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Welcome! All information can be found on http://www.geographyportal.co.uk/globalsystemsgovernance . Using this document is simple – it follows the specification from AQA in order with links to all the teaching and learning resources (including our recommended case study fact files (CSFF)) as you go. It’s a super-handy revision companion that should ensure you never lose track of what you need to know! Key Idea: Specification content: Links to Lesson / Resources: 3.2.1.1 Globalisation Dimensions of globalisation: flows of capital, labour, products, services and information; global marketing; Lesson 1 / 2: Globalisation Powerpoint What is Globalisation? Learning Resources Globalisation Geography Review Article Patterns of production, distribution and consumption. Lesson 3: The Global Shift & Patterns Powerpoint | Worksheet What is Globalisation? Learning Resources Factors in globalisation: the development of technologies, systems and relationships, including financial, transport, security, communications, management & information. Lesson 3: Factors Accelerating Globalisation Worksheet What is Globalisation? Learning Resources Factors in globalisation: trade agreements. What is Globalisation? Learning Resources see section 3.2.1.3 3.2.1.2 Global systems Form and nature of economic, political, social and environmental interdependence in the contemporary world. n/a Content update coming soon Issues associated with interdependence including how: • Unequal flows of people, money, ideas and technology within global systems can sometimes act to promote stability, growth and development. • But can also cause inequalities, conflicts and injustices for people and places. n/a Content update coming soon Issues associated with interdependence including how: • Unequal power relations enable some states to drive global systems to their own advantage and to directly influence geopolitical events, • While others are only able to respond or resist in a more constrained way. n/a Content update coming soon The Rise & Rise Of China A* CSFF For more info: A Level Maps Page * China vs. the USA A* CSFF due In! 3.2.1.3 International trade and access to markets Global features and trends in the volume and pattern of international trade and investment associated with globalisation, including trade blocs, protectionism, tariffs, quotas and sanctions. Lesson xx | Trade Blocs & Agreements Powerpoint | Worksheet The core-periphery model: Trading relationships and patterns between large, highly developed economies, emerging major economies and less developed economies. Lesson xx | Trade Blocs & Agreements Powerpoint | Worksheet What is Globalisation? Learning Resources

Differential access to markets associated with levels of economic development and trade agreements and its impacts on economic and societal well-being – ‘the race to the bottom.’ Lesson xx | Trade Blocs & Agreements Powerpoint | Worksheet The nature and role of TNCs, including their spatial organisation, production, linkages, trading and marketing patterns, and the costs and drawbacks of outsourcing. The Nature & Role of TNCs Learning Resources A detailed reference to a specified TNC and its impacts on those countries in which it operates. The Nature Of TNCs | Apple Inc. CSFF For more info: A Level Maps Page * World trade in at least one food commodity or one manufacturing product. Unpeeling The Secrets Of The Banana Trade CSFF (sorry for all the bad puns!) For more info: A Level Maps Page * Analysis and assessment of the geographical consequences of global systems to specifically consider how international trade and variable access to markets underlay and impacts on students' and others’ lives across the globe. Nothing available at present 3.2.1.4 Global governance The emergence and developing role of norms, laws and institutions in regulating and reproducing global systems. Nothing available at present Issues associated with attempts at global governance, including how: • Agencies, including the UN in the post-1945 era, can work to promote growth and stability but may also exacerbate inequalities and injustices Lesson xx | Global Governance, The UN, World Bank, IMF & WTO Powerpoint | Worksheet Lesson xx | Agencies Of The UN Worksheet | Annotated WS Issues associated with attempts at global governance, including how: • Interactions between the local, regional, national, international and global scales are fundamental to understanding global governance. Lesson xx | Global Governance, The UN, World Bank, IMF & WTO Powerpoint | Worksheet 3.2.1.5 The 'global commons' The concept of the ‘global commons’. The rights of all to the benefits of the global commons. Lesson xx | An Intro To Our Global Commons Powerpoint Acknowledgement that the rights of all people to sustainable development must also acknowledge the need to protect the global commons. Lesson xx | An Intro To Our Global Commons Powerpoint An outline of the contemporary geography, including climate, of Antarctica to demonstrate its role as a global common and illustrate its vulnerability to economic pressures and environmental change. Antarctica as a Global Common Lesson xx | Global Commons Pt. 2 – Antarctica Powerpoint | Worksheet | WS Annotated Who owns Antarctica? Geography Review Article Antarctica – Global Commons Geofile Threats to Antarctica arising from: • Climate change • Fishing and whaling • The search for mineral resources • Tourism and scientific research. Critical appraisal of the developing governance of Antarctica. International government organisations to include: • United Nations (UN) agencies such as United Nations Environment What’s a CSFF, I head you ask! These are super detailed, larger ‘fact files’ (hence the ..FF) which you can access through the portal for some of the best case studies (hence the CS..) for this part of the spec.

Programme (UNEP) and the International Whaling Commission. • The Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Protocol on Environmental More resources due soon! For more info: A Level Maps Page * The role of NGOs in monitoring threats and enhancing protection of Antarctica. Analysis and assessment of the geographical consequences of global governance for citizens and places in Antarctica to specifically consider how global governance impacts on students’ and other people's lives across the globe. 3.2.1.6 Globalisation critique The impacts of globalisation to consider the benefits of growth, development, integration, stability against the costs in terms of inequalities, injustice, conflict and environmental impact. Lesson xx | The Big Globalisation Debate Document 3.2.1.7 Quantitative and qualitative skills Students must engage with quantitative and qualitative approaches across the theme as a whole responses such as resilience, adaptation, mitigation and management contribute to its continuing human occupation. n/a * Try out our A Level Maps Page, which is available on the Geography Portal! It is an interactive, navigable virtual ‘world’, where you can find our recommended case study fact files [CSFF] as well loads of information, questions, thoughts and more about each of our recommended a-level human and physical case studies, more niche A* case studies and further examples! Key Term: Explanation: Globalisation Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of the world’s economic, cultural, and political systems [flows of] Capital Capital can be defined as ‘money’, usually on a larger scale – such that flows of capital usually involve the transfer of this from one place to another. However, in GS&GG it usually refers to the flows of investment finance (in the form of FDI – Foreign Direct Investment) and remittance payments which you need to know in particular. Global Marketing Marketing is the process of promoting, advertising, and selling a product or service. To become a global marketer, companies have had to view the world holistically and then develop products which fit both within their brand strategy and regional marketplaces at the same time. Trade Agreements These are any contractual arrangement between states concerning their trade relationships. Trade agreements may be bilateral or multilateral—that is, between two states or more than two states. Interdependence Similar to globalisation, this term describes how in recent years our world has become more ‘intertwined’, ‘connected’, and our lives have become more dependent on one another. Likewise, in reality our world is no longer composed simply of independent nation-states; but with states operating concurrently in international arenas. Global Systems Global systems is quite a wishy-washy term which broadly includes the environmental, political, legal, economic, financial or cultural features that help to make and remake the world we live in. They are regulated by global governance agencies, such as the UN. Trade Blocs Like the EU, NAFTA, African Union, ASEAN etc… these are groups of nations which have sat down together and agreed a common framework for trading freely with one another, eliminating barriers to trade.

Protectionism This is the kind of thing President Trump (remember him?!) was very keen on. It is part of a wider counter-globalisation movement. Essentially this is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through the economic methods below: Tariffs Tariffs are essentially taxes on certain imports. By raising the price of imported goods this makes importing from abroad less competitive. Quotas Quotas are limits to the amount of trade between areas, thus preventing an ‘oversaturation’ of imports. Sanctions Sanctions are a more serious and direct strategy than tariffs and quotas, and they are usually used to threaten countries which have been breaking international law. Essentially sanctions prevent countries from trading together either on a small scale, or large ‘blanket’ sanctions, as with North Korea, for example. Core-Periphery Model The world can be perceived as a spectrum from core to periphery countries where high development levels, manufacturing systems, a capacity for innovation, and convergence of trade flows characterize core countries, which has a level of dominance over less developed ‘periphery’ nations. ‘The Race To The Bottom’ A race to the bottom refers to heightened competition between nations, states, or companies, where product quality or rational economic decisions are sacrificed in order to gain a competitive advantage by cutting manufacturing costs. Outsourcing One way this is most prevalent is through outsourcing – usually where larger TNCs will shift parts of their operation to a ‘third party’ organisation (often in periphery countries), usually as a cost-cutting measure. TNCs [Transnational Corporations] See the document here! This is a very key term you absolutely must know… These are essentially large companies with operations in multiple nations. Norms, Laws & Institutions Norms are rules or expectations in society, sometimes not necessarily set into laws – for example, the expectation for wealthier countries to donate a small percentage of their GDP towards aid efforts, often overseen by global governance institutions. Global Governance Global governance describes the aim of organisations such as the UN to cooperate supranationally (transcending national borders or governments), negotiating responses to global problems of the 21st century. The Global Commons Global commons have been traditionally defined as those parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdictions and to which all nations have access. International law identifies four global commons, namely the High Seas, the Atmosphere, the Antarctica and the Outer Space. Sustainable Development Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The UN has set up 17 SDGs ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ up to 2030 which you can reference. Think of the links here to this topic as you read through them. NGOs [Non-governmental Organisations] Like TNCs these are vital organisations both for society and also for your geography exam! They are normally charitable organisations (think Rainforest Fund, WWF, UNICEF etc…) which operate separately from national governments. Quantitative A term used to relate to data which is measuring or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality. Think numerical values such as height, mass, size etc... Qualitative A term used to relate to data which is measuring or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity. An example would be colours, or in terms of data, questionnaire responses. Suggestions? File Errors? Please Contact Us Via The Geography Portal! V1.2, last updated: 9.4.21 Luke Pearson