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Message Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Issue No. 3Alaska’sWild Wild WondersWondersWonderful WetlandsIn This Issue Coastal Wetlands .................... 2 TundraWetlands ......................3Freshwater Marshes .............4 Peatlands ...............................5Riparian Wetlands ...............6State Refuges ........................7Activities ...............................8What are wetlands? Lands that are wet is one way to describe them. But there is so much more to know about these amazing ecosystems. Walk across the spongy tundra and feel waterlogged soils sink under your step. Or sit on a beach next to a coastal estuary and watch thousands of birds rest and feed. Both are wetlands. Wetlands are found nearly everywhere in Alaska; roughly half of the state is considered wetlands! In this issue of Wild Wonders, we learn about ve basic wetland types: tundra, freshwater marshes, riparian, coastal wetlands and peatlands. We will also learn how important these areas are to wildlife and how some Alaska birds, mammals, sh, amphibians and insects are uniquely adapted to live in these wet worlds. Ready to be amazed? Wade in and learn more! Did You Know? Beavers are well adapted for life in a wetlands! Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Issue No. 3Special valves close their nostrils and ears while under water. eir fur-lined lips can close behind their teeth to help them from swallowing water while swimming and carrying sticks. A clear membrane over their eyes works like swim goggles to protect their eyes under water.eir thick waterproof fur coat traps air to keep them warm.
Lots of animals, lots to eat!If you could swim through the water along coastal wetlands you might be surprised at how many animals you would see. Young salmon, sand lance, bottom sh, crab and shrimp hide out in the grasses and muddy bottom of the wetlands. ey feed on clams, worms and tiny invertebrate animals that you can only see through a microscope. Birds also ock to coastal wetlands. Millions of migratory birds like swans, geese, ducks and shorebirds gather to rest and feed in coastal wetlands each spring and fall as they travel to and from Alaska along the Pacic yway. Who Eats Whom? In the picture below, make a food web by drawing lines between the animals and their prey. Coastal WetlandsCoastal WetlandsWhere can you nd freshwater from the land and saltwater from the sea mixed together? In a coastal wetlands! e mixing of freshwater and saltwater by river currents and ocean tides brings in nutrients that allow plants and animals to thrive. If you are plant or animal, it’s like landing at a big buet! Alaska has more coastline than any other state – almost 44,000 miles – which means Alaska has lots of coastal wetlands. ere is a mixture of saltwater and freshwater known as brackish water. Lots of mixing is going on, like a big blender or washer where nutrients are constantly being stirred together.You nd many birds and young sh. Coastal wetlands are important resting spots during migrations and are a good place to raise young. You nd plants that don’t mind living in salty water. You know you are in a coastal wetlands if...2
Tundra wetlands dominate the northern and western parts of Alaska where mostly at lands have slow drainage and are oen underlain by permafrost (permanently frozen ground). Tundra wetlands are very productive in the brief Arctic summer when millions of shorebirds and waterfowl migrate back to Alaska to nest. Aer the summer ends, many sh and birds return to more southern areas for the winter to avoid the harsh, cold climate. But some wildlife are adapted to the harsh winter conditions. Lemmings, voles, muskoxen, ptarmigan, ravens, snowshoe hares and caribou remain active on the tundra all year long. WinterFall&SpringSummer&Let’s Move! Tundra wetlands look very different in the winter and fall compared to the spring and summer. Because of these big changes, some animals migrate between breeding grounds in the Arctic and wintering grounds in warmer, more southern areas. Migration is a survival strategy used by animals to find food in better feeding areas.Coastal WetlandsCoastal WetlandsTundra WetlandsTundra WetlandsCircle the animals below that migrate away from the tundra in winter. e growing season is short and it’s cold and windy. Brrr! ere are no tall trees. Lots of birds and other animals spend summers here but take o to warmer areas in winter. You know you are in a tundra wetlands if...Answers- Short-billed Dowitcher, Spectacled Eider3
Learn more about Alaska’s wildlife at www.wildlife.alaska.govFreshwater marshes support a wide array of insects, plants, mammals, birds, and sh. Emergent vegetation provides food and cover for invertebrates, such as dragonies and stoneies, and sh such as grayling and sticklebacks. Larger sh forage on aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial insects that drop from plants into the water. Many species of loons, diving ducks and other waterbirds nest in or near lakes, ponds and marshes, using the plants for nesting materials and for cover at the rst hint of trouble. If something is trying to eat you, you need a good place to hide! Freshwater marshes exist where water collects in shallow depressions, created by a variety of geological processes. Freshwater marshes may be as shallow as a few inches but are usually not deeper than a few feet. Some marshes may dry out completely during parts of the year.Freshwater marshesFreshwater marshesMarshes provide food - and a place to hide! Waters are shallow. Vegetation, like grasses, leaves or owers, stick out from the water. is is called emergent vegetation. e soil has a lot of organic materials and is rich in minerals. You know you are in a freshwater marsh if...Did You Know? Moose can lose 25 percent of their body weight during the winter. ey regain this weight, in part, by feeding on the nutrient-rich plants submerged in freshwater wetlands. Did You Know? e wood frog is capable of surviving the frigid Arctic winter because it can withstand freezing better than almost any species on Earth; it has the amazing ability to freeze solid and thaw out as temperatures warm in the spring. Wood frogs love marshes! 4
PeatlandsPeatlandsPeatlands are commonly called muskeg, an old Algonquian term referring to a soggy bog. ere are two types of peatlands: 1) Bogs are distinguished by a lush growth of moss (usually sphagnum) and thick, organic, acidic soils. e water source in bogs is mainly precipitation. 2) Fens are complexes of groundwater-inuenced linked channels that usually receive some drainage.Bogs are generally areas of low productivity. is means food for wildlife is not as abundant as in other wetland areas. Even though food can be scarce, peatlands are important for a variety of wildlife species during all seasons. Insect-eating birds like songbirds, raptors like the harrier, and grazing birds like swans all use peatlands as feeding areas.Did You Know? Alaska has about 127 million acres of peatlands. at’s about 75 percent of all of Alaska’s inland wetlands. BOG MAN FOUND! MYSTERY SOLVED! Bodies have been uncovered in bogs by workers harvesting peat. In at least one case, law enforcement ocials re-opened an old murder case. Because the bodies were so well preserved in the acidic bog, they did not realize they were almost 2,000 years old until archaeologists helped solve the case! Bodies can be preserved in peatlands because of the cold, acidic, oxygen-free conditions, which prevent decay and mummify human esh!Carnivorous Plants? Yes, Way! Sundew plants, found in peatlands, trap insects on their sticky leaves. e leaves close around the insect and digest it. Nitrogen and phosphorus in the insect’s body are valuable nutrients the sundew needs to produce its owers. Drainage is slow and lacking. Decomposition is slow and incomplete, resulting in a buildup of dead or decaying plants called peat. Waters and soils are cold, and oen acidic and lacking in nutrients. You might nd sphagnum moss or other plants adapted to tough, waterlogged conditions. You know you are in a peatlands if...5
Entering.. the Riparian Zone! Entering.. the Riparian Zone! Water levels change when it rains or snows, during freeze-up and break-up. You are standing next to a gravel bar, river, stream or an oxbow lake (formed by a big bend in a river). e water ows in a current. Fish and wildlife use riparian zones as a highway and to give birth and raise young.You know you are in riparian wetlands if...I find food and hide from predators in the zone!I hatched in the zone!I can raise my family in the zone! Math Brainbuster! ere are 1,000 miles of rivers and streams in Alaska for every day of the year. How many miles of riparian zones are there in Alaska? My answer: _____________ Awesome Animal Adaptations! Webbed feet help propel some wetland animals through the water as they swim and also allow them to walk over soggy ground without sinking into the mud.Who Am I? Read the clues. See if you can guess the riparian animal! 3232Riparian (ri-pair-ee-uhn) means stream or river bank. e middle of the stream or river usually has FAST moving water, while the sides of streams and rivers are where you nd slow moving waters. Riparian wetlands, or river banks, are important to the health of the stream and provide hearty habitat for wildlife. is type of wetland is found throughout Alaska wherever there are rivers, streams or creeks. Answers in clockwise direction: Chinook or Silver Salmon Fry, Four-Spotted Skimmer Dragony, Trumpeter Swan 6Math Answer: 365,000!
Special Places for wildlife3232 Special Places for wildlifeState Refuges, Sanctuaries, Critical Habitats 3.2 MILLION acres of land have been set aside by the Alaska State Legislature as special areas to protect rich wildlife habitat. ese special places have awesome sh and wildlife and recreational opportunities! ese areas belong to all Alaskans, so get out and enjoy them! Meet Joe Meehan, Refuge Program ManagerOn any given day, you might nd Joe Meehan in one of Alaska’s ‘special places’ coordinating the clean-up, repair or creating access to a refuge. Joe and his crew of technicians work outside most summer days. Joe also helps manage special access permits for refuges, like determining how many people are allowed to view animals at McNeil River State Game Sanctuary. Did You Know? All of Alaska’s 32 special areas contain some type of wetlands! Hey Joe! What’s your favorite part of your job? What’s your least favorite? at’s easy. I love seeing people enjoy, appreciate and protect our state’s refuges and special places. I don’t like dealing with disrespectful actions to the community of people who work to protect these places. What sort of education and training did you need for your job? I have a degree in wildlife ecology and management. As a kid, my siblings and I were always outside. What’s your favorite experience since working in this field? I once spent ve weeks on Agattu Island in the Aleutians. We camped on the beach where we were doing research. at little beach was just alive with wildlife and amazing plants. It really had everything one could imagine. It was a very special place! 7
Wetlands are WILD Across6. e old Algonquian word for soggy bog. 7. Land that has been set aside to protect wildlife habitat. 8. Webbed feet are one type of ____ that make it easier for some animals to live in a wetland. 9. Lands that are wet. Down1. A mixture of salt and freshwater.2. Means “stream or riverbank”.3. An animal that can freeze solid in winter then thaw out in the spring.4. e carnivorous plant that traps insects with its sticky leaves.5. e seasonal movement between breeding and wintering grounds.Head out to a wetland near you and become a wetland investigator. Take a camera, notebook, ruler, magnifying lens and a eld guide to help you gure out which animals and plants live in your wetlands. See how many dierent animals, plants and insects you can nd. Here are a few questions to help in your discoveries: How many dierent animals can you see? Which plants did you see most oen? How many dierent insects did you see? Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation Issue No. 3Wetlands are WILD Crossword ChallengeBecome a Wetland InvestigatorBecome a Wetland InvestigatorWetland MatchWetland MatchDraw a line matching the description of the wetland with its picture. Waters are shallow and may dry out during some parts of the year,An important nesting ground for millions of birds. Decomposition is slow resulting in a build-up of dead plants. An important resting place for millions of birds during migration.Found near rivers or streams. Riparian PeatlandFreshwaterTundraCoastal