOUT EARTH S MOON ii PHASES OF THE MOON iii LUNAR ECLIPSE iv SOLAR ECLIPSE v TIDES

i PHASES OF THE MOON Phases Of The Moon occurs because of the sunlight that the moon reflects to Earth The moon completes a full rotation around the Earth in 29 5 days Because of this each day the moon can be viewed from Earth as a new phase

Third Quarter Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous Sunrise New Moon MidNight Noon Sunset Light From Sun Waxing Crescent First Quarter Full Moon Waxing Gibbous

ii ECLIPSE An Eclipse is the partial or total blocking of one object in space by another Because of the moons orbit around Earth is un uneven 5 145o the moon only fully blocks out the sun twice a year

iii LUNAR ECLIPSE occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and the moon Penumbra Umbra Penumbra

iv SOLAR ECLIPSE occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and Earth Umbra Penumbra

v TIDES Many of the Tides in Earth s ocean are caused because of the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon

vi SPRING TIDES large rise and fall of the tide at or soon after the new or the full moon Full Moon Sun New Moon

vii NEAP TIDES a tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between high and low water Third Quarter Sun First Quarter

THE SUN

TOPIC OUTLINE i PARTS OF THE SUN ii SUN PARTS FUNCTIONS iii SUNSPOTS iv NUCLEAR FUSION v CORONA vi SOLAR WINDS AURORAS

i PARTS OF THE SUN 4 2 3 1 7 5 6 1 CORE 2 RADIATION ZONE 3 CONVECTION ZONE 4 PHOTOSPHERE 5 CHROMOSPHERE 6 SOLAR FLARE 7 SUNSPOTS

ii SUN PART FUNCTIONS SUNS CORE The inner most layer of the Sun where nuclear fusion converting Hydrogen into Helium takes place RADIATION ZONE The convection layer of the sun which transfers energy from the core outward CONVECTION ZONE Outermost layer of the Suns interior PHOTOSPHERE The bright visible surface of the sun where electromagnetic waves are given off CHROMOSPHERE This is the layer of bright gases that heat up above the photosphere

iii SUNSPOTS Sunspots are dark blotches on the sun s surface that are caused by intense magnetic fields Solar Maximum Solar Minimum During a Solar Minimum there is very low sunspot activity that can cause a lowering of temperatures on the Earth During a Solar Maximum there is very high sunspot activity

iv NUCLEAR FUSION The Sun generates its energy by Nuclear Fusion which is chemical process of joining hydrogen atoms to form helium Helium Hydrogen FUSION Hydrogen Energy Neutron

v CORONA The Corona is a halo that can be seen surrounding the Sun during total eclipses and is the source for solar winds

vi SOLAR WINDS AURORAS Solar Winds are a stream of electrical charged particles coming off the sun s corona Auroras are formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth s magnetic shield

SOLAR WINDS AURORAS AURORA BOREALIS s Win d r a l o S SUN Solar Flare Magnetic Shield Magnetic Field AURORA AUSTRALIS

TELESCOPES

TOPIC OUTLINE i ABOUT TELESCOPES ii REFRACTION iii REFLECTION iv HUBBLE TELESCOPE

i ABOUT TELESCOPES A Telescope is an instrument that gathers electromagnetic radiation and concentrates it for better observation An Optical Telescope is the most common type of telescope that contains an objective lens and a lens in the eyepiece of the telescope Types of Optical Telescopes REFRACTING TELESCOPE uses lenses to gather and focus light REFLECTING TELESCOPE uses mirrors to focus light CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPE combine lenses and mirrors to focus light

ii DISADVANTAGES OF REFRACTING TELESCOPES 1 Chromatic Aberration which happens because lenses focus different colors of light at different distances which means the images cannot be exactly focused 2 If the objective lens is too big it will sag and images will be distorted Incoming Light Refrac te d Ligh t Eyepiece Objective Lens

iii ADVANTAGES OF REFLECTING TELESCOPES 1 mirrors can be large which allows reflecting telescopes to gather much light 2 the use of mirrors avoids distorted images 3 No Chromatic Aberration Eyepiece Primary Mirror ht d Lig e t c e Refl Secondary Mirror Incoming Light

iv HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Telescope is a telescope in space orbiting Earth that was launched in 1990 It can observe wavelengths between infrared and ultraviolet as well as visible wavelengths This telescope will operate until 2020 and be replaced with a larger telescope named the James Webb Space Telescope

ADVANTAGES OF A TELESCOPE IN SPACE 1 Ability to see objects without the obscuration of the atmosphere 2 No daytime obscuration of the stars from space DISADVANTAGE OF A TELESCOPE IN SPACE 1 expensive cost of repairing the Hubble Telescope 2 requires a flight to space to fix

STARS

TOPIC OUTLINE i WHAT ARE STARS ii HERTZSPRUNG RUSSEL DIAGRAM iii SPECTRA CLASSES iv STAR DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS v APPARENT ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE vi STELLAR PARALLEX vii CONSTELLATIONS viii POLARIS ix ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS

i WHAT ARE STARS Stars are hot gaseous spheres that radiate energy from its surface into space and are categorized by their size temperature and color Blue Stars are the hottest and brightest type of star Red Dwarf Stars are cool with low luminosity because they are in the last stages of its life

ii HERTZSPRUNGRUSSEL DIAGRAM Hertzsprung Russell Diagram is a graph relating the temperature and luminosity of a star Also known as an H R diagram

Increasing Luminosity Supergiants Giants Main Sequence White Dwarfs O B A F G K M Increasing Temperature

iii SPECTRAL CLASSES Spectral Classes is a way for classifying a star based on its temperature An acronym to help memorize these classes is Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me

Spectral Class Color Temp Kelvin Lifetime Years O Blue 35 000K 10 Million B BlueWhite 28 000k 40 Million A White 10 000k 100 Million F WhiteYellow 7 500k 5 Billion G Yellow 6 000k 10 Billion K Orange 5 000k 50 Billion M Red 3 000k 100 Billion

iv STAR DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS ASTRONOMICAL UNITS AU the distance from the sun and the Earth and used for distances within our solar system LIGHT YEARS the distance that a ray of light travels in one year PARCES the largest unit of distance and is equal to 3 26 light years

v VIEWING STARS A star might seem bright when viewing it from Earth but really it depends on the distance that we are viewing it from For example our sun seems like the brightest star when viewed from earth but if we view our sun from 10 parsecs away it would appear very dim

APPARENT MAGNITUDE the brightness of a star as viewed from Earth The dimmer an object is the higher apparent magnitude it has The highest apparent magnitude viewed by the human eye is 6 anything above that is too dim to see ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE the true brightness of a star and in measured by looking at a star from a fixed distance of 10 parsecs

vi STELLAR PARALLEX A Stellar Parallax is the apparent shift of position of any nearby star against the background of distant object because of Earth s revolving around the Sun Background Stars Parallax Angle Nearby Star P Earth s Orbit June Sun December

vii POLARIS Known as the North Star Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor It is the only star in the night sky that appears to remain stationary because it is positioned above the northern axis of Earth s rotation

viii CONSTELLATIONS Constellations are a group of stars that form a pattern There are 88 named constellations in our sky and like our sun constellations rise in the East and set in the West

Circumpolar constellations can be seen throughout the year and rotate around Polaris These constellations are URSA MAJOR Great Bear Big Dipper URSA MINOR Little Bear Little Dipper DRACO CASSIOPEIA CEPHEUS

ix ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS Zodiacal Constellations are a band of 12 constellations moving across the sky throughout the year as viewed from Earth

Aquarius Aries Cancer Capricorn Gemini Leo Libra Pisces Scorpio Taurus Sagittarius Virgo

EARTH PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 One complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes about A B C D 365 days 6 months 24 hours 1 month

ANSWER One complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes about A 365 days B 6 months C 24 hours D 1 month

Question 2 Earth s rotation takes about A B C D 365 days 6 months 24 hours 1 month

ANSWER Earth s rotation takes about A 365 days B 6 months C 24 hours D 1 month

Question 3 Earth experiences seasons because A it rotates on its axis B the distance between Earth and the sun changes C its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun D the temperature of the sun changes

ANSWER Earth experiences seasons because A it rotates on its axis B the distance between Earth and the sun changes C its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun D the temperature of the sun changes

Question 4 What percentage of oxygen is contained in Earths atmosphere A B C D 21 71 98 68

ANSWER What percentage of oxygen is contained in Earths atmosphere A 21 B 71 C 98 D 68

Question 5 What is the diameter of Earth A B C D 8 297 miles 928 miles 9 000 meters 7 928 miles

ANSWER What is the diameter of Earth A 8 297 miles B 928 miles C 9 000 meters D 7 928 miles

Question 6 How far is Earth from the sun A B C D 1 AU 7 928 miles 1 light year 1 parsec

ANSWER How far is Earth from the sun A 1 AU B 7 928 miles C 1 light year D 1 parsec

Question 7 When the north end of Earth s axis is tilted toward the sun North America will experience A more indirect rays and shorter days B more indirect rays and longer days C more direct rays and shorter days D more direct rays and longer days

ANSWER When the north end of Earth s axis is tilted toward the sun North America will experience A more indirect rays and shorter days B more indirect rays and longer days C more direct rays and shorter days D more direct rays and longer days

Question 8 In the Southern Hemisphere the summer solstice occurs when the sun is A at the equator B farthest south C farthest north D closest to Earth

ANSWER In the Southern Hemisphere the summer solstice occurs when the sun is A at the equator B farthest south C farthest north D closest to Earth

Question 9 What s Earth s true shape A B C D Circle Sphere Oblate Spheroid Flat

ANSWER What s Earth s true shape A Circle B Sphere C Oblate Spheroid D Flat

Question 10 Approximately how old is Earth A 4 5 billion years old B 4 5 million years old C 8 billion years old D 800 million years old

ANSWER Approximately how old is Earth A 4 5 billion years old B 4 5 million years old C 8 billion years old D 800 million years old

MOON PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 How long does it take for the moon to orbit around the Earth A B C D 1 year 28 days 24 hours 52 days

ANSWER How long does it take for the moon to orbit around the Earth A 1 year B 28 days C 24 hours D 52 days

Question 2 What causes the Moon s phases A The Sun lights up only one half of the Moon and as the Moon orbits the Earth we can sometimes see the unlit side of the Moon B The Sun lights up only one half of the Moon and as the Sun orbits the Earth we can sometimes see the unlit side of the Moon C The Earth s shadow falls on the Moon blocking the sunlight

ANSWER What causes the Moon s phases A The Sun lights up only one half of the Moon and as the Moon orbits the Earth we can sometimes see the unlit side of the Moon B The Sun lights up only one half of the Moon and as the Sun orbits the Earth we can sometimes see the unlit side of the Moon C The Earth s shadow falls on the Moon blocking the sunlight

Question 3 If the Moon rises at sunset what is its phase A B C D Full 1st quarter 3rd quarter New

ANSWER If the Moon rises at sunset what is its phase A Full B 1st quarter C 3rd quarter D New

Question 4 At which phase of the moon do solar eclipses occur A B C D full new first quarter third quarter

ANSWER At which phase of the moon do solar eclipses occur A full B new C first quarter D third quarter

Question 5 Tides are caused mainly by A Earth s rotation on its axis which causes water to move B differences in how much the sun pulls on different parts of Earth C strong winds blowing water onto coasts D differences in how much the moon pulls on different parts of Earth

ANSWER Tides are caused mainly by A Earth s rotation on its axis which causes water to move B differences in how much the sun pulls on different parts of Earth C strong winds blowing water onto coasts D differences in how much the moon pulls on different parts of Earth

Question 6 Spring tides occur near which lunar phases A first quarter and third quarter B full and last quarter C full and third quarter D new and full

ANSWER Spring tides occur near which lunar phases A first quarter and third quarter B full and last quarter C full and third quarter D new and full

Question 7 Maria on the moon s surface were formed by ancient A B C D oceans lava flows ice flows meteoroid impacts

ANSWER Maria on the moon s surface were formed by ancient A oceans B lava flows C ice flows D meteoroid impacts

Question 8 Galileo saw that much of the moon s surface is covered with round pits called A B C D highlands seas craters maria

ANSWER Galileo saw that much of the moon s surface is covered with round pits called A highlands B seas C craters D maria

Question 9 How large is the moon compared to Earth A about the same diameter as Earth B about one half the diameter of Earth C about one fourth the diameter of Earth D about one eighth the diameter of Earth

ANSWER How large is the moon compared to Earth A about the same diameter as Earth B about one half the diameter of Earth C about one fourth the diameter of Earth D about one eighth the diameter of Earth

Question 10 Scientists think the moon was formed when A A large object struck Earth and ejected material from the collision combined B Gravitational forces attracted a moon formed elsewhere in space C Meteoroids collected and solidified within the pull of Earth s gravity

ANSWER Scientists think the moon was formed when A A large object struck Earth and ejected material from the collision combined B Gravitational forces attracted a moon formed elsewhere in space C Meteoroids collected and solidified within the pull of Earth s gravity

SOLAR SYSTEM PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Which are Inner Planets A Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune B Mars Venus Neptune Uranus C Uranus Venus Earth Saturn D Mercury Venus Earth Mars

ANSWER Which are Inner Planets A Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune B Mars Venus Neptune Uranus C Uranus Venus Earth Saturn D Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Question 2 Which are Outer Planets A Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune B Mars Venus Neptune Uranus C Uranus Venus Earth Saturn D Mercury Venus Earth Mars

ANSWER Which are Outer Planets A Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune B Mars Venus Neptune Uranus C Uranus Venus Earth Saturn D Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Question 3 The inner planets can be described as A Mostly gases B Mostly water C Rocky and terrestrial D More massive than the outer planets

ANSWER The inner planets can be described as A Mostly gases B Mostly water C Rocky and terrestrial D More massive than the outer planets

Question 4 Which theory places the sun at the center of our solar system A Heliocentric theory B Geocentric theory C Milky Way theory D Sun center theory

ANSWER Which theory places the sun at the center of our solar system A Heliocentric theory B Geocentric theory C Milky Way theory D Sun center theory

Question 5 The atmosphere of _____ is made mostly of nitrogen oxygen and argon The atmosphere of _____ is made mostly of hydrogen and helium A B C D Mars Earth Earth Venus Jupiter Earth Earth Neptune

ANSWER The atmosphere of _____ is made mostly of nitrogen oxygen and argon The atmosphere of _____ is made mostly of hydrogen and helium A Mars Earth B Earth Venus C Jupiter Earth D Earth Neptune

Question 6 Which of the following planets has a shorter year than Earth as measured in Earth days A B C D Saturn Jupiter Neptune Mercury

ANSWER Which of the following planets has a shorter year than Earth as measured in Earth days A Saturn B Jupiter C Neptune D Mercury

Question 7 Which planet has a storm that has been raging for centuries A B C D Mars Jupiter Mercury Earth

ANSWER Which planet has a storm that has been raging for centuries A Mars B Jupiter C Mercury D Earth

Question 8 How many planets can sustain life A B C D One Two Three Four

ANSWER How many planets can sustain life A One B Two C Three D Four

Question 9 Which of the following planets is surrounded by thick clouds that trap energy from the sun making the planet incredibly warm A B C D Jupiter Venus Mars Saturn

ANSWER Which of the following planets is surrounded by thick clouds that trap energy from the sun making the planet incredibly warm A Jupiter B Venus C Mars D Saturn

Question 10 This planet has seasons and an atmosphere and is a reddish color A B C D Earth Uranus Mars Neptune

ANSWER This planet has seasons and an atmosphere and is a reddish color A Earth B Uranus C Mars D Neptune

Question 11 This planet has rings of ice A B C D Saturn Jupiter Uranus Sun

ANSWER This planet has rings of ice A Saturn B Jupiter C Uranus D Sun

Question 12 Largest planet in our solar system A B C D Earth Venus Saturn Jupiter

ANSWER Largest planet in our solar system A Earth B Venus C Saturn D Jupiter

Question 13 Frozen dust and gases with bright burning tails A B C D Asteroid Comet Meteor Meteoroid

ANSWER Frozen dust and gases with bright burning tails A Asteroid B Comet C Meteor D Meteoroid

Question 14 Pieces of iron nickel stone or a combination that orbit the sun A B C D Asteroid Comet Meteor Meteoroid

ANSWER Pieces of iron nickel stone or a combination that orbit the sun A Asteroid B Comet C Meteor D Meteoroid

Question 15 Which planet has a big red spot that is a giant storm A B C D Saturn Mars Neptune Jupiter

ANSWER Which planet has a big red spot that is a giant storm A Saturn B Mars C Neptune D Jupiter

STARS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 Constellations are A clusters of stars very near each other in space B groupings of planets in the sky C close associations of stars and visible planets D Patterns of stars in the sky

ANSWER Constellations are A clusters of stars very near each other in space B groupings of planets in the sky C close associations of stars and visible planets D Patterns of stars in the sky

Question 2 How many constellations cover the entire sky A B C D 12 88 hundreds thousands

ANSWER How many constellations cover the entire sky A 12 B 88 C hundreds D thousands

Question 3 What is the brightest star in the night sky A B C D The Sun Sirius The North Star Polaris

ANSWER What is the brightest star in the night sky A The Sun B Sirius C The North Star D Polaris

Question 4 What are circumpolar stars A Stars that can only be seen from the North Pole B Stars that cannot be seen from the North Pole C Stars that never set D none of the above

ANSWER What are circumpolar stars A Stars that can only be seen from the North Pole B Stars that cannot be seen from the North Pole C Stars that never set D none of the above

Question 5 A star s luminosity is the A Apparent brightness of the star in our sky B Surface temperature of the star C Total amount of light that the star radiates each second

ANSWER A star s luminosity is the A Apparent brightness of the star in our sky B Surface temperature of the star C Total amount of light that the star radiates each second

Question 6 Suppose you measure the parallax angle for a particular star to be 0 1 arc second The distance to this star is A B C D 1 light year 10 parsecs 0 1 light year 0 1 parsec

ANSWER Suppose you measure the parallax angle for a particular star to be 0 1 arc second The distance to this star is A 1 light year B 10 parsecs C 0 1 light year D 0 1 parsec

Question 7 Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that appear to change positions in the sky indicating that they are orbiting one another A B C D Visual binary Eclipsing binary Spectroscopic binary Double star

ANSWER Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that appear to change positions in the sky indicating that they are orbiting one another A Visual binary B Eclipsing binary C Spectroscopic binary D Double star

Question 8 Which of the following is true about low mass stars compared to high mass stars A Low mass stars are cooler and less luminous than high mass stars B Low mass stars are hotter and more luminous than high mass stars C Low mass stars are cooler but more luminous than high mass stars D Low mass stars are hotter but less luminous than high mass stars

ANSWER Which of the following is true about low mass stars compared to high mass stars A Low mass stars are cooler and less luminous than highmass stars B Low mass stars are hotter and more luminous than high mass stars C Low mass stars are cooler but more luminous than high mass stars D Low mass stars are hotter but less luminous than high mass stars

Question 9 On a HertzsprungRussell diagram where would we find stars that are cool and dim A B C D Upper Lower Upper Lower right right left left

ANSWER On a HertzsprungRussell diagram where would we find stars that are cool and dim A Upper right B Lower right C Upper left D Lower left

Question 10 The spectral sequence in order of decreasing temperature is A B C D OFBAGKM OBAFGKM ABFGKMO BAGFKMO

ANSWER The spectral sequence in order of decreasing temperature is A OFBAGKM B OBAFGKM C ABFGKMO D BAGFKMO

Question 11 The spectral sequence sorts stars according to A B C D Mass Surface temperature Luminosity Core temperature

ANSWER The spectral sequence sorts stars according to A Mass B Surface temperature C Luminosity D Core temperature

Question 12 On a Hertzsprung Russell diagram where would we find Red Giant Stars White Dwarfs A B C D Upper Lower Upper Lower right Lower Right right Upper Left left Lower Right left Lower Left

ANSWER On a Hertzsprung Russell diagram where would we find Red Giant Stars White Dwarfs A Upper right Lower Right B Lower right Upper Left C Upper left Lower Right D Lower left Lower Left

Question 13 The apparent magnitude of a star is a measure of it s A intrinsic radiance B crate of energy output at all wavelengths C brightness if it was at a distance of ten parsecs D brightness as seen from earth

ANSWER The apparent magnitude of a star is a measure of its A intrinsic radiance B crate of energy output at all wavelengths C brightness if it was at a distance of ten parsecs D brightness as seen from earth

Question 14 Which of the following correctly states the luminositydistance formula A Luminosity apparent brightness 4 x distance 2 B Apparent brightness luminosity 4 x distance 2 C Apparent brightness luminosity x 4 x distance 2

ANSWER Which of the following correctly states the luminositydistance formula A Luminosity apparent brightness 4 x distance 2 B Apparent brightness luminosity 4 x distance 2 C Apparent brightness luminosity x 4 x distance 2

Question 15 If the distance between us and a star is doubled with everything else remaining the same the luminosity A Is decreased by a factor of four and the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four B Is decreased by a factor of two and the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of two C Remains the same but the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four

ANSWER If the distance between us and a star is doubled with everything else remaining the same the luminosity A Is decreased by a factor of four and the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four B Is decreased by a factor of two and the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of two C Remains the same but the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four

SUN PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Question 1 The sun is approximately A 8 million years old B 4 5 billion years old C 8 billion years old D Scientist claim it to be too old to date

ANSWER The sun is approximately A 8 million years old B 4 5 billion years old C 8 billion years old D Scientist claim it to be too old to date

Question 2 It takes light from the Sun to reach the Earth in approximately A B C D Instantly 8 seconds 8 minutes 8 years

ANSWER It takes light from the Sun to reach the Earth in approximately A Instantly B 8 seconds C 8 minutes D 8 years

Question 3 What is the outer most layer of the sun A B C D The Corona Chromosphere The Core Sunspots

ANSWER What is the outer most layer of the sun A The Corona B Chromosphere C The Core D Sunspots

Question 4 What happens when a solar flare occurs A Sunspots start to appear B Nothing C Magnetic energy is being released D The sun grows hotter

ANSWER What happens when a solar flare occurs A Sunspots start to appear B Nothing C Magnetic energy is being released D The sun grows hotter

Question 5 What are sunspots A Spots that float around in space B Dark spots that appear on the sun C Spots that are found on asteroids D A hole in the sun

ANSWER What are sunspots A Spots that float around in space B Dark spots that appear on the sun C Spots that are found on asteroids D A hole in the sun

Question 6 What causes a sunspot A The hotter temperatures B A crater that is forming in the sun C A solar flare D The cooler temperatures

ANSWER What causes a sunspot A The hotter temperatures B A crater that is forming in the sun C A solar flare D The cooler temperatures

Question 7 The Sun is the largest star in our A B C D Solar System Galaxy Universe The Sun is not a star

ANSWER The Sun is the largest star in our A Solar System B Galaxy C Universe D The Sun is not a star

Question 8 Where does nuclear fusion in the sun occur A In the solar flares B In the core C In the corona D In the chromosphere

ANSWER Where does nuclear fusion in the sun occur A In the solar flares B In the core C In the corona D In the chromosphere

Question 9 What fusion reaction occurs during the suns nuclear fusion A Hydrogen into Helium B Helium into Hydrogen C Hydrogen into Carbon Dioxide D Carbon Dioxide into Hydrogen

ANSWER What fusion reaction occurs during the suns nuclear fusion A Hydrogen into Helium B Helium into Hydrogen C Hydrogen into Carbon Dioxide D Carbon Dioxide into Hydrogen

Question 10 On the HR diagram our sun is classified as a A B C D Red Giant Orange Dwarf Yellow Dwarf White Giant

ANSWER On the HR diagram our sun is classified as a A Red Giant B Orange Dwarf C Yellow Dwarf D White Giant