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IAT Journal Animal Technology and Welfare G Further ideas to increase usable cage space G How to become involved with your AWERB G AS ET Special Travel Bursary winning essay G Congress 2015 Posters part two Official Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology and European Federation of Animal Technologists ISSN 1742 0385 Vol 14 No 3 December 2015

CONTENTS Vol 14 No 3 December 2015 Editorial Jas Barley Chair of the Editorial Board ix Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages Andrew Newman and Sabrina Brando 155 How to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB report of a workshop held at the 2015 IAT Congress Penny Hawkins Anne Marie Farmer and Stephen Woodley 165 PAPER SUMMARY TRANSLATIONS 175 TECH 2 TECH The husbandry of Xenopus ensuring good care of X tropicalis and X laevis Chris Turnbull 183 Concordat on openness on animal research in the UK 187 AS ET ESSAY COMPETITION Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately Scarlett Martindale 191 Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately Karen Dunford 194 Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately Melanie Galvin 196 Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately Nick Dean 199 Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately Clare McCartney 201 POSTER PRESENTATIONS Guiding principles for behavioural laboratory animal science a new resource for better science and animal welfare Penny Hawkins 205 Animal technologists the good the bad and the ugly Sophia Bullock Katrina Comrie Karyn Heath and Yvonne McLean 207 Take a load off an assessment of a drawer style cage system Victoria Hurlow 211 DBA 1 Keep them calm and carry on Daniel Sturgiss 215 Study of the use of platforms for Guinea pigs Louise Thompsett and Vicky Wood 219 Comparison of faecal PCR with traditional methods in the detection of Syphacia obvelata and Pasteurella pneumotropica Andy Dickinson Harry Donnelly Owen Hazelby David Pimbley and Alistair Thompson 221 Instructions to Authors 223 Index to Advertisers xviii ATW PROFILE Animal Technology and Welfare aims to be the medium for animal technologists and all those concerned with the care and welfare of animals used for research purposes to communicate best practice ATW especially aims to promote and develop the 3Rs particularly in respect of Refinement More importantly ATW promotes the generally accepted 4th R Responsibility The responsibility that all animal technologists have in ensuring dissemination of best practice to every institution using animals in research ATW enjoys a unique position as the scientific publication for the leading organisations IAT and EFAT for the welfare of animals in research Editor Jas Barley atweditor iat org uk

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RAnTech Dorothy Woodnott FIAT Honorary Members Andy Jackson MIAT Brian Lowe MSc FIAT RAnTech Terry Priest FIAT RAnTech Trevor Richards BEM MIAT Peter Russell FIAT RAnTech David Spillane FIAT Ray Thatcher FIAT RAnTech Pete Willan DMS FInstLM MIAT Members of Council Ken Applebee OBE Matthew Bilton Kate Burton Charlie Chambers Steven Cubitt Andy Cunningham Haley Daniels Glyn Fisher Nicky Gent Cathy Godfrey Alan Graham Linda Horan Sam Jameson Elaine Kirkum Adele Kitching Sarah Lane Theresa Langford Norman Mortell Steve Owen Wendy Steel Allan Thornhill Lynda Westall Carole Wilson Adrian Woodhouse Council Officers Chair Ken Applebee OBE FIAT CBiol FSB RAnTech Immediate Past Chair Steve Owen FIAT RAnTech Vice Chair Norman Mortell BA Hons MIAT RAnTech Honorary Secretary Linda Horan BSc Hons MIAT RAnTech Honorary Treasurer Charlie Chambers MIAT RAnTech Assistant Treasurer Glyn Fisher FIAT RAnTech Chair Board of Educational Policy Glyn Fisher FIAT RAnTech Chair Board of Moderators Cathy Godfrey FIAT RAnTech Chair Registration Accreditation Board Wendy Steel BSc Hons FIAT RAnTech Chair ATW Editorial Board Jas Barley MSc FIAT RAnTech Bulletin Editor Sarah Lane MSc FIAT RAnTech Assistant Bulletin Editor Carole Wilson BSc MIAT Branch Liaison Officer Lynda Westall BSc Hons FIAT DMS RAnTech EFAT Representative Charlie Chambers MIAT RAnTech Council Website Coordinator Allan Thornhill FIAT RAnTech IAT INFORMATION Animal Welfare Officers and LABA Representatives Andy Cunningham Sarah Lane ATW Bulletin Editorial Board Jas Barley Patrick Hayes Elaine Kirkum Sarah Lane Lynda Westall Board of Educational Policy Glyn Fisher Chair Steven Cubitt Secretary Rest TBC Board of Moderators Cathy Godfrey Chair Haley Daniels Secretary Moderators Gary Childs Joanna Cruden Nicky Gent Linda Horan Anthony Iglesias Sue McHugh Communications Group Norman Mortell Chair Kate Burton Elaine Kirkum Allan Thornhill Lynda Westall Registration and Accreditation Board Wendy Steel Chair Sarah Lane Secretary Theresa Langford Ken Applebee Charlie Chambers Gerald Clough Carol Fox John Gregory Cathy Godfrey Ron Raymond Steve Owen Stuart Stevenson Carol Williams Observers Charles Gentry Certificate Holders Forum Adrian Deeny LASA Kathy Ryder Home Office Lucy Whitfield LAVA Congress Committee Alan Graham Chair Haley Daniels Linda Horan Adele Kitching Allan Thornhill Advertisement Managers PRC Associates Ltd Email mail prcassoc co uk IAT OFFICERS MAY BE CONTACTED VIA IAT Administrator iat101 btconnect com OR VIA THE IAT WEBSITE AT www iat org uk OR VIA THE REGISTERED OFFICE 5 South Parade Summertown Oxford OX2 7JL Although every effort is made to ensure that no inaccurate or misleading data opinion or statement appear in the journal the Institute of Animal Technology wish to expound that the data and opinions appearing in the articles poster presentations and advertisements in ATW are the responsibility of the contributor and advertiser concerned Accordingly the IAT Editor and their agents accept no 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December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare THE INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL STATEMENT IN THE CONDUCT OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL DUTIES ANIMAL TECHNOLOGISTS HAVE A MORAL AND LEGAL OBLIGATION AT ALL TIMES TO PROMOTE AND SAFEGUARD THE WELFARE OF ANIMALS IN THEIR CARE AND TO RECOGNISE THAT GOOD LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF GOOD LABORATORY ANIMAL TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE Editorial Jas Barley Chair of the Editorial Board There is a saying that the road to Hell is paved with good intentions in which case I am a good way down that particular road It was the intention that this would be another of our themed issues taking the subject of animal behaviour as its topic but for one reason and another I am afraid it just has not happened We will try again in 2016 as it is an important issue and for that reason I have included Penny Hawkins poster on Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science The charity Animals in Science Education Trust AS ET celebrates its fifth anniversary this year The primary aim of AS ET is to Advance education and promote excellence in the care and welfare of animals used in science One of the ways they work to achieve this aim is by awarding bursaries to attend courses To be eligible for an award you must be employed in the care and welfare of animals used in science and the course you wish to follow must be connected with your work During the five years of its existence AS ET has awarded 63 000 in bursaries and the demand is rising As part of their fifth anniversary activities AS ET is aiming to raise 50 000 so that the work can continue and to reach the goal of 500 supporters You can be a supporter for as little as a 1 a month although most people dig a little deeper and manage 24 a year In addition to routine bursaries there are two Special bursary competitions one the Congress Bursary Competition offers the winner the opportunity to attend the IAT Congress This bursary competition is restricted to technicians who have just gained their IAT level 2 Diploma in Laboratory Animal Science and Technology The prize covers the cost of attendance at and travel to and from IAT Congress 2015 The number of entrants this year was disappointingly low the competition takes the form of an essay of 1000 words which is only slightly longer than this editorial What have you got to lose some time and not only the opportunity to go to Congress but the chance to see your essay in print The Special Travel Bursary offers the winner the chance to attend the AALAS national meeting 2015 held in Phoenix Arizona I am therefore delighted to be able to include the winning essay from the competition to attend the AALAS meeting together with some of the runners up entries The instruction for the competition was to discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately It has been extremely interesting to read these entries and to consider the points they raise We tend to think that the problem of misconception by the public has been resolved it has not Having spent rather a lot of time recently chatting to people in hospital waiting rooms and getting round to the developments in medical science it is rather worrying to realise how few people connect the treatment they are about to receive or administer with the use of animals in research Most of nursing staff although doctors can be just as na ve are particularly blind to the fact that much of the knowledge about disease and the medicines they use started with animal experiments Having said this I couldn t help but smile when I heard my sister whose the one undergoing treatment regale a fellow patient with some of the facts about our work it is good to know that she does listen to me and that there are a few more people that are now aware of the debt we all owe research animals and the animal technologists who look after them In addition to the AS ET essays included in this issue are further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages from Andrew Newman and Sabrina Brando at the University of Dundee We also include the report of the 2015 Congress workshop on how to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB by Penny Hawkins and fellow authors Anne Marie Farmer and Stephen Woodley Posters include the last of those displayed at IAT Congress 2015 cover subjects as diverse at the development of new style caging by Victoria Hurlow environmental enrichment for Guinea pigs by Louise Thompsett and Vicky Wood and a comparison of cage cleaning techniques for a colony of DBA1 mice by Daniel Sturgiss ix

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages ANDREW NEWMAN and SABRINA BRANDO University of Dundee Biological Services School of Life Sciences Dow Street Dundee Scotland DD1 5EH Corresponding author a newman dundee ac uk Summary Various papers on enrichment particularly interactive enrichment have been published over the past few years The purpose of this paper is to discuss future ideas for mice enrichment that we think can be developed and tested This paper does not contain experimental data but does include some informal observations during the implementation of ideas The aim of the paper is to encourage people to think about the possible opportunities to increase complexity and choice in standard mouse cages today Standard mouse cages have a lot of unused space due to the plastic walls and the mainly two dimensional space lay out Options to enrich the cage to provide for more complexity choice and control can be achieved by using different structures that may be suspended or placed within or on the cage trying to facilitate maximum space use In this paper we will describe some of our ideas on interactive enrichment and extended space use for the laboratory mouse and reference is also made to rats hamsters and Xenopus frogs We would like to make it clear that the ideas have not formally been tested beyond some informal observations which were highly positive but we did pay attention to the ease of operating how easy it was to hang or place remove and clean the objects as well as thinking about the possibility to leave the items attached while autoclaving and even being able to stack them We hope more ideas will spring from this paper and that all items will be formally tested in the near future by us or others in the laboratory field Introduction Environmental Enrichment will become more central to animal welfare decision making with the implementation of the new EU Directive 1 2010 63 EU Although various enrichment products have been available for several years unless an institution had an extensive policy on enrichment there has been limited incentive to look at developing the cage environment Looking at fixed and flexible structure as well as facilitating and increasing optimal space use Now this has become a requirement cogent enrichment needs to be made available The new Directive 2010 63 EU requires that animals have enrichment Annex III Section 3 3b 1 All animals shall be provided with space of sufficient complexity to allow expression of a wide range of normal behaviour They shall be given a degree of control and choice over their environment to reduce stress induced behaviour Establishments shall have appropriate enrichment techniques in place to extend the range of activities available to the animals and increase their coping activities including physical exercise foraging manipulative and cognitive activities as appropriate to the species Environmental enrichment in animal enclosures shall be adapted to the species and individual needs of the animal concerned The enrichment strategies in establishments shall be regularly reviewed and updated The key points in the legislation for enabling good practice are Allowing animals to express and perform a wide range of non harmful behaviours Allowing animals to have some degree of control and choice over their environment Allowing animals to perform coping activities such as physical exercise foraging manipulative and cognitive activities Allowing animals to meet their individual needs and wants All policies should be regularly reviewed and updated 155

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages Expression of a wide range of normal behaviour This raises several questions 1 Do cages and pens allow animals to express a wide range of normal behaviour 2 How far can normal behaviour be produced in an artificial setting be it pen cage room or paddock 3 Can cage complexity and additional enrichment be practically implemented by technicians on a regular basis 4 How does one ensure a daily inspection of animals that could become very difficult in some settings and would this limitation be acceptable in order to achieve better results for the animal in environment enrichment and housing design As behaviour often revolves around survival in a natural environment some continuation of this is needed to sustain this instinct in a stable indoor laboratory housing environment Indeed it is inevitable that behaviour will be modified because of this limitation This is why the fourth of the Five Freedoms was modified from being to enable natural behaviour to enable normal behaviour for animals in a farming environment as opposed to a wild environment Control and choice over their environment In modern units it is possible to control and regulate temperature humidity and lighting to precise levels and environmental control within a cage level will be limited particularly if individual ventilated cages IVCs are being used with high air changes within the cage e g 50 100 air changes hr compared with a room air change of around 10 20 Bedding and nesting materials given in sufficient quantities will also modify and allow for environmental control as well as any enrichment such as a tube tunnel or mouse house Larger species i e in larger spaces however are likely to have more control over their environment if the husbandry allows for this Size and use of all space is key in small and large animals Coping activities to include physical exercise foraging manipulative and cognitive activities Physical exercise for larger species has usually been possible due to pen design or exercise areas primates being the exception until recently However for smaller species exercise and space became a secondary requirement particularly for mice and rats as these are the most common species in research and used in higher numbers Floor pens and gang cages have been 156 developed in some instances rediscovered mainly for species such as guinea pigs and rabbits but also for primates When floor pens or solid bottom cages as opposed to grid floors are used foraging is easier to implement even normal food pellets for rodents placed on the floor will allow them to hold it in their paws and manipulate the pellet and hamsters will use their cheek pouches to collect their diet If more items are placed in a cage with the idea that it helps this may or may not add to enrichment goals or provide for enriching experiences Whether these are appropriate or effective and whether an object will achieve the intended purpose will have to be determined by systematic research and understanding the goals and objectives of environmental enrichment programmes 2 3 4 5 Individual needs and wants of the animal It is a complex question whether the mental and physical needs and wants of an animal are being met It will depend on the type of animal their temperament age housing number of animals per enclosure and the scientific protocol required for the animal Most animals are now often kept in groups unless there is a compelling reason for single housing Enrichment for individuals in a group situation will depend on the species and area available as well as the condition of the other animals but enrichment should if at all possible be suitable for all animals concerned Regularly reviewed and updated If interactive enrichment is considered in terms of behaviour and mental stimulation then changing the enrichment on predetermined days and times may keep stimulation activity The frequency that changes are made will depend on many factors for example the level of interaction 6 the type of enrichment the intended goals or how long the animal is housed in the facility It would be helpful if any enrichment system was given a worldwide dissemination of proven results and made available such as AWI http awionline org store catalog animal welfare publications animalslaboratories caring hands discussions laborator y a However a key point is that such enrichments should be evaluated in some way and have given proven results 7 8 9 With the advent of the revised EU Directive comprehensive ideas are required to fulfil the concept above Various papers have been published on enrichment such as types of bedding tubing and mouse housing and foraging Although these enrichments can give stimulation and allow nest building there is limited interactive involvement Where

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages interactive environment is covered it revolves around experimental work rather than for normal stock cages ver y few interactive materials are available from commercial companies that are suitable for the laboratory environment We have been looking at ideas that can be taken up by commercial companies that could be universally adapted to several types of caging making it more cost effective for production The other aim is to think of items or equipment that can be easily cleaned and moved during cage cleaning Not all materials used in this study are suitable to use on a permanent basis due to the material used in their construction but they could allow concepts to be established that can be developed by a commercial company Method The mice were purchased from Envigo Strains used Inbred BALB cOlaHsd C57BL 6JOlaHsd and Outbred Hsd ICR CD 1 and HsdWin NMRI The animals were all females except for a few male C57BL 6J The animal facility is maintained at 21 2 C and RH 55 10 12 12 light cycles Diet used R M No1 pelleted Special Diets Service PO Box 705 Witham Essex CM8 3AD UK Bedding and Datesand Ltd nesting paper Homes Cages nesting materials obtained from Sawdust Eco Pure chips 6 premium Sizzle Nest and paper houses Smart used approximate internal cage size Tecniplast Italy GR900 W300 mm D300 mm H200 mm Thoren USA No 2 W280 mm D280 mm H120 mm Thoren USA No 9 W170 mm D280 mm H120 mm Additional test cage Tecniplast Italy GR1800 Double Decker Rat IVC W400 mm D330 mm H400 mm Manufactures of cages Thoren Caging Systems Inc Tecniplast SPA Items tested Tunnels inner diameter 30 mm largest inner at join 35 mm length was variable depending on the type of cage and complexity Material polypropylene Rings book binder rings and chains mild steel of various types inner diameter of the two types of rings were 20 mm and 50 mm Climbing frames stainless steel cut from an old food hopper Longest piece L260 x D120 T Bar stainless steel overall height 90 mm cross bar 130 mm weight 121 0 g Disk Bar bath plugs Two types rubber and chrome plated metal 45mm diameter 10 g rubber plug and 46 g chrome plate plug Perpendicular running wheel plastic overall height 180 mm diameter 135 mm depth 75 mm Polycarbonate disk wheel Wheel diameter 150 mm effective walking area 40 mm on the outer part of the wheel A large dome is situated in the centre of the wheel that reduces the area of the wheel Plastic disk wheel Wheel diameter 160 mm effective walking area covers most of the disk Tactile material only artificial aquarium grass has been tested Bedding and nesting materials materials used in this facility are sawdust Eco Pure chips 6 premium and paper nesting material Sizzle Nest also paper houses Smart Homes Varying amounts of bedding and nesting are used Results From informal and opportunistic observation it seems that of all the cages used the Tecniplast GR900 gave the most diverse enrichment possibilities and most activities from the mice This cage has a floor area and height to allow a variety of enrichments to be added The cage itself has possibilities on its own without additional equipment The food hopper allows climbing over a relatively large area the mouse loft mouse house allows for exploration and climbing If the loft is removed the wire bar gives balancing and climbing an added dimension This cage will allow a perpendicular running wheel to fit within its area as well as the disc type running wheel The GR1800 cage was used as a test cage and is not used to house mice in this facility Various commercial enrichment products are available from paper houses e g DesresTM that can be used for hiding or chewing to plastic mouse houses10 11 of several designs that can be autoclaved to tubes of various lengths and diameters that are either placed on the cage floor or in some instances fitted to the cage top Barley J et al 2006 12 mentioned the fact that plastic mouse houses are ignored as a nesting area we found the same results preferring to nest under the food hopper or at the back of the cage On a number of occasions the plastic house placed in the cage was buried under the bedding material giving the impression the mice were attempting to hide it the inner area being completely filled with bedding material making it impossible to use 157

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages Papers by Freymann J et al 2015 and White M 2012 13 14 showed that deep bedding litter in a cage was a good interactive material we also found this to be the case they can move large amounts of bedding and change the physical environment in the cage 1 In the context here tubes are short lengths of single tubing while tunnels can be more than one piece fitted together and are more complex with angles in their length The tunnels are drainage piping these were used as it allowed limitless designs in the layout of the tunnels the limiting factor only being the size of the cage The mice sought out these tunnels and used them to an extent that sometimes mice queued to enter the tunnel Although they would enter and leave by the various entrances and exits sometimes a preference for a particular entrance or exit route would become obvious once the tunnels were in regular use The tunnels were placed on top of the bedding but after a few days they became partially hidden by bedding material as the mice altered the environmental setting but the tunnels were never filled with bedding material Because of the various shapes these tunnels can form the cage can be divided into areas and help with thigmotactic tendencies opening up the whole cage to explore and allow for varying the shapes and sizes offered to the animals rings to climb through However this makes storing the cage top more difficult but not impossible Chains were hung in loops from the cage top that allowed mice to pull and climb on these chains this was limiting as the loops were not an ideal shape We then tried bookbinder rings that we fixed to the cage top and the chains were then fixed to the binder rings to give a better shape to the loops Various designs followed from this different types of chain hanging chains vertically and using metal rods between the rings With these rings and chains the mice used their tails in a prehensile way more than they usually do and to a greater extent than for other enrichment equipment due to the rings and chains moving making the mice actively balance on this equipment Figure 2 Mice using rings Figure 1 Cage showing tunnels in situ 2 We found small rings were used by young mice to climb through they would squeeze through these rings deliberately forcing their way through the ring Larger rings were also obtained and larger mice could use these for sitting on or move from ring to ring We only used two sizes of rings but we believe that various sizes would be ideal for varying size of mice and options for locomotion These rings can be joined together in lengths or lattice design giving a network of 158 Figure 3 Chain and ring in use by mouse

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages These chains and rings will fit on any wire cage top Although the rings are mild steel rather than stainless steel during the testing of these rings we were able to leave them in situ fixed to the cage top and stored as normal in the storeroom 3 Climbing frames can be added to the cage these can be fitted along the length of a cage to give one or more of its sides an extra surface to climb on in addition to the normal wire top They could also be fitted within the cage for the same purpose and will also give divisions within the cage Figure 6 T bar in situ 5 Figure 4 Climbing frame and rings A variant of the T bar is the disk bar this has the advantage in that it takes up less space but still allows the mouse to sit and climb on the disk If hung by a chain the height can be changed and held in place by a bookbinder ring Or a solid rod could be fitted to the disk although not tested and hooked onto the cage like the T bar this would be a fixed length The two types of plugs tested rubber and chrome plated the steel plug being heavier held the chain more taut which the mice preferred Figure 5 Showing mice using climbing frame 4 A T bar was designed to hang from the wire cage top These still need to be refined but there are possibilities in making it more interactive although it is better suited to cages which have a greater height than a standard cage of 120 mm internal height Figure 7 Variation on the T bar the disk bar 159

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages Figure 10 Mouse house and running wheel Mice appear to prefer the large disk Figure 8 Mice using the Disk bar 7 6 15 16 17 Running wheels are not a new idea but few cages can accommodate them The Tecniplast GR900 cage is able to accommodate the disk or the perpendicular running wheel within the cage Several mice will try using these at the same time making them very interactive Tactile material in the cage may also be a way forward This has not been fully explored but we have looked at testing artificial grass the sort used in aquariums Although the mice interacted with this material it was soon destroyed and would be expensive to implement unless a safe and long lasting material could be found Two types of disk running wheels were looked at one with a mouse house as part as the design giving a dome shape to part of the running wheel and one with only a disc wheel We found the mice preferred the one with the larger disk wheel due to a larger running area They seemed to have a less contorted body shape while using this wheel Having the disk and perpendicular running wheel in the cage at the same time allowed the mice to select their preference the perpendicular wheel proved the most popular The Thoren cages would not allow these to be tested due to their dimensions Figure 11 Mouse enjoying artificial grass 8 Figure 9 Perpendicular running wheel in situ These could not be tested in the Thoren cages due to cage height limitations 160 Bedding and nesting material can be interactive especially if suitable amounts are given Normally the quantities relate to supplying enough material for walking or resting on absorbing animal waste or a leaking water bottle and making cleaning easier and any nesting material just sufficient to give the animal the ability to build a small nest By giving large amounts of bedding and nesting materials as well as Desres paper houses the mice used these to a greater extent Mice will readily dig and push sawdust to areas in a cage making high mounds sometimes very close to the cage top Sizzle nesting material paper strips in large amounts allowed mice to hide under this material rather than the normal birds nest that are built but

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages observation becomes an issue Although not practical for most cages placing several paper houses in a cage gives a varied play area for mice and added exploration throughout the cage using more of the available and otherwise unused space allowing mice to run in and out and over the tops of the various houses plus being a light material it is easily moved or chewed to make nesting material evaluate the effect negatively or positively of the enrichment proposed Achieving the intended goal like increasing locomotion and exploration could be criteria to consider To achieve ideal enrichment the following points will need to be considered a high but appropriate for the individual and or species uptake of use must be safe to use it must be practical to use e g technician time and ease of placing the item in the cage cost must be reasonable easily washed and sterilised easily removed and stored or left in situ e g on the cage lid capable of being used in several types of caging thus making it very cost effective must not take up too much space in the cage so that it allows for other activities Figure 12 Cage with various forms of enrichment in situ Figure 13 Mouse using paper houses and showing mouse modifications to houses Discussion Enrichment added to the cage should be very desirable to the animal due to limiting cage area any equipment added needs a high interactive meaning being used for sleeping socialising exercise or other desired behaviour level This needs to be evaluated in line with the intended enrichment goals increase of physical activity cognitive stimulation species appropriate and functional nests etc Environmental enrichment that is not enriching to the animals individual versus group considerations could be observed should be removed as space within a cage could be better utilised It is therefore important to plan document evaluate and readjust environmental enrichment goals and activities It should be clear what criteria must be used to Environmental enrichment can have many goals one of these goals could be that the animal needs to interact with it i e some form of stimulation either by physical involvement or through cognitive response and ideally both Bearing this in mind we looked at the cages in our animal facility to see if we could fulfil these requirements Some of the initial work was carried out in Double Decker Rat Cage GR1800 Tecniplast the space allowed several ideas to be looked at simultaneously before we refined these ideas to use in smaller mouse cages The limited work carried out in our facility for mouse enrichment showed a standard mouse cage with a height of 120 mm high is too low and has a restricting impact While the 200 mm high cage gave far greater freedom this height may be too generous but it allowed a perpendicular running wheel that would be difficult to use if less space is given Any climbing equipment we tested needed a height greater than the 120 mm minimal requirement for mouse cages Mice will readily climb and explore if given an area in which to do this and a cage similar to the Tecniplast GR900 would help in this aspect This cage accommodated all the test enrichment products with ease The other cages we used could also contain these enrichments except the running wheels but were limiting in their use Other standard cages with similar dimensions to the Thoren cages would also have similar limitations Hanging chains vertically from the cage top in standard height caging 120 mm only allow young mice to climb due to height restriction older mice are too large to use them for this activity The more complex tunnels with bends and various 161

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages lengths were used during active periods if these could be designed specifically for laboratory caging they would be more interactive than the usual short straight tubes available at present Of all the products tested the rings were the greatest success as all the mice used these constantly and can be used effectively in cages of only 120 mm high If these rings could be manufactured in various sizes and in stainless steel a true interactive enrichment could be used The only negative we found was the noise they make due to metal on metal contact and if they hit the side of the cage Perhaps a durable plastic would be an option instead of stainless steel but this idea needs to be further developed We have a large number of cage tops with these rings permanently attached and we store these cage tops stacked on top of each other in the storeroom Additional information Note while testing these concepts in the Double Decker Rat Cage it was noted that ball nests were more readily made due to the design of the cage The food hopper being within the cage partitioned the rear therefore allowing the nest to keep its shape as three sides held it in place Due to the size of this nest multiple entrances were made other units these are not necessarily original ideas but commercial enrichment equipment is lacking for laboratory animal conditions and some of the items in this article could be manufactured to a suitable level for use in a modern animal facilities Further reading For those that have not come across these publication it is a good starting point The Enrichment Record www enrichmentrecord com Animal Research Advisor y Committee ARAC http oacu od nih gov wellbeing index htm Acknowledgements We would like to thank the WBRU staff for enthusiastically participating in this work and Dr David Morton for valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper Some of the ideas in this article can be seen in a short video kindly produced by Understanding Animals Research http www understandinganimalresearch org uk news animal welfare alternatives mouse cage enrichment References 1 Initially the GR900 was designed as a rat cage in 2009 then adapted to also be a mouse cage by using a different wire top and bottle spout in 2010 2 Other items tested Hammock rope and plastic The rope hammock was too large to test The plastic hammock could be used in our North Kent Plastic rat cage RC2 R where we house rats and hamsters this hammock is capable of being suspended from a RC2 R cage top the plastic hammock was only suitable for hamsters but it could also be used in the Tecniplast GR900 cage for mice or hamsters Ping pong balls These were placed in Xenopus tanks as well as mouse and hamster cages 3 4 5 6 7 Idea failures Ping pong balls table tennis balls were placed in mouse cages Also tested with hamsters and Xenopus No interest was observed These were initially obtained to test with Xenopus A swing made of chain and a wire bar this may be due to it being very free moving A wider platform rather than a wire bar may have worked Many of the above test items may have been tried in 162 8 9 10 270 DIRECTIVE 2010 63 EU http eur lex europa eu LexUriServ LexUriServ do uri OJ L 2010 276 0033 007 9 en PDF Applebee K 2002 Rodent Environmental Enrichment Animal welfare or human feel good factor Animal Technology Vol 1 No 2 65 69 Balcombe J 2006 Laborator y environments and rodents behavioural needs a review Laboratory Animals Vol 40 No 3 217 235 Stewart K 2003 Environmental enrichment program development hurdling the common obstacles Animal Technology and Welfare Vol 2 No 1 9 12 Whittaker A et al 2012 Effects of space allocation and housing density on measure of wellbeing in laboratory mice a review Laboratory Animals Vol 46 No 1 3 13 Phillips S et al 2012 Environmental enrichment what works and do animals need it Animal Technology and Welfare Vol 11 No 1 49 51 Olsson I and Dahlborn K 2002 Improving housing conditions of mice a review of environmental enrichment Laboratory Animals Vol 36 No 3 243 270 Sherwin C 2007 Validating refinements to laboratory housing www nc3rs org uk NC3Rs 12 Wurbel H et al 2007 Refinement of rodent research through environmental enrichment and systematic randomisation www nc3rs org uk NC3Rs 9 Key D and Hewett A 2002 Developing and testing a novel cage insert the Mouse House designed to enrich the lives of laboratory mice without adversely affecting the science Animal Technology and Welfare Vol 1 No 2 55 64

Further ideas on enrichment to increase useable surface area in standard mouse cages 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Loo P et al 2005 Assessment of the use of two commercially available environmental enrichments by laborabor y mice by preference testing Laborator y Animals Vol 39 No 1 58 67 Barley J et al 2006 Do mice benefit from prefabricated dwellings A discussion by the Refinement and Enrichment Forum Animal Technology and Welfare Vol 5 No 1 13 15 Freymann J et al 2015 The amount of cage bedding preferred by female BALB c and C57BL 6 mice Lab Animal Europe Vol 15 No 2 13 19 White M 2012 More bedding is better for mice Animal Technology and Welfare Vol 11 No 2 149 150 Banjanin S and Mrosovsky N 2002 Preferences of mice Mus musculus for different types of running wheel Laboratory Animals Vol 34 No 3 313 318 Reebs S and St Onge P 2005 Running wheel choice by Syrian Hamsters Laboratory Animals Vol 39 No 4 442 451 Richter S et al 2014 Resting is Rusting A critical view on rodent wheel running behaviour 9933 The Neuronscientist Vol 20 No 4 313 325 163

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December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare How to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB report of a workshop held at the 2015 IAT Congress PENNY HAWKINS1 ANNE MARIE FARMER2 and STEPHEN WOODLEY3 1 2 3 Research Animals Department RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater West Sussex RH13 9RS Animals in Science Regulation Unit The Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Research Info Core Services Institute of Ophthalmology University College London EC1V 9EL Correspondence penny hawkins rspca org uk Introduction Ever y establishment licensed under the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 ASPA must set up and maintain an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB formerly known as an Ethical Review Process ERP The major tasks of the AWERB are taken from Directive 2010 63 EU and include advising staff on matters related to the welfare of animals in relation to their acquisition accommodation care and use and advising on the application of the 3Rs replacement reduction and refinement keeping staff informed of relevant technical and scientific developments The Home Office Guidance to the ASPA1 sets out several additional tasks for the AWERB in the UK including promoting awareness of animal welfare and Replacement Reduction and Refinement the 3Rs providing a forum for discussion and development of ethical advice to the establishment licence holder on all matters related to animal welfare care and use at their establishment supporting named persons and other staff dealing with animals on animal welfare ethical issues and provision of appropriate training and helping to promote a culture of care within the establishment and as appropriate in the wider community Each AWERB has to include as full members at least ASPA Schedule 2C Part 1 paragraph 6 and Schedule 3 Part 2 paragraph 6 Directive 2010 63 EU regulates animal care and use throughout the European Union It requires establishments to set up Animalwelfare Bodies which are more limited in composition and function than the UK AWERB However the UK exercised its right to retain more extensive provisions when implementing the Directive one Named Animal Care and Welfare Officer NACWO and one Named Veterinary Surgeon NVS AWERBs at user establishments must also have a scientific member In addition other named persons including Named Information Officers NIOs and Named Training and Competency Officers NTCOs should be actively engaged with the AWERB Animal technologists and care staff are ideally placed to help the AWERB fulfil the functions set out in the Directive as well as the additional tasks and this is reflected in the ASPA s requirements above However membership of the AWERB is not just for named persons animal technologists with a range of roles are able to make valuable contributions with respect to providing information about animal behaviour biology and welfare needs giving technical input applying local values to the AWERB s discussions and judgements and broadening the range of perspectives that can be brought to bear They can also assist lay or independent members of the AWERB in fulfilling their roles for example by helping lay members to understand the impact of procedures on animals and supporting them when they ask about issues such as humane endpoints welfare assessment or nontechnical summaries 2 A workshop was held at the 2015 IAT Congress with the aim of encouraging animal technologists to become involved with the AWERB at their establishment or to contribute more actively if they were already members The session comprised talks from a Home Office Animals in Science Regulation Unit ASRU Inspector and an animal technologist who was also an active AWERB member with discussion sessions This report summarises both the talks and discussions and sets out some recommendations for animal technologists establishments and the IAT 165

How to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB report of a workshop Background the delegates and their level of engagement with the AWERB A Turning Point session was used to gather some information about the delegates and their level of awareness of and participation in the AWERB Thirtytwo delegates attended the workshop most 16 were from universities followed by research institutes 10 and breeding establishments 4 with the remainder from a Contract Research Organisation CRO and a pharmaceutical establishment Most people described themselves as primarily animal technologists or NACWOs although several held additional roles including NTCO NIO Home Office Liaison Officer HOLO and NVS Almost half the attendees 15 had worked at their facility for over 10 years and most of the others had been at the same establishment for 1 to 5 years A third of the delegates attending the workshop already sat on their establishment s AWERB Of those who did not most would like to but there were several reasons why they were not currently members Figure 1 that some establishments have work to do with respect to raising the profile of the AWERB and ensuring that all staff know about its form and function and are actively encouraged to think about whether they could contribute This was also suggested by the answers to a question about the information that is provided about the AWERB at delegates facilities Figure 2 Of the delegates who were already AWERB members the majority felt confident about contributing to discussions believed that their exper tise and contributions added value to the AWERB and felt that their expertise and input were respected There was a good level of awareness among all delegates about the tasks of the AWERB relating to advising on welfare and the 3Rs and to establishing and reviewing management and operational processes However delegates were less informed about other AWERB tasks including following the development and outcomes of projects advising the Establishment Licence Holder ELH whether to support project proposals supporting named persons and promoting the culture of care Awareness about the AWERB s role of advising on rehoming was lowest of all 8 AWERB ASRU and animal technologists whose job is it anyway 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 I don t know I don t think I didn t know how to join or I d be able to about the who to contribute AWERB approach I didn t think I was told not I never someone with to apply or thought of it my role could that I couldn t be a member join Figure 1 Reasons given by delegates for not being AWERB members Although this was a very small sample the reasons people gave for not sitting on their AWERBs indicate 45 40 35 Home Office ASRU Inspector Anne Marie Farmer discussed some important activities that have a significant impact upon the standards of both animal welfare and science at an establishment These include advising on the acquisition accommodation care and use of animals reviewing the establishment s management and operational procedures advising on the 3Rs in relation to project proposals and implementing humane endpoints All of these are included within the AWERB AWB tasks listed in Article 27 of Directive 2010 63 EU and both ASRU and animal technologists can make valuable contributions either in their own right or through the AWERB In particular they can raise awareness of the biology behaviour and welfare needs of the study species and ensure that relevant in house knowledge about operating procedures available expertise and animal house management is brought to the table 30 One of the UK AWERB s important additional tasks is to advise the ELH whether to support a project licence application giving primar y consideration to local perspectives with respect to science animal care and husbandry veterinary matters the 3Rs statistics and experimental design and local policies 25 20 15 10 5 0 Meetings are open to all Other Minutes are circulated Mentions in newsletters intranet No information Figure 2 Information provided about the AWERB at delegate s establishments 166 Another AWERB task is to assist with the retrospective assessment of project licences when these are requested by the Home Office The AWERB is required to consider whether the programme of work was carried

How to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB report of a workshop out whether the objectives and benefits were achieved the actual harms to the animals and lessons learned with respect to the 3Rs The AWERB is then required to produce a report for the licence holder to submit to the Home Office along with a revised NonTechnical Summary While the establishment licence holder bears ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the establishment complies with the ASPA and has developed and maintained an appropriate culture the AWERB animal technologists and named persons can all work collaboratively with good communication with ASRU to help this happen Figure 3 Animal technologists can play an especially important part in providing and interpreting information on actual severity and refinement which helps to improve science animal welfare and care and the application of the 3Rs at the establishment Getting involved with your AWERB is a good way to ensure that your voice is heard in all of these areas and to make a difference Named persons AWERB Animal technologists ASRU Figure 3 Working collaboratively to achieve the AWERB s tasks and promote animal welfare An animal technologist s view Stephen Woodley a NACWO at University College London gave a presentation on his experiences during seven years of involvement with AWERBs In Stephen s view animal technologists can play an important role in the AWERB because they are relatively impartial although some are involved in the science and may coauthor papers in general animal technologists do not have the same level of direct interest in getting a project approved as the researcher As a result their input tends to focus on the animal welfare and practical issues The animal technologist s in depth knowledge of the behaviour and welfare needs of different species and strains can also help to inform ways of preventing suffering and promoting a better informed harm benefit assessment AWERB tasks and activities to which animal technologists have positively contributed include Promoting and improving training and development for licensees and other Biological Services Unit staff Improving internal communications e g by initiating booklets setting out the responsibilities of personal licensees posters with information on techniques and seminars and cards providing guidance on reporting concerns 3 Receiving information from the establishment s overarching NACWO forum Improving accommodation and care Reviewing humane killing including justification for non Schedule 1 techniques Promoting tissue sharing Ensuring that demand matches supply within breeding and sourcing programmes Defining and implementing rehoming protocols Inviting external speakers to address the AWERB on topics relevant to its tasks Two examples below provide some more detail to explain the role of the AWERB First in response to animal technologists concerns that mice were singly housed due to complexities with timed mating the AWERB devised a plan to communicate the issues to researchers and find ways to increase pair housing wherever possible This has significantly reduced the number of singly housed animals and reduced staff workloads The AWERB has also initiated a programme to ensure that all licensees are aware of minimum housing standards including displaying information on stocking densities in every room Second rehoming is an excellent way to show that we value animals and that their welfare is important so wherever tissues are not required we do our utmost to rehome animals The AWERB considers various aspects including authorisation from the Home Office vetting prospective owners and preparing animals for their new lives and we have successfully rehomed rabbits and cats through the programme with practical input from animal technologists If you would like to become part of initiatives like these through the AWERB at your establishment one way to begin is to discuss the possibility of sitting in on a meeting with your manager or the AWERB Chair Attending and observing one or more meetings will give you a good idea of the kinds of discussion that take place and provide you with some insights as to the contributions you could make It is also helpful to ask personal and project licence holders about their research read minutes of previous meetings and look at project licences that have passed through your local AWERB and gone on to be granted by the Home Office Should you become a member of the AWERB or attend meetings you will find that there will be times when people will disagree with your opinions However this is 167

How to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB report of a workshop all part of the process and provided you have a good reason or some evidence to back up what you are saying there is no harm in giving your views Some people may be difficult to deal with so use your experience training and knowledge to justify what you are saying and win people around for improved animal welfare The AWERB Chair should also support you when you express your views and make sure that you are satisfied with or can accept the outcome of the discussion about the science behind the procedures in which the animals they cared for and sometimes conducted procedures upon were used For example it would be easier to accept the use of non Schedule 1 techniques such as perfusion fixation or exsanguination if the scientific justification was explained Some attendees described how researchers at their establishments ensured that animal technologists and care staff were informed about the science by giving presentations for animal unit staff and generally being accessible to them Discussion session on project licence review In a final discussion on training issues delegates felt that the training they had received within Home Office modules and from the IAT would enable them to participate in the AWERB However there was general agreement that in house training Continuing Professional Development CPD and awareness raising would be beneficial with respect to the local AWERB including its composition and function how its tasks complement the work of ASRU and how it engages with other local bodies and user groups The second discussion session focused on the project licence application form and the ways in which animal technologists can have input into project review Although this is only one of the AWERB s tasks thoughtful review of licence applications can identify wider issues that are relevant to other tasks also contributing to the culture of care Animal technologists can provide an informed understanding of the impact of each step on each animal including how adverse effects and their indicators can be identified predicted and recognised They are also likely to know whether the expertise is locally available to carry out the project and can bring in technical knowledge about both refinement and approaches to conducting procedures that other AWERB members may not possess Groups of delegates reviewed some protocol sheets from fictitious project licence applications in the context of how they would help the AWERB to advise the establishment licence holder whether to support the projects Many issues were identified including the number of times animals would experience dosing sampling or imaging humane endpoints and how welfare would be assessed including indicators and frequency of monitoring Some delegates felt that they would like to have further information about the structure and content of the application form including the reasons for different options within the protocol sheets how to predict what would happen to each animal in cases where several options were presented and the definition of terms such as re use Par t of the discussion session addressed the amount of specific information that would be expected on a project licence application form as opposed to the more in depth information that would be gained from talking about the project with the applicant It was understood that the issues delegates identified need not lead to amendments to the licence application It is nevertheless important to have those conversations and be satisfied that local values were being applied e g with respect to blood sampling routes biopsy sites or administration volumes Many delegates said that they would like to know more 168 Action points Actions at establishment level e g for implementation by Establishment Licence Holders or Named Persons 1 Ensure that all staff are aware of the AWERB including its composition and functions Consider ways to raise its profile including opening meetings to all staff circulating minutes mentioning the AWERB in newsletters and producing posters 2 Actively encourage staff to join and contribute to the AWERB 3 Produce an induction pack for AWERB members including information on all AWERB tasks Background on the structure and purpose of the project licence application form would also be helpful to clarify how much detail is expected and the kind of topics that can be identified for discussion by the AWERB 4 Encourage suppor t and facilitate good communication between researchers and animal technologists and care staff including seminars and discussions either within or separate from the AWERB For the IAT 1 Raise awareness of the AWERB among animal technologists 2 Encourage animal technologists to find out about the AWERBs at their establishments with a view to becoming involved 3 Provide training for animal technologists on how to communicate effectively at AWERBs and how they can contribute to the AWERB tasks For animal technologists 1 Find out about the AWERB at your establishment ask whether you can sit in on a meeting

How to become involved with the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB report of a workshop 2 If there is resistance remember that the Home Office expects Establishment Licence Holders to actively seek a wider membership than the minimum required by ASPA Home Office Guidance section 10 3 and enlist the suppor t of a sympathetic senior member of staff 3 If you are already a member of your AWERB reflect on whether you participate and contribute as much as you would like to If the answer is no consider why for example do you feel you will not be supported or do you require training or further information about any particular aspects of AWERB tasks Would it be possible to discuss this with the Chair or Named Persons 4 Read through the new RSPCA resource book for lay members of ethical review bodies4 this also includes plenty of useful information for non lay members See also the recently revised RSPCA LASA guiding principles on good practice for AWERBs Figure 4 5 Figure 4 Resources with guidance on the AWERB and ethical review References all URLs last viewed 1 July 2015 1 2 3 4 5 Home Office 2014 Guidance on the Operation of the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 Download at https www gov uk research and testing using animals Jennings M 2010 Lay members and animal technologists working together to enhance the ERP Animal Technology and Welfare 9 3 139 142 Hawkins P Ryder K Mortell N and Patten D 2014 Raising concerns about laboratory animal welfare report of a workshop at IAT Congress 2014 Animal Technology and Welfare 13 2 81 85 Jennings M and Smith J 2015 A Resource Book for Lay Members of Ethical Review and Similar Bodies Worldwide Third edition Download at http tinyurl com p5fy862 RSPCA and LASA 2015 Guiding Principles on Good Practice for Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Bodies A report by the RSPCA Research Animals Department and LASA Education Training and Ethics Section Jennings M Download at http www lasa co uk publications html 169

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December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare PAPER SUMMARY TRANSLATIONS INHALTVERZEICHNIS Weitere ideen zur anreicherung zwecks besserer Ausnutzung der Nutzfl chen in standardm usek figen ANDREW NEWMAN und SABRINA BRANDO University of Dundee Biological Services School of Life Sciences Dow Street Dundee Scotland DD1 5EH Korrespondierender autor a newman dundee ac uk Abstract Zweck dieses Artikels ist die Er rterung weiterer Ideen zur Anreicherung der Umgebung von M usen die unserer Ansicht nach entwickelt und getestet werden k nnen Dieser Artikel enth lt keine Versuchsdaten st tzt sich aber auf formlose Beobachtungen bei der Umsetzung von Ideen Das Dokument m chte Anregung geben Optionen f r mehr Komplexit t und Wahlm glichkeiten in heutigen Standardm usek figen in Betracht zu ziehen In Standardm usek figen gibt es aufgrund der Kunststoffw nde und der meist zweidimensionalen Raumanordnung viel ungenutzten Platz Eine K figanreicherung mit Blick auf mehr Komplexit t Wahl und Kontrolle kann mithilfe verschiedener Strukturen erzielt werden die an der Decke der Standardk fige aufgeh ngt oder daran platziert oder befestigt werden k nnen um so maximale Raumausnutzung zu erm glichen In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir einige unserer Vorstellungen zur interaktiven Anreicherung und besseren Raumausnutzung in K figen von Versuchsm usen Dabei wird auch auf Ratten Hamster und Krallenfr sche Bezug genommen Wir m chten ausdr cklich betonen dass diese Ideen nicht formal getestet wurden sondern dass lediglich einige formlose diesbez gliche Beobachtungen gesammelt wurden die h chst positiv waren Wir haben jedoch auf Benutzerfreundlichkeit geachtet und kontrolliert wie leicht es war die Gegenst nde aufzuh ngen zu platzieren zu entfernen und zu reinigen Zudem ging es uns darum zu sehen ob es m glich sein k nnte die Gegenst nde w hrend der Autoklavierung vor Ort zu belassen und sie eventuell sogar zu stapeln Wir hoffen mit diesem Artikel zu weiteren Ideen anzuregen und zu erreichen dass alle Gegenst nde demn chst von uns oder anderen Laboreinrichtungen formal getestet werden Schlagw rter Maus Anreicherung Beobachtungen ungenutzter K figraum 171

Paper Summary Translations M glichkeiten zur beteiligung am Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB bericht ber einen auf dem IAT Kongress 2015 veranstalteten workshop PENNY HAWKINS1 ANNE MARIE FARMER2 und STEPHEN WOODLEY3 1 2 3 Research Animals Department RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater West Sussex RH13 9RS Animals in Science Regulation Unit The Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Research Info Core Services Institute of Opthalmology University College London 11 43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL Korrespondenz penny hawkins rspca org uk Abstract Im Rahmen des IAT Kongresses 2015 fand ein Workshop mit dem Ziel statt Tiertechniker zur Beteiligung am Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB Ausschuss f r Tierschutz und ethik in ihrer Einrichtung anzuregen bzw zur aktiveren Beteiligung zu ermuntern sofern sie bereits Mitglieder waren Auf der Tagung wurden Vortr ge von einem Inspektor der Home Office Animals in Science Regulation Unit ASRU sowie von einem Tiertechniker und aktivem AWERB Mitglied gehalten Anschlie end fanden Diskussionsrunden statt Dieser Bericht fasst die Vortr ge und Diskussionen zusammen und gibt Empfehlungen f r Tiertechniker Einrichtungen und das Institute of Animal Technology IAT Jede vom Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 ASPA zugelassene Einrichtung muss ein AWERB ehemals Ethical Review Process ERP schaffen und unterhalten Die Hauptaufgaben des AWERB ergeben sich aus der Richtlinie 2010 63 EU Dazu z hlen die Beratung von Mitarbeitern zu Fragen des Wohlbefindens von Tieren zu ihrem Erwerb ihrer Unterbringung Betreuung und Nutzung sowie die Unterweisung in der Anwendung der 3R Regel Vermeidung Verminderung und Verfeinerung Mitarbeiter m ssen zudem stets auf dem neuesten Stand einschl giger technischer und wissenschaftlicher Entwicklungen gehalten werden Die Richtlinie des Innenministeriums zum ASPA legt dar ber hinaus weitere zus tzliche Anforderungen an den AWERB in Gro britannien fest darunter folgende G G G G Aufkl rung ber Tierschutz und die 3 Rs Schaffung eines Diskussionsforums und eines Systems zur Ethikberatung des Lizenzinhabers der Einrichtung zu allen Fragen von Tierschutz betreuung und nutzung in ihrer Einrichtung Unterst tzung namentlich benannter Personen und anderer mit Tieren betrauter Mitarbeiter zu Fragen von Tierschutz und ethik und Gew hrleistung entsprechenden Trainings und Beitrag zur F rderung einer Kultur der Sorgfalt innerhalb und ggf au erhalb der Einrichtung Jedem AWERB m ssen mindestens ein namentlich benannter Animal Care and Welfare Officer NACWO und ein benannter Tierarzt NVS in Vollmitgliedschaft angeh ren AWERBs Verbrauchseinrichtungen m ssen zudem ein wissenschaftliches Mitglied haben Au erdem sollten weitere namentlich benannte Personen wie Informationsbeauftragte und Trainings und Kompetenzverantwortliche aktiv am AWERB beteiligt sein Tiertechniker und Betreuer sind die ideale Schnittstelle um daf r zu sorgen dass der AWERB seine Funktionen laut Richtlinie sowie seine anderen Aufgaben erf llen kann was sich entsprechend in den o g ASPA Anforderungen widerspiegelt Eine AWERB Mitgliedschaft ist jedoch nicht nur auf namentlich benannte Personen beschr nkt Tiertechniker mit verschiedensten Rollen k nnen einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Informierung ber Tierverhalten Biologie und ber Erfordernisse f r das Wohlbefinden der Tiere leisten Sie k nnen fachliche Kenntnisse vermitteln lokale Werte in die AWERB Diskussionen und Beurteilungen einbringen und die Vielfalt an potenziellen Perspektiven erweitern Sie k nnen zudem Laien oder unabh ngigen Mitgliedern des AWERB Unterst tzung bei der Erf llung ihrer Aufgaben bieten zum Beispiel durch Aufkl rung ehrenamtlicher Mitglieder ber die Folgen von Verfahren an Tieren und Hilfe bei Fragen zu Themen wie humane Endpunkte Tierschutzbewertung oder nicht technische Zusammenfassungen Schlagw rter ASPA EU Richtlinie Tierschutz Ethik 172

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare CONTENU DE LA REVUE R flexions sur l enrichissement des cages souris standard afin d en augmenter la surface utilisable ANDREW NEWMAN et SABRINA BRANDO University of Dundee Biological Services School of Life Sciences Dow Street Dundee Scotland DD1 5EH Universit de Dundee d partement de biologie cole des sciences de la vie Dundee Ecosse Auteur correspondant a newman dundee ac uk R sum Le pr sent document a pour objet de pr senter de nouvelles id es d enrichissement qui selon nous peuvent tre mises en place et test es Il ne contient aucune donn e exp rimentale mais reprend certaines observations informelles not es lors de l laboration des id es Il a pour but d encourager la r flexion autour des options visant rendre les cages souris traditionnelles plus complexes et leur s lection plus grande Avec leurs murs en plastique et leur agencement bidimensionnel une grande partie de l espace dans les cages souris conventionnelles n est pas utilis Il est possible d enrichir la cage afin d offrir plus de complexit de choix et de contr le au moyen de diverses structures suspendre d poser sur le sol ou attach es la paroi sup rieure des cages standard de fa on optimiser l utilisation de l espace Dans ce document nous d crivons certaines de nos id es sur l enrichissement interactif et l optimisation de l espace pour les souris de laboratoire nous traiterons aussi des rats hamsters et Xenopus Nous souhaitons tablir clairement qu hormi nos observations informelles tr s positives nos id es n ont pas t test es officiellement Nous avons cependant port attention la facilit de leur mise en place de l installation du retrait et du nettoyage des objets Nous avons galement r fl chi la possibilit de les laisser dans les cages lors de la st rilisation ou encore de les empiler Nous esp rons que ce document inspirera de nouvelles id es qui seront toutes test es formellement dans un futur proche par nous m mes ou d autres acteurs du secteur Mots cl s Souris enrichissement observations sspace inutilis dans les cages 173

Animal Technology and Welfare December 2015 Comment prendre part au dispositif de surveillance pour l thique et le bien tre animal Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB rapport d un colloque qui s est tenu lors du congr s IAT 2015 PENNY HAWKINS1 ANNE MARIE FARMER2 et STEPHEN WOODLEY3 1 2 3 Research Animals Department d partement de recherche animale RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater West Sussex RH13 9RS Animals in Science Regulation Unit The Home Office Service de r glementation des animaux utilis s des fins scientifiques minist re de l Int rieur 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Research Info Core Services Institute of Opthalmology Service central de recherche et d information institut d ophtalmologie University College London 11 43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL Correspondance penny hawkins rspca org uk R sum Le but de ce colloque qui fut organis lors du congr s IAT 2015 tait d encourager les techniciens animaliers s impliquer dans le dispositif de surveillance pour l thique et le bien tre animal Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body ou AWERB au sein de leurs tablissements ou d y contribuer plus activement s ils en font d j partie Un inspecteur du service de r glementation des animaux utilis s des fins scientifiques Animals in Science Regulation Unit ASRU du Home Office ainsi qu un technicien animalier membre actif de l AWERB sont intervenus et des discutions furent organis es Ce rapport r sume leurs pr sentations et les discussions y sont aussi mentionn es certaines recommandations destination des techniciens animaliers des tablissements et de l Institute of Animal Technology IAT Chaque tablissement r glement par la loi animale sur les proc dures scientifiques de 1986 Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 ASPA doit cr er un AWERB et veiller au maintien de son existence ce dispositif remplace le processus d valuation thique Ethical Review Process ou ERP Les missions principales de l AWERB sont issues de la directive 2010 60 EU elles consistent conseiller le personnel travaillant avec les animaux en mati re de bien tre de ces derniers au moment de leur acquisition pour leur h bergement leur soin et leur utilisation aviser dans la mise en place des 3R remplacer r duire raffiner et informer le personnel des derni res avanc es technologiques et scientifiques Les recommandations mises par le Home Office pour l ASPA tablissent plusieurs t ches suppl mentaires pour l AWERB en Grande Bretagne et notamment G G G G sensibiliser au bien tre animal et faire conna tre les 3R servir de plateforme de discussion et d laboration de recommandations en mati re d thique pour les organismes agr ment s en ce qui concerne le bien tre le soin et l utilisation des animaux dans leurs tablissements soutenir les personnes d sign es et tout le personnel intervenant aupr s des animaux pour ce qui est du bien tre de ces derniers et des probl mes thiques offrir des formations adapt es contribuer la promotion d une culture du soin au sein des tablissements et quand appropri au sein de la communaut toute enti re ASPA Annexe 2C partie 1 paragraphe 6 et annexe 3 partie 2 paragraphe 6 La directive 2010 63 EU r glemente le bien tre et l utilisation des animaux au sein de l Union Europ enne Elle stipule que les tablissements doivent cr er d un organisme de bien tre animal qui sont dans leur composition et dans leurs fonctions plus limit s que les AWERB en GB Cependant la GB a exerc son droit de conserver des dispositions plus importantes dans la mise en uvre de la directive 174

Paper Summary Translations Chaque AWERB membre doit comprendre au moins un agent d sign pour le soin et de bien tre des animaux Named Animal Care and Welfare Officer ou NACWO ainsi qu un v t rinaire chirurgien d sign Named Veterinary Surgeon ou NVS Les membres AWERB utilisateurs d animaux doivent aussi compter un scientifique De plus d autres personnes d sign es y compris des agents d information Named Information Officers ou NIOs et des agents de formations et de comp tences Named Training and Competency Officers ou NTCOs doivent aussi prendre une part active dans l AWERB Les techniciens et le personnel animaliers sont indispensables l AWERB dans l accomplissement des missions tablies par la directive et l atteinte des objectifs suppl mentaires et c est pour cette raison que l ASPA a mis les exigences mentionn es ci dessus L appartenance l AWERB n est pas r serv e uniquement aux personnes d sign es les techniciens animaliers occupant divers postes peuvent grandement contribuer en partageant des informations sur le comportement des animaux leur biologie et leurs besoins en termes de bien tre Ils apporteront une connaissance technique des valeurs de terrain aux discussions et d cisions de l AWERB et largiront le champ des perspectives Ils peuvent aussi assister les membres AWERB non sp cialistes ou ind pendants dans la r alisation de leur mission en aidant par exemple les non sp cialistes comprendre l impact des proc dures sur les animaux et en r pondant leurs questions sur les finalit s pour les humains l valuation du bien tre ou encore obtenir des explications moins techniques Mots cl s ASPA Directive europ enne Bien tre Animal Ethique 175

Animal Technology and Welfare December 2015 INDICE DE LA REVISTA M s ideas sobre mejoras para aumentar la superficie utilizable en jaulas est ndar para roedores ANDREW NEWMAN y SABRINA BRANDO University of Dundee Biological Services School of Life Sciences Dow Street Dundee Escocia DD1 5EH Autor correspondiente a newman dundee ac uk Resumen El prop sito de este estudio es debatir sobre ideas futuras de mejora de las jaulas de roedores que creemos que pueden crearse y probarse Este estudio no contiene datos experimentales pero s que contiene algunas observaciones informales durante la implementaci n de ideas El prop sito del estudio es animar a las personas a pesar sobre las posibles oportunidades para aumentar la complejidad y elecci n en jaulas est ndar para roedores en la actualidad Las jaulas est ndar para roedores contienen mucho espacio sin utilizar debido a los muros de pl stico y al dise o principalmente de dos dimensiones Las opciones para mejorar la jaula para ofrecer mayor complejidad elecci n y control pueden conseguirse utilizando distintas estructuras que pueden colocarse dentro de las jaulas est ndar o adherirse o colgarse del techo de las mismas para un mayor uso de espacio til En este estudio describiremos algunas de nuestras ideas sobre mejoras interactivas y ampliaci n de espacio til para roedores de laboratorio adem s de mencionar tambi n ratas h msters y Xenopus Nos gustar a aclarar que las ideas no han sido testadas formalmente a excepci n de algunas observaciones informales que fueron muy positivas pero prestamos especial atenci n a la facilidad de operaci n la sencillez de colgar o colocar extraer o limpiar los objetos adem s de pensar en la posibilidad de dejar los art culos puestos durante la autoclave e incluso apilarlos Esperamos que surjan m s ideas a partir de este estudio y que todos los puntos se testen formalmente en el futuro inmediato tanto por nosotros como por terceros en el campo del laboratorio Palabras clave Roedor mejora observaciones espacio de jaulas sin utilizar 176

Paper Summary Translations C mo participar en el Comit de tica y bienestar de los animales AWERB estudio sobre un taller realizado en el Congreso del IAT en 2015 PENNY HAWKINS1 ANNE MARIE FARMER2 y STEPHEN WOODLEY3 1 2 3 Research Animals Department RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater West Sussex RH13 9RS Animals in Science Regulation Unit The Home Office 2 Marsham Street Londres SW1P 4DF Research Info Core Services Institute of Opthalmology University College London 11 43 Bath Street Londres EC1V 9EL Correspondencia penny hawkins rspca org uk Resumen En el Congreso del IAT de 2015 se llev a cabo un taller con el objetivo de animar a los tecn logos de animales a involucrarse m s en el Comit de tica y bienestar de los animales AWERB en su establecimiento o a contribuir de forma m s activa en caso de que ya sean miembros En la sesi n se llevaron a cabo charlas por parte del Inspector de un Inspector del Ministerio del Interior sobre la Unidad de Regulaci n de Animales para la Ciencia ASRU y de un tecn logo que tambi n era miembro activo del AWERB junto con debates Este estudio resume las charlas y debates y establece algunas recomendaciones para los tecn logos de animales establecimientos y el Instituto de Tecnolog a Animal IAT Todos los establecimientos licenciados en la Ley sobre Animales Procedimientos cient ficos de 1986 ASPA deben crear y mantener un AWERB anteriormente conocido como un Proceso de Revisi n tica ERP Las principales tareas del AWERB se toman de la Directiva 2010 63 UE e incluyen asesorar al personal sobre temas relacionados con el bienestar de los animales en relaci n a su adquisici n hospedaje cuidado y uso adem s de asesorar sobre la aplicaci n de las 3R reemplazo reducci n y refinamiento y mantener al personal informado sobre desarrollos t cnicos y cient ficos relevantes La Gu a del Ministerio del Interior para la ASPA establece varias tareas adicionales para el AWERB en el Reino Unido incluyendo G G G G promover la concienciaci n del bienestar animal y las 3R ofrecer un foro de discusi n y desarrollo de asesoramiento tico para los titulares de licencias de establecimientos sobre todos los temas relacionados con el bienestar cuidado y uso de animales en su establecimiento respaldar personas nombradas y otro personal que trate con animales en relaci n al bienestar de los animales temas tico y suministro de formaci n adecuada y ayudar a fomentar una cultura de cuidado dentro del establecimiento y cuando sea procedente en la comunidad en general Cada AWERB debe incluir como miembros completos al menos un Jefe designado del Cuidado y Bienestar de los Animales NACWO y un Cirujano Veterinario designado NVS Los AWERB en los establecimientos de usuarios deben tambi n tener un miembro cient fico Asimismo otras personas designadas incluidos Jefes de Informaci n Designados NIO y Jefes de Competencia y Formaci n Designados NTCO deber n estar comprometidos activamente con el AWERB Los tecn logos de animales y personal de cuidados idealmente est n ah para ayudar al AWERB a llevar a cabo las funciones indicadas en la Directiva adem s de otras tareas adicionales y esto se refleja en los requisitos de la ASPA anteriores Pero la membres a del AWERB no es solo para personas designadas los tecn logos de animales con Parte 1 del Programa 2C p rrafo 6 y Parte 2 del Programa 3 p rrafo 6 de la ASPA 177

Paper Summary Translations una gama de funciones pueden realizar contribuciones valiosas respecto al suministro de informaci n sobre comportamiento animal biolog a necesidades de bienestar informaci n t cnica y aplicaci n de valores locales en los debates y decisiones del AWERB Tambi n pueden ayudar a miembros no profesionales o independientes del AWERB a realizar sus funciones por ejemplo ayudando a miembros no profesionales a comprender el impacto que tienen los procedimientos en los animales y asesor ndoles cuando realicen preguntas sobre temas como criterios humanos bienestar o res menes no t cnicos Palabras clave ASPA Directiva UE bienestar de los animales tica 178

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare INDICE DELLA REVISTA Ulteriori idee sull arricchimento per aumentare la superficie utilizzabile nelle gabbie standard per topi ANDREW NEWMAN e SABRINA BRANDO University of Dundee Biological Services School of Life Sciences Dow Street Dundee Scozia DD1 5EH Autore corrispondente a newman dundee ac uk Riassunto Lo scopo del presente articolo quello di discutere su idee future concernenti l arricchimento per topi che pu essere sviluppato e sperimentato A tal proposito l articolo non contiene dati sperimentali bens alcune informazioni informali sull attuazione di tali idee L obiettivo principale dell articolo quello di incoraggiare le persone a considerare le possibili opportunit per aumentare la complessit e la scelta attuali delle gabbie standard per topi Tali gabbie dispongono di molto spazio inutilizzato a causa delle pareti in plastica e della disposizione dello spazio principalmente bidimensionale L arricchimento della gabbia per favorire maggiore complessit scelta e controllo pu essere conseguito utilizzando strutture diverse che possono essere sospese o posizionate all interno o sulla parte superiore delle gabbie standard cercando di sfruttare al massimo lo spazio disponibile Nel presente articolo verranno descritte alcune idee sull arricchimento interattivo e l ampliamento dello spazio utilizzabile per i topi da laboratorio facendo riferimento anche a ratti criceti e xenopi Si tiene a precisare che le idee non sono state formalmente testate rimanendo osservazioni informali estremamente positive Tuttavia si prestata attenzione alla facilit di utilizzo al grado di facilit nell appendere o posizionare rimuovere o pulire gli oggetti oltre a valutare la possibilit di lasciare gli oggetti inalterati durante il trattamento in autoclave e persino di impilarli Ci auguriamo che questo articolo faccia scaturire ulteriori idee e che tutte le opzioni vengano testate formalmente dal nostro o da altri istituti nel campo dei laboratori Parole chiave Topo arricchimento osservazioni spazio della gabbia inutilizzato 179

Paper Summary Translations Adesione all Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB relazione del seminario tenutosi al Congresso IAT 2015 PENNY HAWKINS1 ANNE MARIE FARMER2 e STEPHEN WOODLEY3 1 Research Animals Department RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater West Sussex RH13 9RS Animals in Science Regulation Unit The Home Office 2 Marsham Street Londra SW1P 4DF Research Info Core Services Institute of Opthalmology University College London 11 43 Bath Street Londra EC1V 9EL 2 3 Corrispondenza penny hawkins rspca org uk Riassunto Presso il Congresso IAT 2015 si tenuto un seminario atto ad incoraggiare i tecnici stabularisti a dare il loro contributo all Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB dell istituto di appartenenza o per i membri esistenti a contribuire pi attivamente La sessione ha racchiuso relazioni integrate a sessioni di discussione presentate da un ispettore dell Animals in Science Regulation Unit ASRU del Ministero dell Interno britannico e da un tecnico stabularista nonch membro attivo AWERB La presente relazione riassume quanto discusso e presentato durante le sessioni e i dibattiti e riporta alcuni suggerimenti per tecnici stabularisti stabilimenti e l Institute of Animal Technology IAT Ogni stabilimento in possesso di licenza ai sensi dell Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 ASPA deve istituire e mantenere un AWERB Organismo di revisione etica e del benessere degli animali precedentemente noto come Processo di revisione etica ERP I compiti principali dell AWERB sono tratti dalla Direttiva 2010 63 UE e comprendono consigliare il personale su questioni legate al benessere degli animali con enfasi sulla loro acquisizione sistemazione cura e uso e consigliare sull applicazione del principio delle 3R sostituzione replacement riduzione reduction e perfezionamento refinement tenendo informato il personale sui relativi sviluppi tecnici e scientifici Inoltre la Guida sull ASPA del Ministero dell Interno britannico definisce ulteriori compiti per l AWERB nel Regno Unito tra cui G G G G sensibilizzare sul benessere degli animali e sul principio delle 3R fungere da forum di discussione e sviluppo di consigli etici per i titolari degli stabilimenti su tutte le questioni relative al benessere degli animali alla cura e all uso presso i loro stabilimenti sostenere i membri nominati e il personale che si occupa degli animali in merito a benessere degli animali questioni etiche e formazione adeguata e aiutare a promuovere un cultura di cura all interno dello stabilimento ed eventualmente all interno della comunit Ogni AWERB deve includere in qualit di membri titolari e nominare almeno un Responsabile della cura e del benessere degli animali NACWO e un veterinario NVS Gli AWERB degli stabilimenti utilizzatori devono inoltre avere un membro scientifico In aggiunta altri individui nominati compresi i gestori dell informazione NIO e i responsabili della formazione e delle competenze NTCO devono partecipare attivamente all AWERB I tecnici stabularisti e il personale addetto alla cura aiutano l AWERB a svolgere le funzioni riportate nella Direttiva e i compiti aggiuntivi come si evince dai requisiti dell ASPA sopraccitati Tuttavia l adesione all AWERB non riservata solo agli individui nominati i tecnici stabularisti che svolgono vari ruoli possono offrire un prezioso contributo ASPA Allegato 2C Parte 1 paragrafo 6 e Allegato 3 Parte 2 paragrafo 6 a mise en uvre de la directive 180

Paper Summary Translations fornendo informazioni sul comportamento degli animali e sulle esigenze biologiche e di benessere offrendo un contributo tecnico applicando i valori locali ai dibattiti e alle valutazioni dell AWERB e ampliando le prospettive che possono essere applicate Inoltre possono assistere membri laici o indipendenti dell AWERB sostenendo i loro ruoli aiutandoli ad esempio a comprendere l impatto delle procedure sugli animali e assistendoli quando pongono domande su questioni quali endpoint umani valutazione del benessere sintesi non tecniche e cos via Parole chiave ASPA Direttiva UE benessere degli animali etica 181

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December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare TECH 2 TECH Haven t the time to write a paper but want to get something published Then read on This section offers readers the opportunity to submit informal contributions about any aspects of animal technology Comments observations descriptions of new or refined techniques new products or equipment old products or equipment adapted to new use any subject that may be useful to technicians in other institutions Submissions can be presented as technical notes and do not need to be structured and can be as short or as long as is necessary Accompanying illustrations and or photos should be high resolution NB Descriptions of new products or equipment submitted by manufacturers are welcome but should be a factual account of the product However the Editorial Board gives no warranty as to the accuracy or fitness for purpose of the product The husbandry of Xenopus ensuring good care of X tropicalis and X laevis CHRIS TURNBULL Biological Services Facility Department of Biology University of York York YO10 5DD Correspondence chris turnbull york ac uk Displayed at IAT Congress 2015 Introduction There are two species of frog used as animal models for research Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis Each species offer distinct advantages therefore maintaining both types of frogs allows researchers to undertake a wider range of experimental approaches X laevis is a longstanding model used for studies in developmental biology and cell cycle research while X tropicalis was introduced in 1999 as a model organism fit for genetic studies The Biology department at the University of York maintains both species of frog and while some of the regimes used are suited for both there are some impor tant differences in their husbandr y Our experience in maintaining both species will be presented and we will report on the regimes we use for enrichment feeding and maintaining water quality to ensure two healthy Xenopus colonies Why Xenopus laevis Figure 1 Xenopus laevis larger animal and Xenopus topicalis showing difference in size X laevis are very simple to maintain and can be induced up to three times a year to lay eggs with just a small injection of hormone They have large eggs and the embryos develop quickly and externally 183

Tech 2 Tech Description African Clawed Frogs can change their colouring to camouflage themselves in different surroundings but generally they have blotchy olivebrown to greyish black skin with paler beige undersides They have strong hind limbs and arms that end in clawed toes but very sensitive hands They have a flattened appearance and have no eye lids no tongue and no teeth They are a purely aquatic frog species and die if left out of water Size X laevis can grow up to 10 15cm 4 5 inches and females are much larger than males rainforest belt with a range stretching from Senegal to Cameroon and eastern Zaire Sexing Female Xenopus are much larger than males and once they have grown large enough to sex the female s cloaca will become visible Males also develop nuptial pads on their forearms which is an indication of sexual maturity Husbandry Origin X laevis originate from Southern Africa predominantly but can be found in other parts of Africa They have also been introduced to other parts of the world such as North America where they are now considered a pest due to their appetite for native creatures and the subsequent decline in native populations Why Xenopus tropicalis Unlike the laevis the tropicalis are true diploids making them ideal for genetic work Also they reach sexual maturity much faster Diagram 1 Room temperatures vs tank temperatures Description X tropicalis is considerably smaller than X laevis Although it has a similar over all shape with powerful hind legs and a flattened body The eyes are bulging and situated high on the head and there is a short tentacle just below each eye The dorsal surface varies from pale to dark brown and has small grey and black spots X tropicalis Aquarium 24 27 C X laevis Aquarium 18 20 C Size X tropicalis can grow 28 to 55 mm 1 1 to 2 2 in females being larger than males Both Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis are provided with tunnels in which to hide in In addition X tropicalis are also given lily pads which they enjoy laying on at various times throughout the day Origin X tropicalis is found in the West African pH value should be 7 5 0 4 Ammonia levels should be

Tech 2 Tech food something which they would do in their natural environment eyes It is believed that this will calm the animal whilst also allowing physical control Continuous 24 hour lighting should not be used A lighting regime of between 12 and 14 hours light and 12 and 10 hours dark is recommended Where artificial lighting is used a gradual brightening dimming period of around 20 30 minutes in the morning evening should be incorporated Feeding regime Adult Xenopus can be fed 2 3 times per week At York we feed the frogs twice a week with three different types of food that provides them with their sufficient dietary needs The frogs are fed weekly with dry pellet food or raw minced lamb heart these foods are given to the frogs in rotation on a bi weekly rota On Fridays the frogs are given live maggots this provides the animals with additional dietary supplement as well as encouraging natural behaviour to catch live food Handling As potential prey species amphibians do not like to be handled The skin is highly glandular which can be easily damaged For these reasons repeated disturbance for capture and handling should be minimised only being undertaken where absolutely necessary Figure 4 Correct handling method for adult Xenopus Disease Diagnosis of disease and assessment of wellbeing can be difficult as Xenopus have little ability to express their state of welfare This means that disease may become established and pathogenesis may develop to an extreme degree before the frog exhibits obvious illeffects It is very important to know how a healthy individual animal looks and behaves in order to be able to make a comparative judgement Such animals should be placid but lively when disturbed with moderately slimy skin and a nice pear shape Figure 3 Xenopus tadpoles Adult Xenopus should be caught by catching the head between the first two fingers as it crosses the palm of the hand followed by the thumb gently restraining the neck In this way the forward straining movement of the escaping animal will only serve to push it further into the finger grip and should prevent an animal jumping or falling and potentially injuring itself Alternatively a frog may be picked up by placing one hand across its back with a forefinger between the animal s hind legs wrapping the rest of the hand around the animal s middle The other hand may be used to cover the frog s Frogs that feel dry have red lesions or are excessively shedding skin may have an infection Bloated frogs could be suffering from egg retention Frogs that look grey and thin or reddish are not healthy and should not be used in experimental procedures as this would lead to further deterioration of the animals condition Many diseases that Xenopus are susceptible to are caused or exacerbated by stress Research Both Xenopus species lay hundreds of eggs at each spawning The embryos develop outside the mother and are therefore accessible from the earliest stages of development The first several cell divisions are rapid and synchronous making Xenopus a useful model for researches studying the regulation of the cell cycle this has made useful contributions to understanding 185

Tech 2 Tech what goes wrong in the cell cycle during cancer Other researchers use Xenopus to understand how cells become different from each other during embryonic development Understanding how different tissues form will be impor tant for developing novel cell therapies for treating human disease Figure 5 Figure 6 Stages of development 186

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Concordat on openness on animal research in the UK Understanding Animal Research Hodgkin Huxley House 30 Farringdon Lane London EC1R 3AW Correspondence http www understandinganimalresearch org uk contact us Reprinted with permission from Understanding Animal Research Commitment will vary from organisation to organisation While some signatories already have systems and structures in place to help them to fulfil the Commitments and there are already many examples of good practice in openness on animal research others may have some way to go to be able to take some of the practical steps outlined in the Concordat But all signatories commit to making progress towards implementing the Concordat and helping to increase openness on the use of animals in research in the UK Introduction In October 2012 more than 40 organisations involved with life science in the UK signed a Declaration on Openness on Animal Research www understanding animalresearch org uk policy concordat on opennesson animal research They agreed to develop a Concordat that sets out how they will be more open about the ways in which they use animals in scientific medical or veterinar y research in the UK Their objective was to ensure that members of the public have accurate and up to date information about what animal research involves and the role it plays in the overall process of scientific discovery and treatment development how such research is regulated in the UK and what researchers and animal care staff do to try to promote animal care and welfare reduce animal usage and minimise suffering and harm to the animals In summary the signatories to this Concordat want people to be able to find out more about animal research so that they can debate the issues from a position of knowing the facts and make up their own minds about animal research The Concordat comprises four Commitments each underpinned by practical steps that organisations can take Exactly how the Commitments are fulfilled will differ between organisations depending upon their operation and purpose their capacity and their different legal obligations Research funders organisations conducting animal research and representative and membership bodies all have different roles to play The Commitments are expected to be fulfilled by all signatories but the practical steps taken to fulfil each Signatories will report annually on their progress in each of the Commitments Access to animal research facilities in the UK Several signatories to the Concordat allow access to their facilities for accredited journalists and media organisations MPs and local school patient and community groups Such visits allow people either to see for themselves or find out via an article or television or radio programme how animals are kept cared for and used in UK research facilities The public and media consider access to animal research facilities to be very important for openness and these visits are therefore to be strongly encouraged There will sometimes be practical reasons why access may not be possible and the Concordat therefore does not require any signatory to guarantee access to its facilities but signatories are strongly encouraged to consider whether they can accommodate such visits 187

Concordat on openness on animal research in the UK Why we the signatories have developed this Concordat Fundamental research using animals has helped us to understand the way the body works and research using animals plays an essential role in medical veterinary and scientific progress To improve the health and welfare of humans and animals we need to continue carrying out scientific research We are investing in developing alternatives however for the foreseeable future an important part of this research will continue to require the use of animals The signatories to this Concordat are all involved in carrying out funding or supporting animal research in some way Public opinion surveys run by Ipsos MORI over the last fifteen years show that there is a relatively high level of public acceptance of research for medical benefit and we recognise that this is because many people trust us to carry out research using animals in a responsible way The life science sector in the UK has long been committed to striving to maintain and continue to improve high standards of animal welfare as well as undertaking world leading research We recognise that we have an obligation to demonstrate and promote these values and that to be seen as trustwor thy we must be open transparent and accountable for the research that we conduct fund or support including when the high standards we strive for are not achieved This means doing more to communicate the context in which animal research takes place the work that organisations undertake in the 3Rs http www nc3rs org uk the Replacement Refinement and Reduction of animals in research the regulations that govern this research and the systems that are in place to report and rectify poor practice We believe that the Concordat will give its signatories the opportunity to come together to share and promote good practice in being open about animal research and in providing the public with better insights into the reasons for methods of and progress resulting from the use of animals in research We recognise and respect the fact that some people are opposed to or uncertain whether to support the use of animals in research For people to come to their own position on this issue we feel that they should be provided with clear and honest information on the benefits of the research to humans and animals and any harms to the animals used in research The Commitments in this Concordat will help to address this requirement Further background information is available at the end of this document Commitment 1 We will be clear about when how and why we use animals in research This 188 Commitment seeks to ensure that all organisations acknowledge both internally and externally that they or their members carry out or fund animal research It also seeks to ensure that they are transparent about the use of animals in that research All signatories are expected to agree to these basic principles of openness which underpin the whole of the Concordat When we communicate about the use of animals in research we should provide accurate descriptions of the benefits harms and limitations of such research be realistic about the potential outputs of such research and be open about its impact on animal welfare and the ethical considerations involved We will take steps to ensure that staff and students where relevant are aware of our organisation s involvement with or support for the use of animals in research We will be prepared to provide information explaining our involvement with the use of animals in research and will be prepared to respond to reasonable enquiries about the nature of the animal research we support Where there are reasons not to respond to enquiries we will explain those reasons to the enquirer Where signatories to the Concordat are working together on a research project all the relevant parties will agree to take an open approach to communications about the research and to support their partners in this Where there are partnerships with non signatory organisations or there are issues of confidentiality or commercial sensitivity signatory organisations will be as open as possible in sharing information with the public while respecting these constraints

Concordat on openness on animal research in the UK Commitment 2 Commitment 3 We will enhance our communications with the media and the public about our research using animals We will be proactive in providing opportunities for the public to find out about research using animals The purpose of this Commitment is to ensure that relevant details about signatories involvement in the use of animals in research are readily accessible by the public It builds on Commitment 1 by outlining some of the practical steps that organisations can take to facilitate their communications around animal research This Commitment aims to encourage more public discussion in the UK about animal research It builds on Commitments 1 and 2 by suggesting ways in which signatories can engage proactively directly and indirectly with the public over and above the provision of information Within one year of signing up to the Concordat we will make a policy statement about the use of animals in research available via our own websites to provide clear information about the nature of our own involvement with animal research and its role in the wider context of our research aims and link this to a central portal publicly available on the Understanding Animal Research UAR website or provide this information to UAR for inclusion in the portal Where animal research has played a significant role in a scientific advancement and or product development we will include information about that animal research in relevant communications including media releases We will support and encourage researchers and staff who wish to engage with the media where this does not conflict with normal operational procedures We will work cooperatively to provide more comprehensive explanations of animal research projects and procedures These explanations could where appropriate include images and films they could be presented either as stand alone materials or accompanying other communications such as media releases and should include information about the context of the research Where relevant representatives of signatories will include information about the role of animals in any talks or public events they take part in for example at schools or with the local community Signatories will consider ways in which they can facilitate activities that will encourage public engagement with the issue of animals in scientific veterinary and medical research We will identify a point of contact for information about the organisation s involvement in the use of animals in research and will aim to provide one or more spokespeople to talk about this use In order to help to ensure that information about the role of animal research in scientific advancements is available for the public to view in scientific journals signator y universities pharmaceutical companies learned societies and research funders will encourage researchers to follow acknowledged good practice when publishing the results of their animal research e g the principles enshrined in the ARRIVE guidelines http www nc3rs org uk downloaddoc asp id 1206 page 1357 skin 0 Signator y universities pharmaceutical companies learned societies and research funders will report and or explain how they are working to promote better application of the 3Rs Replacement Refinement and Reduction of animals in research and will make examples of their progress in the 3Rs publicly available Commitment 4 We will report on progress annually and share our experiences Monitoring the implementation of the Concordat will be important for its success We want to be able to demonstrate and share the progress we have made towards being more open about research using animals in the UK and improving the information that is available to the public We will also review the Concordat and our own processes to keep them up to date We will report to UAR annually on actions we have chosen to take in order to fulfil these Commitments and will share our experience of the effectiveness and impact of the strategies we have adopted UAR will publish an annual update on progress on openness 189

Concordat on openness on animal research in the UK Three years after publication we will review this Concordat and its impact and amend the document as necessary Background information on the Concordat How the Concordat was developed In developing this Concordat the original signatories to the Declaration established a process which involved consultation with a wider stakeholder group This included public dialogue events in three UK locations a workshop with representatives of the media and discussions with animal welfare groups to find out what they expect from openness and what access to information they expect the Concordat signatories to provide A draft version of the Concordat was also available for comment during a six week public consultation at the end of 2013 This document reflects the outcomes of these consultations The public dialogue was conducted by Ipsos MORI and a full report of the findings can be viewed here www sciencewise erc org uk cms opennessin animalresearch dialogue The results of the public consultation can be found here http www understandinganimalresearch org uk media library download document 145 UK regulation Animal research in the UK is regulated by the Animals in Science Regulation Unit of the Home Office ASRU which controls the licensing of animal research regularly inspects all animal research establishments 190 and reports on regulatory compliance Each application for a project licence must include a summary of the research that will be carried out written in language that non specialists can understand These nontechnical summaries are publicly available on the Home Office website The Home Office also requires ever y animal research establishment to submit information on their research each year which is published in summary form in an annual report https www gov uk gover nment publications animals inscience regulation unit annual repor t 2012 and detailed statistics https www gov uk government publications statistics ofscientificprocedures on living animalsgreat britain 2012 The signatories to this Concordat operate under UK and EU law This means that animals must not be used if alternative research methods are available that produce comparable data to those obtained from using animals in research that the numbers used should be kept to a minimum necessary to conduct statistically robust research and that researchers must ensure that any pain or distress whether physical or psychological is minimised Each research project using animals must also pass a harm benefit analysis before it is licensed The harm caused to animals must be justified by the expected outcome of the research taking into account ethical considerations and the expected benefit to humans animals or the environment We want the public to have accurate information on what we do to meet these requirements and to have a realistic view of both the harms caused to animals and the benefits of animal research The status of the Concordat This Concordat has been developed proactively and is supported by its signatories in addition to their legal and regulatory obligations in the UK Organisations that sign up to it are expected to work towards fulfilling the four Commitments If an organisation finds that it is unable to make any progress it will be asked to reconsider its position as a signatory to the Concordat All signatories agree to take steps to be more open about their use of animals in research Fur ther information is given in the accompanying Guidance Document to explain how different kinds of organisation could work towards fulfilling the Commitments Exactly how these Commitments are fulfilled will differ between organisations depending upon their operation and purpose their capacity and their different legal obligations Research funders organisations conducting animal research and representative and membership bodies all have different roles to play Some actions are expected to be fulfilled by all signatories but others will depend on the primary role of the signatory

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare AS ET SPECIAL TRAVEL BURSARY 2015 ESSAYS Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately SCARLETT MARTINDALE Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Wilmslow Road Withington Manchester M20 4BX Correspondence scarlett martindale cruk manchester ac uk Winning entry of the AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 Medical science has always interested me particularly unear thing the intrinsic ways in which the body functions and subsequently discovering how to manipulate these convoluted pathways to our advantage As a consequence after leaving University I began working as an in vivo scientist I have been involved in countless debates and discussions about animal research whether at University at work or in my private life I have heard both sides of the argument yet I still feel the benefits to society hugely outweigh the drawbacks Openness and transparency regarding animal research is crucial if the bioscience industry is to gather public support and continue the research in the most ethical and humane way In this essay I intend to discuss the laws in place to help regulate animal research in the UK the ways in which the government and bioscience industr y encourage and enforce openness with the general public and whether these infrastructures work and crucially how impor tant openness about animal research is whilst reflecting on my personal experiences as an in vivo scientist to be followed by each animal research facility ensuring animal welfare is the priority The Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 ASPA regulates the use of animals in research and is implemented by the government specifically the Home Office The Act encompasses three levels of regulation the person undertaking the research the project under which the work is undertaken and the establishment where the research is to be carried out Each of these is granted a licence after a thorough assessment of competency Breaching any of these can lead to the licence being revoked and depending on the seriousness of the breach a prison sentence The UK government is committed to a programme of work called the 3Rs Replacement Reduction and Refinement These principles are rigorously applied when setting up a programme of work There is a strong commitment within the UK to ensure that animal research is only carried out when absolutely necessary and no other appropriate alternative is available and with the least amount of harm or suffering Each licencee must clearly demonstrate the 3Rs within their research The UK is a world leader in regulating research using animals Laws are in place to ensure the proper care and welfare of all animals undergoing regulated scientific procedures Strict rules and regulations have Openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research is of great importance As previously discussed animal research in the UK is strictly regulated and transparency is an essential and Introduction 191

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays legal requirement For decades the general public s perception of animal research scientists is that they are secretive about their work thus reaffirming the preconceived notion that the experiments undertaken are cruel and inhumane As a result it is a priority of the government and therefore all researchers to be as open as possible about their work in order to demonstrate this view is unfounded There are many ways in which the UK bioscience sector encourages openness One of the most important milestones was the publishing of The Concordat on Openness 1 a document detailing four pledges outlining openness in animal research and which actively encourages research organisations to be accessible to the public and the media Seventy four research organisations signed The Concordat and crucially its construction involved a two sided debate and consultation with the public in order to decipher their views and their expectations Another example of openness in animal research is the mandatory online publishing of all work When applying for a project licence it is a legal requirement to submit a non technical summary of the work to be carried out These summaries are free to be viewed by the public online Another initiative aimed at encouraging transparency is the publishing of reports about the usage of animals in research The Animals in Science Regulation Unit ASRU a department within the Home Office publishes an annual report freely available online for the public to read Annual statistics are also published allowing transparency regarding the numbers and use of animals in medical research each year From 2013 the Home Office also set out plans for the ASRU to publish detailed repor ts of investigations into possible breaches and noncompliance and the subsequent outcomes of these investigations These reports are not only open to the public but are there to encourage constant improvements in all animal research facilities Animal rights activism is still prevalent in today s society The incidences of animal rights protests have decreased over several years This is most likely due to the introduction of tougher laws but may also be accredited to changing public perceptions about the use of animals in research Personally I have worked as an animal researcher for five years and I have never come across a single protest at any of the organisations I have worked for Colleagues who worked at one particular research organisation for several decades remember vividly just how frequent the demonstrations were in the 1980 s and 1990 s with regular often weekly protests The banning of cosmetic testing in the UK in 1998 has led to a more positive public perception although there is still a consensus of people who believe the UK still allows cosmetics to be tested on animals It is vital these misconceptions are eliminated Education from a young age can help dispel these myths and improve the public perception of researchers There are many educational 192 tools available to help encourage understanding and openness in animal research Understanding Animal Research UAR 2 is an organisation aimed at building awareness and acceptance of research involving animals The website contains vast amounts of information sourced from historical and scientific facts as well as educational tools and resources accessible to the general public and are particularly useful for teaching in schools UAR also run workshops and communication courses to help researchers engage with the public and feel more confident talking about their research outside of work Another important aspect of their work is to create an open dialogue with the media The general public do not consciously seek out stories about animal research instead they stumble across a negative and misinformed article in their daily newspaper UAR engages with the media and offers up their side of the story they put forward the facts It is important to have an input in the narrative in order to open up a debate educate and influence Having worked in several animal research facilities over the past five years I thoroughly enjoy my job and have a huge amount of respect and love for the animals I work with Yet sections of society are unable to comprehend this In order to be an in vivo scientist you must care for the animals and have their welfare at the forefront of your mind You do not disconnect from the emotional aspect of animal research so understanding the purpose and ethics of the research is important when considering the viability of animal research Animal research has led to millions of therapeutics being available all over the world to improve quality of life or even cure life threatening or debilitating diseases Animal research is essential and impacts positively on society It is a legitimate and necessary tool Educating children from a young age about the facts of animal research is crucial if we are to continue progressing within the field of medical science Holding a Home Office Licence is a huge responsibility and a serious breach can carry a prison sentence Educating the general public about the responsibility and work that goes into holding a licence may encourage more support and trust I am proud to be an in vivo researcher I am not however open or honest about my work when I discuss it publicly with strangers or even some friends and family members I feel I may be judged and in some rare instances I have been condemned and suffered abuse as a consequence I openly express the view that I believe animal research is necessary but I often hold back on discussing my part within the industry because of my negative past experiences This is why I feel educating everyone children and adults about the facts surrounding animal research is paramount if we are to continue using animals in research and continue developing therapeutics Animal research has led to many breakthroughs within medical science It is important the public know what it is we do as well as why we do

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays it and how it may have already impacted them or those they know and love By creating a platform whereby the general public can freely access information on the research undertaken and engaging in an honest and two sided debate a level of trust and understanding can be built As a result of this understanding animal research can be viewed as more acceptable and society can benefit immensely References 1 207 5133 concordat on openness on animal research inthe uk pdf 2 http www understandinganimalresearch org uk files 6614 1 http speakingofresearch com 193

Animal Technology and Welfare December 2015 Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately KAREN DUNFORD Zebrafish Facility University College London Anatomy Building Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Correspondence k dunford ucl ac uk AS ET Special Travel Bursary entry Despite what may appear in the media researchers being open about the use of animals in science would have positive implications for both researchers as well as for the public Openness with the public could help to dispel common myths by showing the reality of an animal unit and explaining the ethical underpinning of the use of animals and the law to which scientists and technologists must adhere Releasing and reiterating valid and current information about this field may help the public to have more informed opinions regardless of which side they fall on Professionally openness would add another level of accountability for researchers Privately openness may allow for those who work with animals in this capacity to feel less vilified by the public Surveys indicate that the majority of the general British people accept the necessity of using animals in research Understanding Animal Research 2014 1 Perhaps due to this animal rights activists maintain and promote all and any negative perceptions about this field their methods and messages are memorable using photos of starved deformed and obviously ill animals Colourful demonstrations and art exhibits are commonplace within their modus operandi Animal rights groups excel in the use of language and can easily sway the public to their point of view with careful and planned use of specific terms and words In their own literature for example animals are referred to as victims of senseless experiments at the hands of researchers and compassionate Europeans are petitioning against their work PETA 2015 2 this phrasing implies almost stor ybook esque villains performing nefarious acts for pleasure whilst animal 194 rights groups and supporters as the heroes saving those in distress Furthermore animals in this type of publicity are often anthropomorphised for the sole purpose of manipulating the emotions of the public in order to garner support Openness with the general public concerning the use of animals in research is one important method in combating the frequently skewed view of antivivisectionists and animal rights activists that paint scientists in a negative light The previous silence on the part of the animal community has not dispelled the sometimes disturbing images that animal rights groups have put forward The relatively new Concordat on Openness in Animal Research released in 2014 3 is a large movement towards openness with the public concerning the reality of animals used in science The Concordat has four commitments that all signatories must adhere to clarity communication outreach and reporting to the public and media The institutions who sign the Concordat must report their use of animals even though ethics boards with layman membership are already involved in the approval of experiments the mandator y repor ting will add a more public accountability Additionally the Concordat promises to disclose the reality of life for animals in a unit as well as the goals and aims of the science being conducted Despite the photos and videos in the media many laboratory animals have a high quality of life and are not subject to torturous experiments Many animals may be used in non invasive experiments such as behavioural studies nutritional studies and developmental biology animals may also be solely used for breeding with that being the entirety of their

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays lives in the laboratory Furthermore this openness will help to reiterate current and valid information concerning animals for example many of the British public are not aware of the European ban on the use of animals in cosmetic testing and as such support campaigns against this especially ones seen in commercial outlets such as Lush Furthermore the current British law Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 ASPA is not commonly known and therefore the public are not aware of what regulations staff using animals must adhere to For example an experiment using blinded kittens was publicised and attracted outrage at not just the experiment itself but also the fact the animals were euthanised at the end of the procedure Smith 2012 4 Whilst this may sound extreme the public are largely unaware of the portion of ASPA that dictates that this is necessary not euthanising the animals would have been breaking the law and those involved would have been liable for prosecution Furthermore the ethical justification for euthanising at the end of an invasive procedure is to humanely limit and end suffering unfortunately without this piece of information it comes across as cruel Making the public aware of the ethical underpinning of ASPA would help to minimise these types of public reactions The concept of the 3Rs Refinement Reduction and Replacement are not well known or largely spoken about publically animal rights groups are aware of it but will only highlight the last point making it seem that it is the law that other methods and models must be used Neither are people aware of the tightly regulated licensing system in place for those that wish to use animals as their model Most importantly those seeking a licence must justify the use of animals as well as do a cost benefit analysis using Utilitarianism showing that the sacrifice of animals does not outweigh the benefit to humans and animals laboratories and the work that happens there as well as add another layer of accountability for researchers who require animal models for their work Explaining the regulations and ethics involved in animals research will help to combat and rebut the skewed messages that seem to dominate the media Lastly dispelling these myths will allow those who work with animals in these settings to not feel maligned and feel forced to secrecy about their job References 1 2 3 4 Understanding Animal Research 2014 http www understandinganimalresearch org uk Accessed 06 2015 PETA UK 2015 http www peta org uk Accessed 06 2015 207 5133 concordat on openness on animal research inthe uk pdf Smith R 2012 Sew Cruel Scientists stitch up kittens eyes in shocking experiment The Mirror h t t p w w w m i r r o r c o u k n e w s u k n e w s k i t t e n experiments cardiff university researchers 1156779 Accessed 06 2015 Many members of staff in animal units are encouraged to be secretive and silent about the work they do this reinforces the view that this secrecy is to hide heinous crimes conducted in the laboratory The reality is however that the secrecy is there to protect both the animals and the staff the animals from those associated with organisations that have a history of violence against animal labs and the staff that work there In the past those working with animals have been targetted in attacks and this atmosphere still sits heavy on those members of staff Even without recent physical threats the public perception of what reality is within an animal lab can lead to uncomfortable social situations leaving those who work with animals preferring secrecy over honesty Openness is a positive and progressive move forward to dispelling myths about animals used in science It can lead to clarity for the public about animal 195

Animal Technology and Welfare December 2015 Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately MELANIE GALVIN University of Manchester Paterson Building Wilmslow Road Withington Greater Manchester M20 4BX Correspondence melanie galvin cruk manchester ac uk AS ET Special Travel Bursary entry My role at the Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute CRUK MI within an in vivo team requires working with animals on a daily basis This includes licenced procedures and monitoring the health and wellbeing of mice I take great pride in my work conducting research to the highest standards following the requirements of the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 and prioritising the health and welfare of the animals at all times ensuring robust and reliable scientific data is generated The research is focused on understanding the biology of small cell lung cancer looking for mechanisms of resistance and assessing novel therapeutics that could have direct benefit to patient care I am privileged to be a part of this precision medicine approach I care a great deal about my work and the animals I am responsible for The few people that know about my career choice are very supportive and regularly give me the opportunity to talk enthusiastically about my work I wish to improve my ability to be open with those that may challenge my choices and question animal research I am aware of Understanding Animal Research UAR and their work to broaden understanding and acceptance of animal use in science I am hoping to seek further training in how best to have these conversations CRUK is one of 91 organisations signed up to the Concordat on Openness on Animal Research 1 a policy launched in May 2014 committing signatories to openness about their use of animals in research Four commitments were set out for the signatories to agree to 1 To be clear about when how and why animals are used in research 196 2 To enhance communications with the media and the public about research using animals 3 To be proactive in providing opportunities for the public to find out about research using animals 4 To repor t on progress annually and share experiences As an animal researcher I will encourage my employer to meet these commitments Reporting evidence of Reduction Refinement and Replacement 3Rs is essential when contemplating openness on animal use It provides evidence that institutions are optimising methods to minimise animal suffering and focussing on developing new technologies and procedures The 3Rs principles were established over 50 years ago but only recently has the importance of this framework been appreciated when considering use of animals in research and their implementation in the foundation of UK support for the work 2 While these policies legislations are huge steps in the right direction for transparency and animal research there is still the question of the implications of such commitments I am actively involved in the 3Rs Network committee at CRUK MI working towards promotion and sharing of refinements improvements The 2015 UK General Election saw the Green Party include animal experimentation in their par ty manifesto Their main aims were to abolish animal testing in par ticular toxicity testing to transfer government funding from animal experimentation to development of humane alternatives and to increase transparency publication of results 3 The disclosure of

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays findings between research centres is a matter already being discussed within the scientific community Whilst attending a recent NC3Rs meeting the subject of data sharing to reduce study replication was debated It was proposed that all scientific findings including negative outcomes be available to fellow scientists and the general public allowing complete openness of research conducted There was great diversity between delegates while some agreed sharing data was a positive move par ticularly to improve public understanding others argued that scientific results should be disclosed on a need to know basis This raised the question how easily can openness with the general public be if the scientists are not willing to communicate the information between themselves I would also consider the importance of peer review of data as is the case prior to publication THE ANIMAL RESEARCH Repor ting of in vivo Experiments ARRIVE guidelines were published by the NC3Rs 2010 to improve reporting of animal research and communication of the results to the broader scientific community 4 Sharing data on animal models maximises the information available and reduces overlap replication of studies as the model development and characterisation will already have been carried out This will decrease the number of animals used for investigatory purposes adhering to the principles of 3Rs The Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body AWERB at CRUK MI are creating a greater awareness of these guidelines as many publications are missing key information In recent years a well known animal rights group published a report surrounding the use of dogs at AstraZeneca During that period I worked there as a Scientist Histology and Necropsy Unit and knew that the report was not based on fact A member of my family saw the report and posted it on a social media accompanied by some misinformed remarks Due to the nature of the report I felt I couldn t discuss the matter with my family member concerned of the possible negative reaction and further posts on social media which could have been detrimental towards me personally It has reinforced the importance of work the UAR conducts to counteract negative or misleading reporting in the media Many animal rights groups publish material condemning animal research and the people conducting this work making discussions on the subject difficult and seemingly dangerous There is the misunderstanding that researchers have no regard for animal welfare and the work they do has never benefitted human health Many researchers fear that openness regarding their use of animals may give rise to activists increasing the level and ferocity of their protest I do not believe this to be the case These few are trying to win favour with public opinion with misinformation and out dated images If we were more open with the public we could help them to understand the importance of the research the reason use of animals is necessary to this work reassure them welfare is of highest importance and the evidence of impact on human health This will encourage understanding and acceptance of the practices This openness is important to reassure the public following the Brown Report 2013 5 Openness could start in schools I have also had experience with introducing science to primary school children recently when I was invited to conduct a short science lesson and perform an experiment at the end The content was basic science concentrating on cells and DNA During the practical session a pupil asked Is it true that at CRUK you cut heads off mice I asked her where she heard that information and she replied My sister told me she s a doctor and knows what she s talking about Her friend responded with I don t agree with that it s animal cruelty This was a very difficult conversation to be having with 10 year old children The pupil was quickly distracted by the practical session so I wasn t able to speak further with her about the subject So far I have been invited to visit two schools to perform these lessons and on all occasions have been advised not to talk about animal research I believe this to be short sighted as it is an opportunity to engage with the children and reassure them that the work carried out at CRUK is humane and necessary to further our research efforts Explaining the work is regulated under law to protect animals in science is performed by highly skilled technologists and with welfare as the highest priority If CRUK are committed to being open about the use of animals in research should we also be targetting a younger audience It can be seen as risky discussing such a topic with children however it is clear that these pupils were unaware of the facts surrounding animal use at CRUK UAR provides educational material for secondary school teachers and students however I believe openness from a younger age is imperative to ensure that young impressionable minds are filled with facts about animal research and not fantasy Educating primary school children will also provide a platform for them to be able to interrogate information found online and make informed decisions regarding the reliability of the material and its source The use of animals in scientific research is important and will always be a matter for debate Openness from scientific institutions will allow the public to have a greater understanding about the need for such research and will reassure them that welfare of the animals is of upmost importance Highlighting the impact such research has had on human health care to date may help people to see how it has benefitted them family or friends and consider what may have 197

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays happened if that research had not been conducted Although transparency may provide a greater platform for some groups to protest we have nothing to hide The Concordat on Openness on Animal Research gives the scientific community the opportunity to be honest about the work carried out allowing them to promote the importance of the research taking place This in turn will allow me to have more confidence in discussing my work to hold my head up high and be proud about my career choice as all animal scientists should do References 1 2 3 4 5 http www understandinganimalresearch org uk policy concordat openness animal research Accessed 12 06 2015 08 35 https www nc3rs org uk the 3rs Accessed 12 06 2015 10 08 https www greenparty org uk assets files manifesto Green_Party_2015_General_Election_Manifesto_Searcha ble pdf Accessed 15 06 2015 14 37 h t t p s w w w n c 3 r s o r g u k s i t e s d e f a u l t f i l e s documents Guidelines NC3Rs 20ARRIVE 20Guidelines 202013 pdf Accessed 16 06 2015 09 40 http brownreport info Accessed 19 06 2015 07 23 198

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately NICK DEAN Pirbright Institute High Street Compton Newbury Berkshire RG20 7NN Correspondence nick dean pirbright ac uk Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty and its supporters embarked on what one judge called a ruthless sustained campaign making false allegations of child abuse sending hoax bombs and delivering sanitary towels allegedly contaminated with the AIDS virus to try to traumatise staff Paul Peachy Crime Correspondent Sunday 24th August 2014 http www independent co uk news uk crime animal rights group ends 15year campaign againstexperiments at huntingdon 9687843 html Openness towards anyone about the use of animals in research always carries its extreme risks The above example from a news report shows how a small group of people have targetted personnel in animal research forcing a secretive and protective nature to animal research Although this example of pure extremism against animal researchers is very very rare and people that feel that way are a very small minority there is always that possibility of talking to someone and sparking a very strong reaction Talking openly and publically about working with animals in a scientific research environment could lead to strong reactions from people that vary from physical abuse which again is very rare to verbal and mental abuse and how animals are used in science but it does carry risks because it could cause social problems When meeting new people for example the reactions and opinions from friendships or relationships can cause conflict because they do not understand or do not agree It may cause disagreements between friends and friendship groups Believing in different things not just in animal science can become issues so there is the possibility that using animals in science can cause friction and disagreements So should we be wary of discussing our jobs our passions or our beliefs in using animals in science In a world where we live behind computers tablets mobile phones and networking one person can connect to hundreds which can spread a target for abuse quickly Publically supporting the use of animals in science on a networking site connecting millions of people significantly increases the number of contactable people increasing chances of abuse As I commented earlier extreme cases such as the ones listed in the extract above are exceptionally rare and it is unlikely that I or anyone else will be in a serious situation suffering through something like that In that article it does go on to say that the group Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty have announced that they have in fact ended their campaign against Huntingdon and that activists are now seeking to influence Government legislation The Government are if anything helping protect us against these extreme situations and recognise the importance in research and the impor tance of animals within research Through funding of institutes and research and laws protecting those that do the research and the animal technologists and others that look after the animals there is a form of safety net provided by the Government to protect us Meeting people in everyday life and discussing the use of animals in research is also a risk The majority of the time people will be non judgemental and will accept why There will always be divided opinion on the use of animals in research but people are more open and accepting when they have more information 199

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays Discussing and being open about what it is actually like working with animals in research is one of the best ways of educating people and getting them to understand and know the truth not just form opinions based on biased propaganda pictures and headlines they have seen in the media Talking to people and discussing animals in research emphasising the reduction replacement and refinement measures which are there to actually help and protect animals in research and explaining that the researchers and technologists that look after the animals are passionate about them and strive to provide the best possible care for them Educating and discussing the results of animals being used in research is highly critical If we are able to explain the breakthroughs in science both in the past and the potential breakthroughs of the future to the public then we can emphasise the benefits it may have on their lives and we will show the importance of the science Being open about the results of research and discussing this with the public will help show people that it is carried out for a reason i e to benefit animals as well as humans How you approach discussions about the use of animals in science can vary greatly depending on your audience Some people will be open and interested and you will be able to discuss and help them understand the benefits of using animals but some people will be uncomfortable with the idea It is then a personal decision to decide whether to push the discussion or change the subject Talking willingly about the subject is a positive thing but not everyone will accept it no matter how transparent you are How does openness impact me I think that openness is good technologists should be encouraged to talk about animals in science both professionally and privately In the professional setting amongst people who are doing similar work and have an understanding of what using animal science is about it is a good idea to willingly discuss the subject because it can build confidence and reduce fear of talking about it Personally I try and talk to people within my workplace about using animals in science We share ideas and beliefs and can talk freely to people who think similarly Talking to people in the same profession and working environment is a relief I find it is nice to be able to talk freely about the ideas and the impact of using animals in science being able to freely just talk about how you think and feel about the subject with the input of people who are less likely to make a judgement as they are working in a similar environment For me curiosity is a reason to talk about using animals in science with people in a professional atmosphere because it is interesting to see other people s views and arguments Some people I have met and worked with have had split opinions on the 200 subject but still work in the environment because they understand the implications of what using animals in science can do Discussing the subject with people who share the same passion helps me take pride in the work I do with animals Knowing that I am not the only one that cares about the animals in science knowing that I am not the only one that wants to encourage good welfare and do what is best for the animals is really good for my confidence I am passionate about the welfare and care of animals so feel proud to be able to look after the animals used in science to a high standard but I do feel wary about discussing it with the public or privately among family and friends Meeting new people and talking to people about what I do as a job I try talking openly and very much feel like you have to make a judgement from person to person From personal experience when I explain I work with animals it provokes interest and questions from others As the discussion continues people may choose to change the subject or ask more in depth questions Saying openly that I work in agricultural research seems to be more acceptable Working with farm animals and rats and mice seems to generally be more accepted and in my experience people tend to be more interested in finding out about that than they would if I had talked about another type of research It is difficult to talk about this subject openly to the public family or friends Not knowing how people will react or how they will see you will continue to be a risk and offending someone may cause problems whether that is professionally publically or privately Personally I want to hold my head up high and be proud of everything I do in science Unfortunately that risk even though it is small and highly unlikely is still there I am always aware of it and know that it can impact me personally and therefore I am still building my confidence to be more open I know that what I am doing is beneficial and important and I understand the implications of the work and research but most of all I know that I am giving the best possible care to animals that are being used in science Technologists should all talk openly about the subject help educate and increase the understanding behind using animals in science They should be proud of what they are doing and achieving As an overall group of people be it scientists researchers or animal technicians there will always be a threat but in this case the benefits of being open to the public about what you are achieving by using animals in science in my opinion outweighs the risk

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Discuss the implications of openness towards the general public regarding the use of animals in research and how openness impacts on you professionally and privately CLARE McCARTNEY University of Leeds Clinical Sciences Building Beckett Street Leeds West Yorkshire LS9 7TF Correspondence c mccartney leeds ac uk The research industry has always been a shrouded one whether it is to protect the staff from the growing threat of activists or to protect intellectual property has shown us that we must become more open to prevent any further misinformation and to educate where possible In a technological and accepting society this may be the best time to start being open and giving the general population the true facts not just what they view in horror articles videos which are designed to cause hatred and outcry The great thing about the British public is we are a nation of animal lovers Animal abuse is not tolerated This is where it could be difficult for us to completely reveal the use of animals How will they define what is abuse and what is acceptable Sharing images videos of procedures correctly performed could still be too shocking to some causing them to steer away from fur ther information which could alleviate their concerns The images could be hijacked by the antivivisection groups and used against us leading to a rise in opposition rather than understanding The public have a great misconception about which species and numbers of animals are actually used Species such as dogs and primates are always used in undercover footage knowing these are the animals that the public relate to and care for most They do not like the fact that animals they keep as beloved pets are used in this manner Rodents and fish are not held as highly as their larger counterparts by many this could help towards alleviating hatred towards the use of animals Society has changed over the past few decades to be more positive and open to delicate subjects such as animal use in research A prime example of this liberalisation would be the legalisation of gay marriage when male homosexuality was deemed a criminal act only 40 years ago Along with the advances in medical treatments and the increased awareness of diseases such as cancer and dementia which have become inherent in today s society I feel the public will be more accepting to the fact that animals are being used to combat these devastating illnesses A recent and excellent push to openness is through the Concordat on Openness on Animal Research in the UK 1 This is an agreement which is being passed throughout the industry to encourage us to become more clear and transparent towards the public on what projects are being run and to what extent that animals are being used Diverse groups of the public were brought together and asked what they knew about research and what they would like to know The results from this made me personally feel frustrated and disheartened as their knowledge of the industry was very old fashioned Amongst the statements given was that a high number still believed that cosmetic testing was being per formed rather than medical testing This project A large number of the population realise that animal testing is carried out but just do not want to face it Being forced with the moral question of what number of animals is justifiable to save a human being may be too hard for many people to emotionally comprehend We may find that they do not wish to know the ins and outs of animals in research and would rather keep their heads buried in the sand On the other hand if a large number of the population believe that it is mainly cosmetic testing will they feel more guilt free when they find out the facts They could grow to appreciate the medical care and treatments they receive knowing how many animals were used It may possibly reduce 201

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays the 300 000 000 worth of medicines that are thrown away every year but this can only be achieved by making the facts readily available If the public do not agree with the practice we may see several things happening one might be a major drop in vital donations to charities that fund animal research I think this could be the worst possible outcome as this would then filter down the line to research groups losing their funding and restrict future projects Who knows what would be missed There could be a rise in anti vivisection protesters leading to bigger demonstration groups and more unlawful tactics to prevent research being carried out This could leave more technologists researchers collaborating companies being personally affected by intimidation and violence resulting in many projects being taken elsewhere in the world It is already difficult to transport animals around the world If there was further pressure on airlines etc then there could be an end to live animal shipments This could also include the shipment of embryos sperm and other vital tissue specimens In my establishment we outsource our genotyping to an overseas company could this be jeopardised and lead to a loss of a vital service I am in favour of shipping lines using frozen methods rather than live animals but some lines cannot be transferred in this way It could result in over production of millions of animals worldwide as facilities would have to develop and breed everything themselves rather than strains being imported and shared Providing information on how the UK operates within one of the best animal welfare legislations regulated by the Home Office and that animal testing is only permitted where no credible alternative is available may deter such negative reactions Forcing research to stop here would only result in the studies being carried out in countries where standards are not as high and animals are housed in less than ideal conditions Greater awareness may actually push towards finding better alternatives more quickly Many may feel motivated to promote finding alternatives causing increase in funding and some taking initiative to actively get involved and create one themselves Professionally I think there would be many more positive implications rather than negative As facilities would be more open with the public they would also be more open with other facilities This could lead to an increased exchange in information Facilities could share more information on new refinements in procedures enrichment and training ideas We would be part of a more connected network rather than in our own isolated world as may sometimes be the case If companies were to be less secretive and promoted training and meetings it would make it easier for 202 technologists like myself to find these resources and further our education and training Results from studies would be released and it would be very beneficial for technologists to learn the outcome of the work they have been involved in Another possibility to consider is opening up our facility to reveal where we are and who is working there This could potentially be a serious security risk for staff as it could lead to demonstrations outside our property and personal details being released to antivivisection groups I lie about my profession to people I meet not because I am ashamed but because I am tired of getting into the same debates when I just want to enjoy some time with family and friends Many close friends and family who know do not really fully understand what happens and having somewhere to direct them that explains it all would be a great help I would feel especially happy knowing that people had read actual facts and made an informative decision rather than following what they have read on social media I am proud of the work I have been involved in but feel I cannot share with others I am even afraid to tell my children too much in case they mention it in front of another parent at school who may be opposed to animal testing I can defend myself but I do not want it affecting my family Technologists all seem to be tarred with the same brush We are all monsters who abuse animals Showing how we are actually animal lovers who care and have a long history of animal related qualifications and experience would appease many concerned individuals Knowing we are there to protect and look after them like other animal professionals would make a big difference in people s opinion I think they would feel happier with the fact that highly skilled staff are looking after them In the end we cannot continue to hide The public do have the right to know how their tax money is being spent and how their treatments have been brought to market Everyone should be given the availability to decide whether it is morally right to receive a treatment Truthfully I feel this industry would not have such a high standard if it was not for the opposition to it We have made many advances in welfare through principles such as the 3Rs which have drastically changed the way we think about animal production and procedures Having fresh eyes looking over your work and practices can only be a good thing It will push us to increase our standards find better and more varied ways of carrying out this vital research This may also help in reducing the numbers of animals used or lead to animals being replaced entirely It would inevitably help to develop a culture of continuous improvement in the industry

AS ET Special Travel Bursary 2015 essays References 1 http www understandinganimalresearch or g uk files 6614 1207 5133 concordat on openness onanimal research in the uk pdf 203

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December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare POSTER PRESENTATIONS Originally presented at IAT Congress 2015 Guiding principles for behavioural laboratory animal science a new resource for better science and animal welfare PENNY HAWKINS RSPCA Research Animals Department RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater West Sussex RH13 9RS Correspondence penny hawkins rspca org uk The Guiding Principles aim to help make informed decisions about conducting studies of animal behaviour in biomedical experiments with respect to G G G improving scientific validity implementing the 3Rs Replacement Reduction and Refinement ensuring work is justified and conducted ethically and scientifically They are intended for G G G researchers both experienced and new to the field members of Animal Welfare Bodies Animal Care and Use committees or ethics committees anyone with a professional interest in behavioural laboratory animal science 205

Poster Presentations Free to download from www esswap org or the BAP BNA or LASA website Seven sections 1 The 3Rs and Ethical Evaluation the harm benefit assessment record keeping and assessing actual harms 2 Justifying studies of Laboratory Animal Behaviour translational predictive construct and face validity 3 Choosing the Procedure a critical appraisal of the proposed work including practical factors and all 3Rs 4 Training ensuring that experimental work is done by competent operators with specialist skills and expertise 5 The Animal addressing variation due to differences in behaviour because of species strain age sex or source 6 The Environment whether how to control for factors such as housing stocking density cage and facility environment 7 The Experiment and Analysis of the Data planning statistical analysis at the design stage how to avoid bias 206

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Animal technologists the good the bad and the ugly SOPHIA BULLOCK KATRINA COMRIE KARYN HEATH and YVONNE McLEAN University of Aberdeen Medical Research Facility Forester Hill Aberdeen AB5 2ZB Corresponding author sophia bullock abdn ac uk The use of animals in scientific experiments in the UK began around the 17th century Since then animals have been a keystone feature in the unfolding of vital information about the human and animal life processes This information aids the advancement of pathological knowledge as well as the development of pharmaceuticals and diagnostic tools which alleviates the suffering of both man and animal Previously researchers at commercial and government laboratories not only carried out experiments but also tended to the daily husbandry of the animals they used As science and legislation has evolved animal technologists have replaced the scientist in the daily care and welfare needs of the animals We do Animal technologists try to make the lives of research animals worth living Enrichment for example is key in encouraging natural behaviour Technologists know which animals like what enrichment tools and will often fashion enrichment tools in their own time We know Knowledge and experience is vital in this role Technologists see the animals every day They know what s normal and are able to spot even the most subtle signs of pain suffering or discomfort We can Reducing stress and distress through correct handling and restraint techniques is important for the animal s welfare and reduces the chance of both technologist and animal being injured Animal technologists have moved from people who learned about animal husbandry on the job with minimal supervision or instruction to professionals who are recognised as the backbone of the entire animal research programme An animal technologist s job is comprised of many different responsibilities for example animal care and welfare and performing regulated procedures While researchers can benefit from an animal technologist s skills the animal technologists are often emotionally invested in the animals and in their care This compassion has been shown to have a positive impact on the animal s well being as well as on the science but it may also add a darker side to the role The good We care Animal Technologists have empathy and compassion for the animals A study on primates showed that when the animals were treated with respect and compassion and their carers formed relationships with them the animals well being was significantly improved 207

Poster Presentations means recognition between animal and carer so there is less variation which could affect the science The bad Animal staff affected by Laboratory Animal Alllergy No Symptoms No Symtoms 44 56 Symptomatic Symptomatic 44 of people working with laboratory animals that report work related allergic reactions Figures 1 3 Correct handling of animals reduces stress and risk of injury to both animal and humans We learn Continuous training ensures good practice and animal welfare Care staff are also happy to pass on their knowledge and skills to others We help Technologists lighten the workload for scientists We can manage colonies perform regulated procedures and can even help with your HO returns We enjoy Being a part of potentially ground breaking science in both humans and animal medical research is both motivational and rewarding We protect Animal care staff are a buffer between the scientist and the animals they are the animals voice and the animals are their priority We interact Regular interaction with the animals 208 We care too much Most of us do it but anthropomorphising putting human emotions on animals can make the job at hand even harder We try Academic and scientific community hierarchies can make life difficult A lack of respect and understanding of an animal technologist s role workload and knowledge is a common occurrence Technologists are here to help and are valuable members of your community Get them on your side Chocolates work well We are human Sometimes mistakes are made Accidental animal death misidentification of specific animals inaccurate records book keeping

Poster Presentations We feel Coping with death grief guilt isolation and stereotypes Some animal care staff have been shown to increase their use of alcohol or drugs due to being overwhelmed with mental stress We suffer Dealing daily with allergies bites scratches zoonoses animal waste toxins used in research biohazards and surgical equipment injuries etc and the ugly We hide Animal rights organisations activists media stereotypes and the stigma associated with the job can make this line of work dangerous Technologists would like to be more open about their work but fear the potentially damaging backlash of those opposed to it We kill Culling animals using Schedule 1 methods is one of the worst parts of a technician s job particularly the culling of excess healthy animals and young pups We dissect Post mortems can be nauseating due to the visual impact and the smells We hurt Procedures and Genetically Altered GA animals with a severe limit which causes a great detrimental effect to the animals can be difficult to cope with We talk A lack of communication from researchers can lead to for example unnecessary surplus mice and breeding mistakes We asked staff at University of Aberdeen Medical Research Facility Have you ever experienced any of the following work related issues Going forward Take time to acknowledge the animals that have been sacrificed for research Educate the public with openness and honesty Championing of the 3Rs Have more research into technicians as well as their effects on the laboratory animals and the studies these animals partake in Systems in place so that technicians can be involved in more decision making and ethics committees More recognition of animal technicians and their role in medical research Animal adoption schemes and awareness of existing schemes Animals can be used for other needs such as mice for food for birds of prey Technologists in need should be provided with counselling services and existing services should be advertised more Transform the media perception of animal research facilities and those who work in them Educate each other Technologists want to know more about the research and its benefits Researchers can gain deeper understanding of their model species and learn about how techs can help them Researcher and technician interaction it s a two way street Communication is key to a successful relationship between all those involved in research Animal technologists generally feel that the good aspects of their job outweigh the bad The majority of them take the job because their ambition is to work with and care for animals This compassion together with their vast amount of knowledge experience and 209

Poster Presentations training can aid them in maintaining high standards of animal welfare which in turn makes a great impact on research and scientific advancement These animals give their lives involuntarily in order to help improve the lives of humans They should be treated with respect and a good animal technologist will ensure this and give them the best life possible 210

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Take a load off an assessment of a drawer style cage system VICTORIA HURLOW Sequani Limited Bromyard Road Ledbury Hertfordshire HR8 1LH Correspondence victoriahurlow sequani com Abstract At Sequani with many different study types to accommodate we wanted to find a single solid bottomed cage type that was capable of fulfilling differing study housing requirements We have several types and sizes of solid caging however the larger gang housed rat caging has proven to be unpopular with technologists because of the physical challenges associated with moving caging housing gangs of larger rats Our desire was to find a solid bottomed cage that could compare to a much favoured drawer style cage animals and also reduces the amount of space taken up on the workstation More space allows the technologists to set up their work stations to suit their preference The technologists also prefer caging with removable diet hoppers as it allowed for food consumption measurements to be conducted without the need to handle the cage Again repetitive movement is reduced to only the diet hopper not the complete cage We looked for a cage design to fit our needs Due to the range of studies Sequani offers we concentrated on the basic principles of G G G G G G G G Figure 1 Previous wire bottom caging Background We started to look at all our current caging for their Pros and Cons scoring the following G G G maximum ergonomics for frequent animal handling easy to use and cleaning good visibility While reviewing our practices for rodent housing we found the technologists preferred the cages that could be opened on the rack Removing the need to lift and manoeuvre the whole weight of the cage for every task and thus reducing the risk of injury to technologists through repetitive manual handling Removing the animals from the cage for transpor t limits the technologists to only carr ying the weight of the access of the animals for procedures good visibility of the animals good visibility for checking diet and water bottle levels ease of access to the diet hoppers and water bottles two styles of hopper for pelleted and powdered diets cleaning processes set by our standard operating procedures a safe and secure environment for the animals technologist friendly We first approached suppliers many years ago and some attempts were made to modify racking to allow caging to be accessed in situ These designs allowed us to work with the cage whilst it was still on the rack however access to the animals was limited because the cage top remained in place After much discussion and exchange of ideas Tecniplast Ltd produced a prototype draw style cage that attempted to resolve these access issues Trial Design The caging trials were set up to mimic a Toxicity Study using our Standard Operating Procedures SOP We conducted tasks such as observations body weights and food consumption together with routine husbandry procedures on a daily basis so that a number of technologists would have the opportunity to try out the caging designs 211

Poster Presentations Whilst many of the specifications we desired had been met by this cage in practice we felt there were some small features of the cage that needed addressing The anchor on the cage runner allowed the cage to be removed from the runners too easily We needed them to be raised slightly to keep the cage in position when opened When working with the cage we found the lid came off with the cage too easily so would require some sort of locking system Concerns were raised that over time the lid might become misshapen as fully opening the cage would cause the lid to be pushed upwards slightly The technologists had conflicting opinions about the diet hopper being within the cage some technologists liked the fact the cage was closed when the hopper removed whilst others did not like the need to open every cage for ad lib feeding Tecniplast 1500U The 1500U has a floor area of 1500 cm and a cage height of 210 mm This similar design was made using the smaller cage and included the changes suggested Figure 2 Tecniplast 2000P caging The 2000P has a floor area of 2065 cm and a cage height of 215 mm Being smaller than the 2000P allowing the cage to tilt downwards when fully opened works well allowing good access to the animals with the space available The cage now anchors well in the open position We felt that this drawer style system had great potential and appeared to offer what we were looking for The drawer cage on runners with a metal mesh lid works well and the lid design allows it to be removed from the rack easily Originally when discussing our wish list a question was raised about the possibility of the cage being a stand alone unit with a removable lid so this lid was designed to easily pull forward with the cage if required The drawer cage opens easily by slightly lifting the front of the cage to get past the runner stops designed to secure the cage in place when on the rack The technologists found accessing the animals easy positioning themselves to the front or to the side of the open cage The diet hopper both pelleted and powdered are designed to hook over the front of the cage this is covered by the cage lid when the cage is closed The water bottle hopper was positioned to the front right side of the cage and hooked over the front of the cage base to keep it in place The cage lid has a cut out for the water hopper to allow access to the water bottle The placement of the diet and water bottle hoppers is very important in a drawer style design to allow maximum access to the animals Overall we found the cage to be of excellent quality and a safe and pleasing environment for the animals 212 Figure 3 Tecniplast 1550U cage The cage lid design has both the diet and water hoppers cut out this optimises the access space When standing to the side of the cage the technician is able to access the animals easily even when the animals are below the diet or water bottle hopper When conducting food consumption a spare hopper was used to secure the cage and prevent animals escaping Our technologists liked that the hopper stood upright when out of the cage The hopper also has lugs on the side to allow for convenient stacking

Poster Presentations Cage wash cleaning Whilst both designs require dismantling prior to loading into the cage wash machine the time taken is no different to other conventional caging systems Conclusion Whilst working on large Toxicity studies concerns have been raised regarding manual handling issues associated with existing conventional solid caging We believe that the drawer style caging systems developed through these investigations go a long way to solving many of these issues Figure 4 Upright food hopper The cage lock design makes the cage lid secure The lock is easily released by flipping upwards so that the lid can be removed if required The drawer style systems provided good access to the animals allowing us to continue with our animal holding containers Visibility for both 2000P and 1500U is excellent The only time we are required to lift the weight of the cage is for cage cleaning procedures Acknowledgement Thanks to Tecniplast Ltd Figure 5 Cage lock We found the diet and water bottle hoppers could be lifted slightly by the animals in the cage however the hoppers push against each other preventing the animals from escaping Figure 6 Showing hoppers in lifted position 213

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Animal Technology and Welfare December 2015 DBA 1 keep them calm and carry on DANIEL STURGISS Envigo Station Road Blackthorn Bicester Oxfordshire OX25 1TP Correspondence das harlan com Abstract DBA 1 mice are highly active but exhibit stress related behaviours when disturbed This can make them difficult to handle and cause further unnecessary stress for the animals The purpose of this project was to investigate two parameters implicated in causing stress to the animals Cage cleaning was investigated to see if changing cages for freshly washed ones every week caused more stress to the animals than scrapping the cages clean and returning the animals to the same cage Figure 1 DBA 1 mouse Method The practice of using the constant sound of radios to mask intermittent noise made by technologists was also investigated to see whether masking these sounds would help reduce stress in the animals or whether the increased constant noise level would increase levels of stress in this strain The animals environment was maintained to the parameters described within the Home Office COP Temperatures were maintained between 20 24 C Relative humidity was maintained between 45 and 65 and the animals were kept on a light dark ratio of 12 12 These investigations were carried out with a view to reducing the level of stress experienced by the animals during routine cleaning tasks Mice were housed in clear MB1 cages with stainless steel lids and the cages were filled 1350ml of wood shavings Each cage contained a coloured polycarbonate shelter and an aspen brick chew block to provide enrichment Introduction DBA 1 mice are small and pale grey in appearance They are often used in behavioural immunological and arthritis based research The strain was derived as a cross between sub lines of DBA mice in 1929 30 The mice used in this experiment were DBA 1OlaHsd animals bred from the production at Harlan s production facility There were four experimental groups consisting of 2 cages of 15 mice each 30 mice per group These mice were all weaned and grouped at 3 weeks of age DBA 1 mice have been shown to have high food drive and show high levels of activity compared to other strains of mice These mice tend to show signs of stress easily when disturbed and often show a panic like response This combined with their high levels of activity often leads to the mice becoming difficult to handle jumping from and fleeing their cages These behaviours seem to be inherited characteristics and thus are likely a result of a genetic makeup of the strain As such it is important to take this into account when considering the animals care and welfare Figure 2 Coloured polycarbonate shelter 215

Poster Presentations and had 1 week acclimatisation Group 1 Group 2 radios Group 3 Group 4 Complete cage change and no radios Cages scraped clean and re used with no or onto near by racking A third tally will record all animals that manage to escape out of sight Results Complete cage change with radios Cages scraped and re used with radios Diagram 1 Graph showing time taken to clean cages This graph represents the amount of time it has taken to clean out each of the experimental groups each week Figure 3 Aspen brick chew block The two groups cleaned out with radios off in the first week took about the same time to clean as one another The two groups cleaned out with radios on in the first week similarly took around the same time to clean out As the experiment progressed the time taken for cleaning out was reduced more in the group that had no radio Figure 4 Cage with environmental enrichment The key performance indicators for this experiment was the amount of time it took to clean the cages in each group and the number of escape events requiring the technician to capture the animal Monday was designated to be the cleaning day for all four groups Using a stop watch each cage of 15 mice were cleaned and timed Also a record was made each time an animal jumped or escaped from the cage The stop watch will be started as the first group cage is removed from the rack and will be stopped once the second group cage is returned To measure the amount of escapees a tally will be kept of all animals that leave the home cage and reach the work surface including animals that get into the diet trays etc A second tally will be kept for animal that manage to reach the floor 216 Diagram 2 Chart showing number of escapees when cleaned with radio off Diagram 3 Chart showing number of escapees when cleaned with radio on

Poster Presentations The groups that had the biggest reduction in time taken for cleaning were the groups where the animals had their cages scraped and not changed without radios The four charts below show the number of animals escaping from each group each week and how far they managed to get before being captured and returned to their home cage By making these refinements to our cleaning process we can keep the animals calmer and less stressed This benefits the animals and the technicians involved as not only are we improving the animals welfare we are also creating more time for the technicians This allows more time to concentrate on health checking and observing the behaviour of the mice We are also reducing the amount of animals that are escaping and alternately having to be euthanised as a result and this in turn reduces the number of animals we are breeding All in all by reducing the level of stress these animals experience will make them a better quality research model for our customers thus allowing them to perform the best quality research Diagram 4 Chart showing number of escapees when cages reused with radio on Diagram 5 Chart showing number of escapees when cages reused with radio off Conclusions As a result of this experiment we can infer certain points Animals cleaned out whilst radios are playing took longer than the animals that had no radio Animals that had their cages completely changed took longer to clean out than those animals that had their cages scraped With these results in mind we have now refined our cleaning procedure for these mice These mice no longer have radios in the area they are housed and noise is kept to a minimum All cages are now routinely scraped each week and on the fourth week they are changed for a clean cage 217

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December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Study of the use of platforms for Guinea pigs LOUISE THOMPSETT and VICKY WOOD Biomedical Sciences Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down SP4 0QJ Corresponding author wood dstl gov uk Introduction The Guinea pigs housed at DSTL are currently provided with solid tubes and hay for enrichment Figure 1 However we felt that they may benefit from having a shelf platform provided in their group housed cage to enable them to carry out more natural behaviours 1 Group one was provided with our standard bedding and enrichment which consists of hay and one tube Figure 1 2 Group two was provided with bedding and enrichment which consisted of hay one tube and the platform Figure 3 In the wild Guinea pigs live on large uneven grassy plains While they do not burrow or build nests they do frequently seek shelter in the burrows of other animals as well as in crevices and tunnels formed by vegetation We investigated to see whether anything was commercially available to provide this extra enrichment but found there was nothing suitable Figure 2 Platform design and intended position in cage Figure 1 Original cage showing environmental enrichment Method The shelving platform for the cages currently used at DSTl was designed by the DSTL Engineering department manufactured a prototype for us to trial Figure 2 For the study we used 6 male Dunkin Hartley David Hall Guinea pigs at starting weight of 200g which we then separated into 2 groups of 3 animals Figure 3 Group 2 Guinea Pigs using platform 219

Poster Presentations The cages were changed on a twice weekly basis and the platform was washed and replaced All animals were weighed on a daily basis for 3 months Results The graph shows that the platform had no impact on their growth curve when comparing it between our normal enrichment the shelving platform and Harlan s growth curve The average weights are shown on a graph Table 1 and we compared them to Harlan s growth chart Table 2 During our study the animals were monitored to ensure there was no impact to animal welfare which included us observing them interacting with the shelf platform To capture this information 24 hour video recording was established which enabled us to see their activity during the dawn and dusk phase as Guinea pigs are crepuscular Figures 4 and 5 Animals were observed using the platform shelf within 24 hours of installation Table 1 Average Guinea pig weights Table 2 Harlan Laboratories growth chart Discussion The platform had no welfare implications We were able to see this on the video footage and their weights Figure 4 Evening activity Still from 24 hour video recording of activity We designed the platform shelving to take into account the incline angle on the ramp to ensure that the Guinea pigs could safely walk up and down There also needed to be adequate space under the shelving platform to enable the Guinea pigs to hide Figure 5 We feel that the Guinea pigs benefitted from having the platform within their cage as they were able to utilise this space and still carry out their natural behaviour Further work planned will look at the utilisation of the platform in comparison to the standard enrichment provision Following further work we would expect the platform shelf to become standard enrichment within Guinea pig cages at DSTL Figure 5 Still from video recording of 24 hour activity early morning 220

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Comparison of faecal PCR with traditional methods in the detection of Syphacia obvelata and Pasteurella pneumotropica ANDY DICKINSON HARRY DONNELLY OWEN HAZELBY DAVID PIMBLEY and ALISTAIR THOMPSON Surrey Diagnostics Ltd PO Box 156 Cranleigh Surrey GU6 8ZU Corresponding author andy sdl btconnect com Abstract Methods Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR methodologies are increasingly used for routine Health Monitoring in laboratory animal colonies We compare PCR on faecal material with traditional techniques in detecting Pasteurella pneumotropica and Syphacia obvelata to highlight that in some cases PCR may not be the most appropriate method We found that on comparing PCR vs Culture in detecting P pneumotropica there was good correlation using the Kappa coefficient For PCR vs anal imprint and direct examination of caecal contents for S obvelata there was poor correlation using the Kappa test We propose that PCR on faeces is a good alternative to culture in P pneumotropica s case where culture is not possible i e limited animal stock In the case of S obvelata we would advise that the PCR test is used with caution or alongside microscopy due to a high probability that positive animals could be missed There is also the problem that PCR will not tell you whether the DNA detected is from a live or dead organism Culture Throat swabs are innoculated onto selective agar and incubated at 37 C for 24 hours Pasteurella pneumotropica Culture vs PCR PCR Positive Culture PCR Negative 17 Totals 5 Table 1 Po 17 154 183 0 9344 Pe 24x22 183 159x161 183 183 528 183 25599 183 183 2 891 139 88 183 142 77 183 0 7802 Kappa 0 9344 0 7802 1 0 7802 0 1542 0 2198 0 7015 Good agreement PCR Positive PCR Negative Microscopy 154 3 17 20 4 28 32 7 45 52 Positive Microscopy Totals 7 Totals Negative 161 Table 2 Negative Totals Calculation 22 Positive Culture PCR Mouse faecal DNA extract run in a Taq Man real time PCR on Qiagen Rota gene Q with dual probes with a single pair of primers One probe for each biotype 24 159 183 Methods Microscopy Sellotape pressed firmly onto peri anal area of euthanised mouse transferred to microscope slide and examined at X30 Also a wet preparation of caecal contents examined at X30 magnification 221

Poster Presentations PCR Mouse faecal extract run in a real time PCR with Taq Man probe on a Qiagen Rota gene Q Calculation Po 3 28 52 0 5961 Pe 20x7 52 32x45 52 52 2 6923 27 6923 52 30 3846 52 0 5843 Kappa 0 5961 0 5843 1 0 5843 0 0118 0 4157 0 0284 Poor Agreement Conclusions The data for the Kappa coefficient presented here gives a clear indication that the PCR for Syphacia obvelata Table 1 is not a reliable assay and we would recommend against its use as a primary method for screening laboratory animal colonies The possible reasons for this shortfall could be due to the nature of the life cycle of Syphacia nematodes The ova are deposited in the peri anal region of the mouse rather than within the gut it is highly likely that not many ova were present in the faeces This is consistent with our experience in faecal floatation tests where Syphacia is rarely found in faecal pellets contrasting with the other common mouse pinworm Aspiculuris tetraptera Further tests were performed to verify the specificity of the PCR assay Positive control material was acquired from eggs found in anal imprint tests and also by spiking S obvelata eggs identified by microscopy on anal imprints to a pool of 2 rat faecal pellets These were easily detected by the S obvelata PCR In addition to these tests faecal DNA extractions from mice found to contain Syphacia worms by microscopy were sent to other laboratories offering a PCR test for Syphacia obvelata and only a 50 detection rate was reported We can conclude that although the PCR works reliably it cannot be relied upon to work consistently in a clinical context The findings for the Pasteurella pneumotropica PCR Table 2 were more favourable and indicate that this is a reliable assay giving good agreement with the results 222 obtained by traditional culture methods However it is also shown that even in PCR assays with a high proportion of agreement there were a number of cases where the two methods did not agree perfectly This leads us to conclude that when implementing a colony screening strategy it would be prudent to use a combination of both traditional methods Serology Bacteriology and Parasitology and PCR based methods so increasing the probability of finding any infectious agents References 1 2 Cohen J 1960 A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales Educational and Psychological Measurement 20 37 46 Viera A J and Garrett J M 2005 Understanding interobserver agreement The Kappa Statistic Family Medicine 2005 37 5 360 363

December 2015 Animal Technology and Welfare Instructions to Authors Subjects considered for publication may include original articles technical notes and reviews pertaining to all aspects of animal science and technology management and education The Editorial Board wishes to offer par ticular encouragement to papers leading to improvements in environmental enrichment the general care and welfare of the animals used in particular those species and strains exhibiting harmful genetic defects and papers describing refinements in techniques a reduction in the number of animals that need to be used or alternatives to animal use Papers describing experimental procedures will only be accepted for publication if authors clearly state that the procedures conform to the prevailing principles and Codes of Practice of the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 Papers submitted from outside the U K should state what legislation and or ethical approval the work has been carried out under In addition authors who describe surgical techniques with recovery should include details of post operative care and any analgesic therapy provided All submissions should follow the ARRIVE Animal Research Repor ting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines Kilkenny C Browne WJ Cuthill IC Emerson M Altman DG 2010 Improving Bioscience Research Repor ting The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research PLOS Biol 8 6 e1000412 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 1000412 The Editorial Board reser ves the right to seek independent advice on any aspect of the content of an article but the final decision on acceptance or rejection remains with the Board to the address below together with a copy on disk CD or DVD All sheets should be typewritten on one side in double spacing and serially numbered Any photographs or graphs should be supplied as originals and conform to the format in 4 below Address for submission Journal Editorial Board Chairman 5 South Parade Summertown Oxford OX2 7JL No responsibility will be accepted for loss or damage to such articles Electronic files of submissions are required together with separate files of photographs and any graphics that appear in the manuscript Electronic submissions should be sent via email via atw iat org uk alternatively manuscript plus two copies may be sent as hard copy to the address below All sheets should be typewritten on one side in double spacing with 4 cm margins and serially numbered Additionally a copy on disk should be provided or sent by email via atw iat org uk Articles for submission should be sent to Journal Editorial Board Chairman 5 South Parade Summertown Oxford OX2 7JL No responsibility will be accepted for loss or damage to such articles Format Submission Material submitted for publication will be considered provided that it is contributed exclusively to Animal Technology and becomes the property of the Institute of Animal Technology Articles may be submitted either electronically or by hard copy as follows Electronic Articles should be submitted in Word format with double spacing to the lines and all pages serially numbered Any photographs or graphs must be submitted as separate files and conform to the format in point 4 below The relevant ar ticle must clearly indicate where photographs and or graphs are to be inserted Address for submission atw iat org uk Hard copy The original manuscript plus two copies should be sent 1 The first sheet of the article should contain the following i the full title of the paper ii the initials and last name of the author s iii the full address of the depar tment s and institution s where the work was carried out iv the address for correspondence if different to above 2 For the remainder of the paper the text should be clear and concise and where appropriate sub divided under the following headings i ii iii iv v vi vii Summary Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References 3 Measurements should be given in metric units see The use of S I Units 1969 British Standards Institution publication and spelling should follow that of the Oxford 223

Instructions to Authors English Dictionary Abbreviations must be defined in full at their first appearance in the text The 24 hour clock should be used for times Words to appear in italic type should be underlined Designation of inbred strains should be in accordance with the International Index of Laboratory Animals 6th edition compiled edited and published by M W Festing 1993 4 Photographs should have clear and well contrasted tone values and be in colour All illustrations charts e g histograms and graphs and photographs should be submitted separately and bear on the reverse side the author s name a number corresponding to the order in which it appears in the text e g Figure 1 and an arrow pointing to the top Illustrations charts and photographs supplied on disk should be in JPEG TIFF or EPS formats and have a resolution of no less than 300dpi The captions for illustrations charts and photographs should be typed in double spacing in numerical order on a separate sheet of paper 5 References Only essential references should be included Authors are responsible for verifying them against the original source material ATW uses the Vancouver referencing system references should be identified in the text by superscript Arabic numbers e g 12 after any punctuation and numbered and listed at the end of the paper in the order of when they are first cited in the text Automatic numbering should be avoided References should include the names and initials of up to six authors If there are more than six authors only the first three should be named followed by et al Publications for which no author is apparent may be attributed to the organisation from which they originate Simply omit the name of the author for anonymous journal articles avoid using Anonymous References should be set out as follows Journals Surname and initials of author s date title of article Name of journal in full volume number first and last page numbers e g Saigeman S 1998 Environmental enhancement of cats what why how Animal Technology Vol 49 No 3 145 154 Books Surname and initials of author s date title of book Name of publisher Town of publisher e g Flecknell P A 1987 Laborator y Anaesthesia Academic Press London Animal Chapter from a multi author book Surname and initials of chapter author s date title of chapter In title of book surname and initials of book editors Name of publisher Town of publisher first and last page numbers of chapter 224 e g Gregory J A 1985 Principles of Animal Husbandry In Laboratory Animals An Introduction for Experimenters Second Edition Tuffrey A A John Wiley Sons Ltd Chichester 87 105 Papers accepted for publication but not yet published should be included in the list of references followed by in press Papers in preparation personal communications and unpublished observations should be referred to as such in the text only Content Papers describing procedures involving the use of animals should always include full details of the animals and husbandry conditions used These would be as follows Animals Species Breed or strain Sex Age and weight at start of procedure Genetic status inbred outbred hybrid mutant Source Microbiological status conventional specified pathogen free define which pathogens animals are free from gnotobiotic define which micro organisms are present Quarantine or acclimatisation period Husbandry during procedure Type of housing material size cage type if relevant Number of animals per cage or unit Bedding type quality any pretreatment Type of system conventional barrier ventilated rack isolator Environmental temperature C range Relative Humidity range Lighting natural artificial state hours of light and dark Ventilation number of air changes per hour Period of acclimatisation before start of procedure Feed type composition any pretreatment amount frequency Water type quality any pretreatment amount frequency Scientific procedure Number of animals and any pretreatment Time of day of procedure s Quantity and frequency of any samples Statistics Tests used should be named Reprints Free reprints are no longer provided but the ATW Editorial Board are happy to provide PDF files of articles after publication Use of these files is subject to Copyright restrictions

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