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Welcome! All information can be found on http://www.geographyportal.co.uk/urbanenvironments . Using this document is simple – it follows the specification from AQA in order with links to all the teaching and learning resources (including our recommended case study fact files (CSFF)) as you go. It’s a super-handy revision companion that should ensure you never lose track of what you need to know! Key Idea: Specification content: Links to Geography Resources: 3.2.3.1 Urbanisation Urbanisation and its importance in human affairs. Lesson 1 | Introduction to CUE Powerpoint Urbanisation Learning Resources Global patterns of urbanisation since 1945. Lesson 1 | Introduction to CUE Powerpoint Urbanisation Learning Resources Urbanisation, suburbanisation, counter-urbanisation, urban resurgence. Lesson 1 | Introduction to CUE Powerpoint Suburbanisation (in the UK) Powerpoint Urbanisation Learning Resources The emergence of megacities and world cities and their role in global and regional economies. Lesson 1 | Introduction to CUE Powerpoint Urbanisation Learning Resources Economic, social, technological, political and demographic processes associated with urbanisation and urban growth. Lesson 1 | Introduction to CUE Powerpoint Urbanisation Learning Resources Urban change: deindustrialisation, decentralisation, rise of service-oriented economy. Pollution, Deprivation/Dereliction & Other Issues Powerpoint Urbanisation Learning Resources 3.2.3.2 Urban Forms Urban policy and regeneration in Britain since 1979. Regeneration Policy & Why Regenerate? Brainstorm Regenerating London | Geography Review Article Contemporary characteristics of mega/world cities. Week 2 | World Cities & Associated Geography Powerpoint Alpha, Beta, Gamma Cities Sheet Urban characteristics in contrasting settings. Urban Forms & Landscapes Powerpoint Physical and human factors in urban forms. Urban Forms & Landscapes Powerpoint A* DOC | Urban Forms & Infrastructure Report 3.2.3.3 Social and economic issues associated with urbanisation Spatial patterns of land use, economic inequality, social segregation and cultural diversity in contrasting urban areas, and the factors that influence them. [learning resources currently in development!] New urban landscapes: town centre mixed developments, cultural and heritage quarters, fortress developments, gentrified areas, edge cities. Urban Forms & Landscapes Powerpoint The concept of the post-modern western city. 🔺 Included further learning example - Los Angeles Post Modern Western Cities Learning Resources These are additional, juicy examples which you could throw into conclusions on questions – you don’t need to know them by any means!
Issues associated with economic inequality, social segregation and cultural diversity in urban areas. Urban Inequalities (in London) Powerpoint Strategies to manage these issues. Regeneration Policy & Why Regenerate? 3.2.3.4 Urban climate The impact of urban forms and processes on local climate and weather. As Below: Urban temperatures: the urban heat island effect. Urban Climate | The Urban Heat Island Effect Powerpoint Precipitation: frequency and intensity. Fogs and thunderstorms in urban environments. Urban Climate | Wind & Rain Powerpoint Wind: the effects of urban structures and layout on wind speed, direction and frequency, including Venturi Effect. Urban Climate | Wind & Rain Powerpoint Air quality: particulate and photo-chemical pollution. Pollution, Deprivation/Dereliction & Other Issues Powerpoint Geofile | Urban Air Quality Issues Pollution reduction policies. Geofile | Urban Air Quality Issues See ‘The Solution’ Section 3.2.3.5 Urban drainage Urban precipitation, surfaces and catchment characteristics; impacts on drainage basin storage areas; urban water cycle: water movement through urban catchments as measured by hydrographs. Urban Drainage Issues And Strategies Powerpoint Urban Drainage Diagrams Document Issues associated with catchment management in urban areas. Urban Drainage Issues And Strategies Powerpoint The development of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS). Urban Drainage Issues And Strategies Powerpoint River restoration and conservation in damaged urban catchments with reference to a specific project. Seoul | SUDS Cheonggyecheon River Project CSFF For more info: A Level Maps Page * Reasons for and aims of the project; attitudes and contributions of parties involved; project activities and evaluation of project outcomes. 3.2.3.6 Urban waste and its disposal Urban physical waste generation: sources of waste – industrial and commercial activity, personal consumption. Urban Waste Management & Disposal Powerpoint Relation of waste components and waste streams to economic characteristics, lifestyles and attitudes. Urban Waste Management & Disposal Powerpoint The environmental impacts of alternative approaches to waste disposal: unregulated, recycling, recovery, incineration, burial, submergence and trade. Urban Waste Management & Disposal Powerpoint
Comparison of approaches to waste disposal in relation to a specified urban area. Waste Management In New York City CSFF NYC | Waste Management Challenges & Successes Document A* DOC | NYC | Waste-To-Energy Solutions Document For more info: A Level Maps Page * 3.2.3.7 Other contemporary urban environmental issues Environmental problems in contrasting urban areas: atmospheric pollution, water pollution and dereliction. Pollution, Deprivation/Dereliction & Other Issues Powerpoint Strategies to manage these environmental problems. [Learning Resources In Development] 3.2.3.8 Sustainable urban development Impact of urban areas on local and global environments. Sustainable Urban Development Powerpoint (Coming Soon) Sustainable Urban Development Learning Resources Ecological footprint of major urban areas. Great Link! Interactive Worldwide Ecological Footprints (Coming Soon) Sustainable Urban Development Learning Resources Dimensions of sustainability: natural, physical, social and economic. Sustainable Urban Development Powerpoint (Coming Soon) Sustainable Urban Development Learning Resources Nature and features of sustainable cities. Sustainable Urban Development Powerpoint 2016 Sustainable Cities Index – Arcadis Document (Coming Soon) Sustainable Urban Development Learning Resources The Concept of Liveability. None at present (2.4.21) (Coming Soon) Sustainable Urban Development Learning Resources Contemporary opportunities and challenges in developing more sustainable cities. Sustainability Opportunities & Challenges Document (Coming Soon) Sustainable Urban Development Learning Resources Strategies for developing more sustainable cities, including contrasting case studies (as below) of successful and unsuccessful sustainable urban development. London Resources: Hodder CUE London Case Study Overview Powerpoint Regenerating London | Geography Review Article London Docklands – Evaluating The Successes Sustainable Initiatives In London 3.2.3.9 ‘Comparison City’ Resources London vs Lagos Factfile (Coming Soon) London Vs. Lagos CUE CSFF Booklet] (Coming Soon) London Vs. Mumbai CUE CSFF Booklet A* Sustainable City Success Stories: Singapore | Freiburg 🔺 further learning example For more info: A Level Maps Page * 3.2.3.9 Case studies Two Case studies of contrasting urban areas to illustrate and analyse key themes set out above, to include: Patterns of economic and social well-being and the nature and impact of physical environmental conditions with particular reference to the implications for environmental sustainability the character of the study areas and the experience and attitudes of their populations.
* Try out our A Level Maps Page, which is available on the Geography Portal! It is an interactive, navigable virtual ‘world’, where you can find our recommended case study fact files [CSFF] as well loads of information, questions, thoughts and more about each of our recommended a-level human and physical case studies, more niche A* case studies and further examples! Key Term: Explanation: Urbanisation The growth in proportion (%) of a country’s population that lives in urban areas, such as cities, towns, edge settlements, urban conurbations etc. Suburbanisation The phenomenon of people, especially those in wealthier, western HICs, moving out of expensive and crowded cities into newly formed suburbs and or settlements along the former rural / urban fringe (boundary.) Counter-Urbanisation More extreme than suburbanisation. The leapfrogging of the rural / urban fringe so as people move into smaller urban or rural areas. Can require more daily commuting and lifestyle changes. Urban Resurgence Also known as Re-Urbanisation. The act of countering issues of inner-city decline through promoting life in inner city urban environments. Attempts at this are taking place in areas such as Detroit, Michigan – along the USA Rust Belt. Megacity A conurbation or agglomeration (can incorporate several large towns and / cities) with a population of over 10 million people. Examples include Mexico City, Tokyo, London, New York, Beijing, Lagos, New (Delhi) etc. World City A city with recognised global influence either economically, culturally, historically, politically or otherwise. Can be categorised into Alpha, Beta, Gamma etc. based upon level of influence. Deindustrialisation The act of formerly secondary sector, industrial areas losing jobs in the manufacturing sector. This occurred in the UK and many other western HICs in the latter half of the 20th Century. Remember: GLOBALISATION + GOVERNMENT POLICIES = DEINDUSTRIALISATION Decentralisation The movement of population and / or industry from the urban centre to outlying areas. Includes processes such as suburbanisation. Gaining prevalence especially in American geography. Service-Oriented Economy A primarily tertiary sector-based national or local economy, fuelled by activities such as deindustrialisation and increasing levels of development, production costs and wealth per capita, pricing out many of the area’s industry, which is replaced by a new skilled sector – think such as the UK being now a financial services hub. Spatial Patterns… A spatial pattern is a perceptual structure, placement, or arrangement of objects on Earth. Essentially this describes the ‘scale’ and ‘location’ of things. Patterns may be recognized because of their arrangement; maybe in a line or by a clustering of points. Urban Heat Island Effect The zone around and above an urban area, which through many processes, experiences higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. Venturi Effect The channelling of wind into an increasingly narrow gap between, say, buildings, resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase. Think skyscrapers in Manhattan funnelling wind as such. Particulate Pollution A form of air pollution caused by the release of particulates and noxious gases into the atmosphere. This CAN BE NATURAL but are most likely due to human activity linked to fossil fuel burning and usage. Photochemical Pollution Another slightly different form of air pollution occurring due to gases being trapped by temperature inversions and, in the presence of sunlight, low-level ozone forms. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems [SUDS] A new approach to managing precipitation in urban areas through the usage of tried and tested natural processes in the landscape such as urban greening, presence of street-level runnels and ‘Bächles’ [Freiburg] etc…
Ecological Footprint The ecological footprint measures human demand on nature, i.e., the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy in an urban area. It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. Sustainability Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The concept of sustainability is composed of three pillars: economic, environmental, and social—also known informally as profits, planet, and people. In the context of contemporary urban environments, it involves developing urban areas which are not only liveable, but also ecologically sensitive (see above and below!) Liveability The concept of liveability is simple: it assesses which locations around the world provide the best or the worst living conditions. The liveability rating quantifies the challenges that might be presented to an individual's lifestyle in 140 cities worldwide. Suggestions? File Errors? Please Contact Us Via The Geography Portal! V1.4, last updated: 2.5.21 V1.5 due soon! Luke Pearson